Mastering A&P Course Quiz

Textbook Information

• Human Anatomy & Physiology (12th edition) by E.N. Marieb & K. Hoehn
• The book covers Basic Cellular Physiology and Anatomy & Physiology of Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, & Respiratory Systems

Course Information

• Course Name: ANP1105D2025
• Course ID: li01086
• Mastering A&P (registration information)
• Syllabus
• Exams and Regulations
• Slides
• Handouts
• Announcements

Evaluation & Assignments

• Mastering A&P Assignments (10%) throughout the term
• Midterm Exam 1 (Topics 1 & 2) (25%) January 30
• Midterm Exam 2 (Topic 3-4.2) (25%) March 6
• Final Exam (80-85% on Topics 4.3-6; 15-20% on Topics 1-4.2) (40%) TBD (April 12-25)
• Deferred exams administered by department, at the same time. Check the departmental link for details: https://www2.uottawa.ca/faculty-medicine/cellular-molecular/undergraduate-students
• Access code required for Mastering A&P assignments
• Assignment schedule: due dates and times are listed

1. Cells and Tissues
2. Membrane Transport and the Neuron
3. Muscle
4. Homeostasis
5. Blood
6. Heart
7. Blood vessels
8. Lymphatic system & Respiratory Anatomy
9. Respiratory Physiology

Mastering A&P Access Code Purchase

• The access code can be purchased at the bookstore or online
• Online access grants a 2-week temporary access period
• Access codes must use the same last and first name as on your Brightspace account

Instructor Contacts

• Dr. Li
• Email: [email protected]
• Brightspace, Mastering A&P, Exams, Emails
• Use same last name & first name as on Brightspace

Learner Diversity

• Multimodal learning styles are accommodated
• VARK learning styles questionnaire is available online (www.vark-learn.com)

Skill of Learning

• Effective learning involves multiple strategies and methods
• Active learning, study groups, visualizations, and repetition are useful tools.

The Human Body (Topic 1)

• 1.1 Levels of structural organization in the human body (Chapter 1, pp. 1-9, 12-22)
• 1.2 Summary of major organelles and structures in body cells (Chapter 3, pp. 60-63, 83-96)
• 1.3 Description of different tissues in the human body (Chapter 4, pp. 115-149)

Anatomy

• The structure of body parts, and their relationships to each other
• Gross anatomy (macroscopic): Systemic anatomy, Regional anatomy, Surface anatomy
• Microscopic anatomy: Histology, Cytology
• Developmental anatomy

Physiology

• The function of body parts
• Topics based on organ systems.
• Focus on cellular and molecular events
• Principles: Basic physical and chemical principles (electrical currents, pressure, and movement)

How Are They Related?

• The principle of complementarity: structure determines function, and function reflects structure.

Levels of Structural Organization

• From atoms to molecules to organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, to the organism.

Necessary Life Functions

• Maintaining boundaries (plasma membrane, skin)
• Movement (skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle)
• Responsiveness (breathing controls, withdraw reflex)
• Digestion (food intake, breakdown, absorption)
• Metabolism (catabolism, anabolism)
• Excretion (carbon dioxide, feces, urine)
• Reproduction (cellular and organism)
• Growth (increase in cell size and number or body parts or organism)

Cells & Organ Systems

• Diagrams illustrating digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, and integumentary systems, and their interactions at the cellular level.

Covers, Supports, or Contracts

• Integumentary System (covers and protects)
• Skeletal System (protects, supports, and enables movement)
• Muscular System (causes movement, maintains posture, produces heat)

Control

• Nervous System: Fast-acting control system, responding to internal and external changes (brain, spinal cord, nerves)
• Endocrine System: Regulates processes such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism (through hormones secreted by glands like the thyroid, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, pineal gland, pituitary gland, ovary, and testes)

Transport

• Cardiovascular System: Transports blood that carries gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances. The heart pumps blood.
• Lymphatic System/Immunity: Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood, disposes of debris, and houses white blood cells involved in immunity.

Maintenance

• Respiratory System: Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
• Digestive System: Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood. Undigested food is eliminated as feces.
• Urinary System: Removes nitrogenous wastes from the body.

