Nationalism in India Notes PDF

Nationalism in India Handwritten Notes Gaurav Suthar  Nationalism in India इस Chapter म हम पढ़ गे क आ खर हमारा भारत कैसे आज़ाद हुआ Summary According to Dates - In 1857 - India’s First Freedom Struggle took place. In 1870 - Bankim Ch...

Nationalism in India Handwritten Notes Gaurav Suthar  Nationalism in India इस Chapter म हम पढ़ गे क आ खर हमारा भारत कैसे आज़ाद हुआ Summary According to Dates - In 1857 - India’s First Freedom Struggle took place. In 1870 - Bankim Chandra composed Vande Matram. In 1885 - Congress was formed in Mumbai. W.C. Banerjee chaired the first meeting of Congress. In 1905 - Lord Curzon proposed the division of Bengal. - Abanindra Nath Tagore made a Portrait of Bharat Mata. 3 In 1906 - Aaga Khan and Nawab Salimullah established Muslim League. In 1907 - Congress was divided into extremists and moderate. In 1911 - Delhi Durbar was organized. - Bengal Division was abolished in Delhi Durbar. - In Delhi Durbar capital was transferred from (Calcutta) Kolkata to Delhi.  In 1914 - First World War started. In 1915 - Mahatma Gandhi returned to India. On 10 April 1917 - Mahatma Gandhi started Champaran Satyagrah in Protest of Indigo plantation. On 11 March 1918 - Mahatma Gandhi organized Satyagrah for farmers in Kheda Gujarat. In 1918 - Mahatma Gandhi started Satyagrah for Craftsman of Cotton Textile mill Ahmedabad, Gujarat. - The first World War ended on 11 November 1918. - The British Government turned down the demand of Self Rule of Indian. On 18 March 1919 - British Government gave Rowlatt Act. On 6 April 1919 – Hartal/ Satyagraha against Rowlatt Act On 13 April 1919 - Jallianwala Bagh massacre took Place in Punjab. In 1919 - the Khilafat movement was started by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.  In 1920 - Mahatma Gandhi started Non-Cooperation movement. – Jawahar Lal Nehru going to Awadh In 1922 - Mahatma Gandhi withdrew the non-cooperation movement after the violence took place at Chauri- Chaura. On August 9, 1925 - Revolutionaries in Kakori looted the train carrying English treasure. In 1928 - Simon Commission came to India. Lala Lajpat Rai was killed while protesting. On April 8, 1929 - Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb in the assembly. On 2 March 1930 - Mahatma Gandhi sent letter to Irwin On 12 March 1930 - Mahatma Gandhi started the march from Sabarmati to Dandi. On 6 April 1930 - Mahatma Gandhi broke the Salt Law and started Civil-disobedience Movement at Dandi.  In 1930 - Dr. Ambedkar organized Scheduled caste into depressed Classes Association. On 23rd March 1931 - Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru was hanged. In 1931 - Gandhi-Irwin pact was signed and Civil disobedience movement was suspended. - Mahatma Gandhi participated in Second round table conference but did not get expected success. In 1932 - Poona Pact was signed between Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. Ambedkar. In 1933 - Choudhary Rahmat Ali first coined the idea of Pakistan. In 1935 - Indian Government Act was passed and regional government was formed. In 1939 - World war II was started. In 1940 - A resolution was passed by Muslim League for separate homeland for Muslims named Pakistan. In 1942 - The Quit India movement was started by Mahatma Gandhi. He gave the slogan ‘Do or Die.  In 1946 - Cabinet Mission came to India with the proposal of constituent assembly. In 1947 – Finally India got Independence. Nationalism - Nationalism refers to the feeling of oneness and common consciousness that emerges when people living in a common territory share the same historical, political and cultural backgrounds. - People may be speaking different languages (as in case of India) but the love for their nation keeps them together. Factors that led to the rise of Nationalism – 1) In Europe - Associated with the formation of nation states. 2) In colonies like India, Vietnam - Connected to the anti- colonial movement. The First World War Effects of First World War - 1) Increase in defence expenditure – This was financed by war loans and by increasing taxes. Custom duties were raised and income tax was introduced to raise extra revenue. 2) Prices of items increased – The prices doubled between 1913 and 1918. The common people were the worst sufferers because of the price rise. Forced recruitment of rural people in the army was another cause of widespread anger amongst people. 3) Shortage of foods due to Crop failure - Influenza epidemic further increased the problem. According to the 1921 census, about 12 to 13 million people died because of famines and epidemic. World War 1  The Idea of Satyagraha Meaning of Satyagraha - It was a new mode of struggle based on truth and non-violence. Mahatma Gandhi’s Satyagraha - The method of Satyagraha was based on the idea that if someone is fighting for a true cause, there is no need to use any physical force to fight the oppressor. - Gandhiji believed that a Satyagrahi could win a battle through non-violence, i.e., without being aggressive or revengeful.  Starts of Satyagraha in India by Mahatma Gandhi 1) In January 1915 Mahatma Gandhi returned to India. His heroic fight for the Indians in South Africa was well-known. His noble method of mass agitation known as Satyagraha has yielded good results. 2) In 1917 Gandhi travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system. 3) Then in 1917 He organized a satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat. Affected by crop failure and a plague epidemic, the peasants of Kheda could not pay the revenue, and were demanding that revenue collection be relaxed. 