Human Anatomy & Physiology (12th Edition) PDF - ANP1105D 2025 Course Materials

Textbook Human Anatomy & Physiology (12th edition) by E.N. Marieb & K. Hoehn Basic Cellular Physiology AnP of Cardiovascular, Lymphatic & Respiratory Systems  Virtual Campus _ ANP1105D  Login to uOttawa “Virtual Campus”  Select “ANP110...

Textbook Human Anatomy & Physiology (12th edition) by E.N. Marieb & K. Hoehn Basic Cellular Physiology AnP of Cardiovascular, Lymphatic & Respiratory Systems  Virtual Campus _ ANP1105D  Login to uOttawa “Virtual Campus”  Select “ANP1105D” from a list of courses for which you have access Info to be found:  Syllabus  Mastering A&P (registration info) ?  Exams and Regulations  Slides  Handouts  Announcements  Exams & Assignments Evaluation Type Weight Expected Date Mastering A&P Assignments Course Name: ANP1105D2025 MCQs 10% Throughout the term Course ID: li01086 Midterm Exam 1 MCQs 25% January 30 (Topics 1 & 2) Midterm Exam 2 MCQs 25% March 6 (Topic 3 - 4.2) Final Exam TBD by the university (80-85% on Topics 4.3 - 6) MCQs 40% (April 12-25) (15-20 on Topics 1 – 4.2) Deferred exams are administered by the departmentfor all courses at the same time. For regulation, date, time and location of the deferred exams, follow the department link: https://www2.uottawa.ca/faculty-medicine/cellular-molecular/undergraduate-students You need an access code to be able to do the assignments on the Mastering A&P website Assignment Number Available @20:00 h Due @ 23:59 h 1) Cells and Tissues Jan 2 April 25 2) Membrane Transport and the Neuron Jan 2 April 25 3) Muscle Jan 2 April 25 4) Homeostasis Jan 2 April 25 5) Blood Jan 2 April 25 6) Heart Jan 2 April 25 7) Blood Vessels Jan 2 April 25 8) Lymphatic System & Respiratory Anatomy Jan 2 April 25 9) Respiratory Physiology Jan 2 April 25  Mastering A&P https://mlm.pearson.com Course ID: li01086 Course Name: ANP1105D2025 The same last and first name as your BrightSpace Purchase the Access Code Bookstore: Online: An Access Code can be purchase at the bookstore 2-week free as part of a new textbook or a stand-alone product. temporary You redeem the code during the registration. access period. Pearson 24/7 Technical Support  Instructor’s Contacts Dr. Li Email: [email protected] Bright Space, Mastering A &P, Exams, Emails  The same Last Name  The same Frist Name  Learner Diversity Visual Auditory Not all learners are the same Reading/writing Kinesthetic (5%) Multimodal (© 2006, N. Fleming & C. Bonwell) www.vark-learn.com The Questionnaire Results  Skill of Learning “You don’t understand anything until you learn it more than one way” - Marvin Minsky “Learning is NOT the product of teaching. Learning is the product of the activity of learners” - John Holt  The Human Body (Topic 1) 1.1 Describe the levels of structural organization that make up the human body (Chapter 1: pp. 1-9, 12-22) 1.2 Cells: summarize the major organelles and structures found in body cells (Chapter 3: pp. 60-63, 83-96) 1.3 Tissues: describe the different tissues of the human body (Chapter 4: pp. 115-149) Université d’Ottawa | University of Ottawa Disclosure You may only access and use this PowerPoint presentation for educational purposes. You may not post this presentation online or distribute it without the permission of the author.  Anatomy  The structure of the body parts  Their relationships to one another * Gross anatomy (macroscopic) - Systemic anatomy - Regional anatomy - Surface anatomy * Microscopic anatomy  Terminology - Histology  Observation  Manipulation - Cytology  Palpation * Developmental anatomy  Auscultation  Physiology  The function of the body parts  Topics: based on organ systems  Focus: cellular & molecular events  Principles: basic physical & chemical principles (electrical currents, pressure & movement)  How Are They Related? Inseparable  Principle of Complementarity  Structure determines the function  Function reflects the structure Levels of Structural Organization  Necessary Life Functions  Maintaining boundaries (plasma membrane, skin)  Movement (skeletal, cardiac & smooth muscle)  Responsiveness (breathing control & withdraw reflex)  Digestion (food intake, breakdown & absorption)  Metabolism (catabolism & anabolism)  Excretion (carbon dioxide, feces & urine)  Reproduction (cellular & organism)  Growth (Increase in cell size, body parts or