Continuity

• Male Reproductive System: Includes penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens
• Female Reproductive System: Includes mammary glands, breasts, ovaries, uterine tubes, and vagina

Anatomical Variability

• Humans vary slightly externally and internally
• 90% of body structures match descriptions, but some nerves, blood vessels, and muscles may be out of place.

Anatomical Position

• Body erect with feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away from the body.
• Directional terms are used as if the body is in anatomical position.

Orientation & Directional Terms

• Diagram and tables defining directional and positional terms (superior/inferior, anterior/posterior, medial/lateral, intermediate/proximal/distal, superficial/deep). These are used to describe the relative locations of body parts.

Regional Terms

• Designate specific areas within major body divisions
• Axial part (head, neck, trunk)
• Appendicular part (appendages or limbs)

Anterior/Ventral

• List of anatomical regions on the front of the body.

Posterior/Dorsal

• List of anatomical regions on the back of the body.

Body Planes & Sections

• Median (midsagittal) plane, Frontal (coronal) plane, Transverse plane diagrams.

Body Cavities

• Diagrams of dorsal body cavity (cranial, vertebral cavities) and ventral body cavity (thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities, and the abdominopelvic cavity).

Four Abdominopelvic Quadrants

• Diagram of the four quadrants used to locate organs in the abdominal region.

Nine Abdominopelvic Regions

• Diagram of the nine regions used to locate organs in the abdominal and pelvic regions.

Other Body Cavities

• Oral and digestive, nasal, orbital, and middle ear cavities
• Synovial cavities

The Cell Theory

• The cell is the basic unit of life
• All organisms are made of one or more cells
• The activity of an organism depends on individual and collective cell functions
• Cells are dictated by shape and specific subcellular structures
• Cells come from existing cells

Cell Diversity

• Trillions of cells, over 250 types
• Different cell types vary in size, shape, subcellular components, and functions

General Cell Structure

• Diagram of a generalized animal cell, labeling plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus, and their component parts.

Plasma Membrane

• Separates intracellular from extracellular environments.
• Plays a dynamic role in cellular activity.

Cytoplasm

• Contains cytosol (water based solution)
• Contains organelles (various structures within a cell)
• Contains Inclusions (various products or substances present in a cell)

Cytoplasmic Organelles

• List of membranous (Mitochondria, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Peroxisomes, Lysosomes) and nonmembranous (Ribosomes, Cytoskeleton, Centrioles) organelles

What to Know - Cellular Components (T1 and T2)

• Tables summarizing the structures and functions of cellular components

Cytoskeleton

• Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, and Microtubules

Centrosome & Centrioles

• Function in cell division.
• Structure and function are detailed.

Cellular Extensions

• Cilia, Flagella, Microvilli

The Nucleus

• Genomic DNA, Structure of the nucleus, Chromatin, Nucleoli, uni-, multi-, or anucleated.

Cell Aging

• Wear and tear theory, Mitochondrial theory, Immune system disorders, Genetic theory (telomeres)

Interdependence of Body Cells

• Humans are multicellular. Individual and collective cell function are essential

Tissue - The Living Fabric

• Individual body cells are specialized
• Tissues of similar cells that function together
• Histology: Study of tissues and their organization

Primary Tissue Types

• Nervous Tissue (brain, spinal cord, nerves, internal communication)
• Muscle Tissue (skeletal, cardiac, smooth, movement)
• Epithelial Tissue (forms boundaries, protection, secretion, absorption)
• Connective Tissue (supports, protects, binds)

Nervous Tissue

• Main component of nervous system
• Regulate & control body functions.
• Neurons generate & conduct nerve impulses.
• Neuroglia support, insulate, and protect neurons.