4) In 1918 Mahatma Gandhi went to Ahmedabad to organize a satyagraha movement amongst cotton mill workers. Rowlatt Act 1919 1) The Rowlatt Act was passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in 1919. 2) The Indian members did not support the Act, but it was passed. 3) The Act gave enormous powers to the British Government to repress political activities. 4) It allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years Gandhi’s Satyagraha against Rowlatt Act - i) On 6th April, 1919, Gandhiji launched a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act. ii) The call of a strike on 6 April got a huge response. iii) People came out in support in various cities, shops were shut down and workers in railway workshops went on strike. iv) The British administration decided to clamp down on the nationalists. v) Several Local Leaders were arrested. Mahatma Gandhi was banned from entering Delhi. Jallianwala Bagh Incident 1) On 10th April 1919, Martial Law was imposed in Amritsar and the command of the area was given to General Dyer. 2) The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre took place on 13th April; the day on which Baisakhi is celebrated in Punjab. 3) A crowd of villagers came to participate in a fair in Jallianwala Bagh. It was enclosed from all sides with narrow entry points. 4) General Dyer blocked the exit points and opened fire on the crowd. 5) Hundreds of people were killed in that incident. Gunshots Marks on Wall “Well” in which people jumped to save themselves from Gunshots Impact of Jallianwala Bagh -  People started fighting with the police and attacking on government buildings specially in North India.  British government became more brutal, people were humiliated and terrorized.  Satyagrahis were forced to rub their nose on the ground, crawl on the streets, do salaam (Salute) to all sahibs (British). Note - Seeing violence spread, Mahatma Gandhi called off the Rowlatt satyagraha movement.  Khilafat Issue 1) The Ottoman Turkey was badly defeated in the First World War. 2) There were rumours about a harsh peace treaty likely to be imposed on the Ottoman Emperor. Who was spiritual head of the Islamic world (The Khalifa). 3) A Khilafat committee was formed in Bombay in March 1919 to defend the Khalifa. 4) The committee had leaders like the brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. 5) They also wanted Mahatma Gandhi to take up the cause to build a united mass action. 6) At the Calcutta session of the Congress in September 1920, the resolution was passed to launch a Non-Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat and also for Swaraj. Why did Mahatma Gandhi take up Khilafat Issue?  Mahatma Gandhi wanted to launch an all India movement more broad based after the failure of Rowlatt Satyagraha.  The Khilafat issue gave Mahatma Gandhi an opportunity to bring the Hindus and Muslims on a common platform. Hind Swaraj The famous book written by Mahatma Gandhi, which emphasized the non-cooperation of British rule in India.  Non-Cooperation Movement 1) In his famous book Hind Swaraj (1909), Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians and had survived only because of this cooperation. 2) If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse within a year, and Swaraj would be established. 3) Gandhiji believed that if Indians begin to refuse to cooperate, the British rulers will have no other way than to leave India. Reasons for the Non-cooperation movement -  Atrocities on Indians after World War I.  Refusal of demand of Swaraj.  Passing of Rowlatt Act.  Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.  Congress passed resolution on Non-Cooperation Movement with thumping majority. Proposals of Non-Cooperation Movement - i) Surrender the titles which were awarded by the British Government. ii) Boycott of Civil Services, Army, Police, Courts, Legislative Councils and Schools. iii) Boycott of foreign goods. iv) Launch full Civil Disobedience campaign, if the government persisted with repressive measures. Sessions of the congress to start NCM –  September 1920 to convince other leaders ( Calcutta )  December 1920 ( Nagpur ) to adopt it.  Different strands within the Movement Non-Cooperation Khilafat Movement began in January 1921. The Movement in the Towns - - It started with middle class participation in cities. - Students left Studies and Teachers left Jobs and both joined Movements. - Council Elections were boycotted. - Foreign goods were boycotted. - Liquor shops were picketed. Movement in the countryside Peasants and tribals took over the struggle which turned violent gradually. 1) Peasant Movement in Awadh – - The peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra in Awadh against “Landlords” and “Talukdars”. - In 1920, the Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up headed Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and a few others. 2) Movement of Tribals in Andhra Pradesh –  - Alluri Sitaram Raju led the guerrilla warfare in Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh. - The rebels attacked Police Stations. - Raju was captured and executed in 1924. Swaraj “Swaraj” means Freedom. Swaraj in the Plantations - 1) For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant right to move freely. 2) Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, planation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission. 