organism) Cells & Organ Systems Covers, Supports or Contracts Control Transport Maintenance Continuity  Anatomical Variability Humans vary slightly externally & internally  90% of all body structures match description  Nerve or blood vessel may be out of place  Small muscle may be missing Extreme variations are incompatible with life  Anatomical Position  Body erect with Feet slightly apart  Palms facing forward & thumbs point away from body * Right and left refer to body being viewed not those of observer * Always use directional terms as if body is in anatomical position Orientation & Directional Terms  Regional Terms Regional terms designate specific areas within these major body divisions Two major divisions of body – Axial part Main axis of our body Head, neck, and trunk – Appendicular part Appendages or limbs attached to body’s axis, legs and arms Anterior / Ventral Posterior / Dorsal Body Planes & Sections Body Cavities Four Abdominopelvic Quadrants Nine Abdominopelvic Regions  Other Body Cavities  Exposed to environment - Oral and digestive cavities - Nasal cavity - Orbital cavities - Middle ear cavities  Not exposed to environment - Synovial cavities  The Cell Theory 1. The cell is the smallest unit of life 2. All organisms are made of one or more cells  The activity of an organism depends on individual & collective cell functions  The activities of cells are dictated by the shape of the cell and specific subcellular structures 3. Cells can only arise from other cells  Cell Diversity Trillion of cells Over 250 types  Size  Shape  Subcellular components  Functions  General Cell Structure Basic parts of human cells  Plasma membrane  Cytoplasm  Nucleus  Plasma Membrane  Separates intracellular from extracellular  Plays dynamic role in cellular activity  Cytoplasm  Cytosol – Water with solutes (protein, salts, sugars, etc.)  Organelles – Metabolic machinery of cell – each with specialized function  Inclusions – Vary with cell type: glycogen granules, pigments, lipid droplets, vacuoles, crystals Cytosol Plasma membrane  Cytoplasmic Organelles  Membranous  Nonmembranous – Mitochondria – Ribosomes – Endoplasmic reticulum – Cytoskeleton – Golgi apparatus – Centrioles – Peroxisomes – Lysosomes  What to Know – Cellular Components (T1) Structure Function Plasma membrane Ribosomes Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Mitochondria Lysosomes Peroxisomes Cytoskeleton  Centrosome & Centrioles  Centrosome: “cell center" near nucleus Generates microtubules, organizes mitotic spindle Contains paired centrioles  Centrioles form basis of cilia & flagella  Cellular Extensions  Cilia whiplike, motile cellular extensions  Flagella long cellular projections  Microvilli fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane  The Nucleus  Genomic DNA  Structure of the nucleus Nuclear envelope Chromatin Nucleoli  uni-, multi- or anucleated  What to Know – Cellular Components (T2) Structure Function Microfilaments Intermediate Filaments Microtubules Centrosome Cilia Flagella Microvilli Nucleus Nuclear Membrane Nucleoli  Cell Aging  Wear and tear theory  Mitochondrial theory  Immune system disorders  Genetic theory (telomeres)  Interdependence of Body Cells  Humans are multicellular * To function, we must keep individual cells alive * All cells depend on organ systems to stay alive  Tissue – The Living Fabric  Individual body cells are specialized – Each type of cells performs specific functions that maintain life  Tissue – Groups of cells similar in structure that perform common or related function  Histology – Study of tissues & their cellular organization (fixed, sliced, stained) Primary Tissue Types  Nervous Tissue  Main component of nervous system – Brain, spinal cord, nerves to regulate & control body functions Neurons: generate & conduct nerve impulses Neuroglia: support, insulate & protect neurons  Muscle Tissue  Highly vascularized  Responsible for most types of movement Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle  Epithelial Tissue (Epithelium)  Form boundaries Protection Absorption Filtration Excretion Secretion Sensory reception  Two main types (by location) – Covering & lining epithelia on external & internal surfaces – Glandular epithelia secretory tissue in glands  Characteristics of Epithelium  Polarity (apical-basal)  Supported by connective tissues  