Muscle Tissue

• Highly vascularized, responsible for movement.
• Types of muscle tissue: Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth

Epithelial Tissue (Epithelium)

• Protects, absorbs, filters, excretes, secretes, and receives sensory input.
• Two main types: Covering and lining epithelia, and glandular epithelia

Characteristics of Epithelium

• Polarity (apical-basal)
• Supported by connective tissues
• Specialized contacts (tight junctions & desmosomes)
• Avascular, but innervated
• Regeneration

Number of Cell Layers

• Classification of simple or stratified epithelia
• Shape classification in the apical layer

Shape of Epithelial Cells

• Shape classification of squamous, cuboidal, and columnar cells

Simple Squamous Epithelium

• Function: Allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration, secretes lubricating substances
• Location: Kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, serosae

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

• Function: Secretion and absorption.
• Location: Kidney tubules, ducts of small glands, ovary surface.

Simple Columnar Epithelium

• Function: Absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes, propels mucus
• Location: Nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract, gallbladder, and some regions of the uterus

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

• Function: Secrete substances, particularly mucus, and propulsion of mucus by ciliary action.
• Location: Ciliated variety lines the trachea and most of the upper respiratory tract.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

• Function: Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion.
• Location: Nonkeratinized type lines the esophagus, mouth, and vagina. Keratinized variety forms the epidermis

Transitional Epithelium

• Function: Stretches readily, permits stored urine to distend urinary organs
• Location: Lines the ureters, bladder, and part of the urethra.

Glandular Epithelium

• Glands produce and secrete aqueous fluids (secretion).
• Classification of endocrine (ductless, hormones) and exocrine (ducts, nonhormonal substances) glands.
• Modes of secretion: Merocrine, Apocrine, Holocrine.

Unicellular or Multicellular

• Unicellular (goblet cells) and multicellular glands (simple, compound, tubular, alveolar)

Connective Tissues

• Binding and supporting, protecting, insulating, storing reserve fuel, and transporting substances.
• Primary characteristics: Common mesenchyme origin, varying degrees of vascularity, extracellular matrix.

Structure Elements

• Ground substance, fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular), cells (fibroblasts, chondrocytes, osteocytes, hemocytoblasts, RBCs, WBCs, platelets)

Cell & CT Types

• Cell types that make up different connective tissues
• Blast cell types vs. mature cell types

Connective Tissue Proper

• Loose connective tissues (Areolar, Adipose, Reticular)
• Dense connective tissues (Dense regular, Dense irregular, Elastic)

Loose CT - Areolar

• Universal packing material between other tissues.
• Supporting and binding, reservoir of fluid, and nutrient storage.
• Rich in fibroblasts and a loose ground substance. Inflamed areas become edematous.

Loose CT - Adipose

• Storage of nutrient, insulation, and protecting organs.
• Rich in adipocytes with sparse matrix.
• Types of fat include white fat and brown fat.

Loose CT - Reticular

• Forms the stroma (internal framework) of organs like lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen.
• Made of reticular fibers and reticular cells.

Dense Regular CT

• Closely packed bundles of collagen fibers.
• White structures with significant resistance to pulling.
• Fibroblasts manufacture fibers and ground substance.

Dense Irregular CT

• Same structural elements but with thicker, irregularly arranged bundles of collagen to resist tensions from many different directions.

Dense CT - Elastic

• More stretchy than dense regular.
• Found in larger arteries, some ligaments, and other locations requiring elasticity.

Cartilage

• Tough yet flexible.
• Contains chondrocytes in lacunae.
• Avascular; receives nourishment from surrounding membrane.
• Types include hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage.

Bone

• Osseous tissue that supports and protects, synthesizes blood cells, and stores calcium and fat.
• Calcified matrix, rich in collagen compared to cartilage
• Osteoblasts produce matrix, and osteocytes maintain it.
• Highly vascularized, making the process of repair faster.

Blood

• Most atypical connective tissue (fluid matrix).
• Transports respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances.
• Contains RBCs (erythrocytes), WBCs (leukocytes), and platelets.

Embryonic Development

• Tissue development during early stages of embryo growth.

Classifications (summary)

• Table summarizing connective tissue types, their subclasses, cells, matrices, and general features.

Covering & Lining Membranes

• Cutaneous, mucous, serous membranes (structures and locations)

Tissue Repair

• Steps in the tissue repair process (diagram is key)
• Inflammation, granulation tissue, and regeneration are involved.