3) After they heard of the Non – Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers left the plantations and headed home. 4) But, unfortunately they never reached home because they were caught by Police and beaten. How did movement end? Ans - In February 1922, the movement was withdrawn by Gandhi Ji due to Chauri Chaura Incident.  Towards Civil Disobedience Simon Commission 1) The British Government constituted a Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon. 2) The Commission was made to investigate the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. But since all the members in the Commission were British, the Indian leaders opposed the Commission. 3) The Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928. 4) It was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back, Simon’. 5) All parties joined the protest. In October 1929, Lord Irwin announced a vague offer of ‘Dominion Status’ for India but its timing was not specified. 6) He also offered to hold Round Table Conference to discuss the future Constitution. Salt March (Beginning of Civil Disobedience Movement) 1) Mahatma Gandhi believed that salt could be a powerful symbol to unite all Indians together. 2) Abolition of the salt tax was among many demands which were raised by Gandhiji through a letter to Viceroy Irwin. 3) The Salt March marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement. Important Points to Learn –  The Salt March or Dandi March was started by Gandhiji on 12th March, 1930.  He was accompanied by 78 volunteers.  They walked for 24 days to cover a distance of 240 miles from Sabarmati to Dandi.  Many more joined them on the way.  On 6th April, 1930, Gandhiji ceremonially violated the law by manufacturing a fistful of salt. Impact of Salt March - i) Foreign cloths boycotted. ii) Peasants refused to pay revenue and Taxes. iii) Village officials resign iv) In many places people violated Forest laws  Round Table Conference 1) When things began to take a violent turn, Mahatma Gandhi called off the movement. Gandhi-Irwin Pact - He signed a pact with Irwin on 5th march, 1931. Known as Gandhi–Irwin Pact. - As per the Pact, Gandhi agreed to participate in the Round Table Conference in London, Due to which Government agreed to release the political prisoners. Gandhi Ji in London in December 1931 2) Gandhi went to London in December 1931. 3) The negotiations broke down and Gandhi Ji had to return with disappointment. When Gandhi Ji came back to India, he found that most of the leaders were put in Jail. 4) Congress had been declared illegal. Many measures were taken to prevent meetings and boycotts. 5) Mahatma Gandhi relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement. Note - By 1934, the movement had lost its momentum. Features of Civil Disobedience movement -  Movement started with Salt March.  Thousands broke salt law.  Foreign clothes boycotted.  Liquor shops were picketed.  Peasants refused to pay taxes. How was this different from Non-Cooperation Movement? Ans - People were now asked not only to refuse cooperation with the British, but also to break colonial laws.  Participants of the movement 1) Rich peasants – - Rich peasant communities expected the revenue tax to be reduced - But the British refused to do so. 2) Poor peasants – - The poor peasants wanted rents of lands to be cancelled. - But the Congress didn’t want to support the “no rent” campaigns due to the fear of upsetting the rich peasants and landlords. 3) Business Classes – - After the war, their huge profits were reduced, wanted protection against import of foreign goods. 4) Women - - Women also participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Limits of Civil disobedience movement - i) The Dalits or the Untouchables did not actively participate in the movement, they demanded reservation of seats, separate electorates. ii) Dr B.R. Ambedkar, the leader of the Dalits, formed an association in 1930, called the Depressed Classes Association. iii) Poona Pact between the Gandhi Ji and B.R. Ambedkar (1932) gave reserved seats to the Depressed Classes (also called Scheduled Castes) in Provincial and Central Councils. iv) The leader of the Muslim League “Muhammad Ali Jinnah” wanted reserved seats for Muslims in central Assembly. The Sense of Collective Belonging Factors that developed the reuse of collective belonging and united all Indians. 1) Figure or Image – Image of Bharat Mata first created by Bankim Chandra. This image helped people in identifying the nation. 2) Folklore – Nationalists began gathering and recording folktale as they Presented our true culture and helped discover ones national Identity and restore a reuse of pride in past. 3) Icon and Symbols : Forex Flag - Tricolors flag first developed during Swadeshi movement (1921) in Bengal which had 8 lotuses. By 1921 Gandhi ji had designed the Swaraj Flag. carrying the flag became a symbol of defiance. 4) Reinterpretation of History - Many Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievements and urged Indians to take pride in India’s past and struggle against British. 5) Song like “Vande Matram” – In 1870’s Bankim Chandra wrote ‘Vande Matram’ as a hymn to the motherland and was widely sung during Swadeshi movement. MAP WORK  Gandhi Ji (अपनी जवानी म ) कसने सोचा था इस आदमी क फोटो एक दन रुपय के ऊपर होगी  Search “Gaurav Suthar” on YouTube for more Notes. Love You 3000 ♡ Follow me on Instagram @iamgauravsuthar Gaurav990823@okaxis I have created all Subjects and all Chapters Notes