Specialized contacts (tight junctions & desmosomes)  Avascular, but innervated  Regeneration  Number of Cell Layers  Classification indicates:  Simple epithelia = single layer of cells  Stratified epithelia = two or more layers of cells * shape can change in different layers * classified by cell shape in the apical layer Shape of Epithelial Cells  Classification indicates  Squamous cells – Flattened and scalelike – Nucleus flattened  Cuboidal cells – Boxlike – Nucleus round  Columnar cells – Tall, column shaped – Nucleus elongated Simple Squamous Epithelium Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Simple Columnar Epithelium Pseudostratified Epithelium Stratified Squamous Epithelium Transitional Epithelium  Glandular Epithelium  Gland: Cells that produce & secrete an aqueous fluid (a secretion: protein, lipids or steroids)  Endocrine versus Exocrine: Endocrine glands: ductless, produce hormones Exocrine glands: ducts, non-hormonal substances (mucous, sweat, sebaceous, salivary glands & liver, pancreas) Unicellular or Multicellular  Modes of Secretion  Merocrine: exocytosis  Apocrine: apex pinches off  Holocrine: rupture  Connective Tissues  Binding & supporting  Protecting  Insulating  Storing reserve fuel  Transporting substances  CT Characteristics Different from other primary tissues  Common mesenchyme origin  Varying degrees of vascularity (blood supply)  Extracellular matrix  CT - largely nonliving extracellular matrix (not composed mainly of cells) So can bear weight, withstand tension, endure abuse  Structure Elements Three elements  Ground substance  Fibers  Cells  Cell & CT Types CT TYPE “BLAST” “CYTE” CT proper fibroblast fibrocyte Cartilage chondroblast chondrocyte Bone osteoblast osteocyte Blood hemocytoblast RBCs, WBCs, platelets  Connective Tissue Proper  All CTs except bone, cartilage & blood  Loose connective tissues Areolar Adipose Reticular  Dense connective tissues (fibrous CT) Dense regular Dense irregular Elastic  Loose CT - Areolar Universal packing material between other tissues  Most widely distributed  Supporting & binding body parts  Reservoir of body fluid  Defense (anti infection)  Nutrients storage (fat)  Fibroblasts  Loose packed of fibers  Ground substance (open)  Inflamed soaks up fluid  edema  Loose CT – Adipose  White fat – Similar to areolar but greater nutrient storage – Abundant adipocytes – Richly vascularized – Sparse matrix  Nutrient storage  protection  insulation  Brown fat – Rich in mitochondria – Use lipid fuels to heat bloodstream to warm the body (rather than make ATP)  Loose CT - Reticular  Resembles areolar, networks of reticular fibers  Fibroblasts called reticular cells  Forms stroma (the internal framework) in lymph nodes, the spleen, & bone marrow to support free blood cells  Dense Regular CT  Closely packed bundles of collagen fibers parallel to direction of pull (make up tendons and ligaments) – White structures with great resistance to pulling – Fibers slightly wavy so stretch a little  Fibroblasts manufacture fibers & ground substance  Few cells  Poorly vascularized  Dense Irregular CT  Same structural elements as dense regular, but bundles of collagen thicker, arranged irregularly  Resists tension from many different directions – Dermis – Fibrous joint capsules – Fibrous coverings of some organs  Dense CT - Elastic  More stretchy than dense regular (some ligaments very elastic – those connecting adjacent vertebrae)  Many of larger arteries have in walls  Cartilage  Tough yet flexible  Chondrocytes  Up to 80% water (can rebound after compression)  Lacks nerve fibers  Avascular Receives nutrients from surrounding membrane  Three types – Hyaline cartilage – Elastic cartilage – Fibrocartilage  Boone  Osseous tissue  Supports and protects body structures  Stores calcium, fat, & synthesizes blood cells in cavities  More collagen than cartilage  Calcified matrix  Osteoblasts produce matrix  Osteocytes maintain matrix  Richly vascularized  Blood  Most atypical CT (fluid matrix)  RBC, the most common cell type  Also WBC & platelets  Fibers - soluble proteins precipitate during blood clotting  Transport vehicle Embryonic Development Classifications  Covering & Lining Membranes Composed of at least two primary tissue types  An epithelium bound to underlying CT proper Cutaneous / Mucous / Serous membranes Tissue Repair