MUH104 Occupational Health and Safety II Final Assessment PDF

MUH104 Occupational Health and Safety II Course Content: What are the hazards? What should employers do? Maintenance When is someone competent to do electrical work? Key points for employers to remember Overhead electric lines Underground cables Case study Electrical safety Electricity can kil...

MUH104 Occupational Health and Safety II Course Content: What are the hazards? What should employers do? Maintenance When is someone competent to do electrical work? Key points for employers to remember Overhead electric lines Underground cables Case study Electrical safety Electricity can kill or severely injure people and cause damage to property. However, employers can take simple precautions when working with or near electricity and electrical equipment to significantly reduce the risk of injury to themselves, their workers and others around them. This section provides a summary of those precautions. What are the hazards? The main hazards of working with electricity are: electric shock and burns from contact with live parts; injury from exposure to arcing, fire from faulty electrical equipment or installations; explosion caused by unsuitable electrical apparatus or static electricity igniting flammable vapours or dusts, for example in a spray paint booth. Electric shocks can also lead to other types of injury, for example by causing a fall from ladders or scaffolds etc. What should employers do? They must ensure an assessment has been made of any electrical hazards, which covers: who could be harmed by them; how the level of risk has been established; the precautions taken to control that risk. The risk assessment should take into consideration the type of electrical equipment used, the way in which it is used and the environment that it is used in. What should employers do? Employers must make sure that the electrical installation and the electrical equipment is: suitable for its intended use and the conditions in which it is operated; only used for its intended purpose. In wet surroundings, unsuitable equipment can become live and make its surroundings live too. Fuses, circuit-breakers and other devices must be correctly rated for the circuit they protect. Isolators and fuse-box cases should be kept closed and, if possible, locked. What should employers do? Cables, plugs, sockets and fittings must be robust enough and adequately protected for the working environment. Employers must ensure that machinery has an accessible switch or isolator to cut off the power quickly in an emergency. Maintenance So far as reasonably practicable employers must make sure that electrical equipment and installations are maintained to prevent danger. Maintenance Users of electrical equipment, including portable appliances, should carry out visual checks. Employers and workers must remove the equipment from use immediately and check it, repair it or replace it if: the plug or connector is damaged; the cable has been repaired with tape, is not secure, or internal wires are visible etc.; burn marks or stains are present (suggesting overheating). Maintenance Repairs should only be carried out by a competent person (someone who has the necessary skills, knowledge and experience to carry out the work safely). It is good practice if employers arrange for more frequent checks for items more likely to become damaged (e.g. portable electrical tools and equipment that is regularly moved, or used frequently or in arduous environments). Less frequent checks are needed for equipment less likely to become damaged (e.g. desktop computers etc.). Maintenance Visual checks are not usually necessary for small, battery-powered items, or for equipment that works from a mains-powered adaptor (laptops or cordless phones etc.). However, the mains-powered adaptor for such equipment should be visually checked. Employers must consider whether electrical equipment, including portable appliances, should be more formally inspected or tested by a competent person thinking also about the intervals at which this should be done. Maintenance Arrangements should be made for inspecting and testing fixed wiring installations, i.e. the circuits from the meter and consumer unit supplying light switches, sockets, wired in equipment (e.g. cookers, hairdryers) etc., to be carried out regularly so there is little chance of deterioration leading to danger. This work must normally be carried out by a competent person, usually an electrician. When is someone competent to do electrical work? In this context, a competent person is someone who has the suitable training, skill and knowledge for the task to be undertaken to prevent injury to themselves and others. A successfully completed electrical apprenticeship, with some post apprenticeship experience, is one way of demonstrating technical competence for general electrical work. More specialized work, such as maintenance of high-voltage switchgear or control system modification, is almost certainly likely to require additional training and experience. Key points for employers to remember Ensure that workers know how to use the electrical equipment safely. Make sure enough sockets are available. Check that socket outlets are not overloaded by using unfused adaptors as this can cause fires. Ensure there are no trailing cables that can cause people to trip or fall. Switch off and unplug appliances before cleaning or adjusting them. Ensure everyone looks for electrical wires, cables or equipment near where they are going to work and check for signs warning of dangers from electricity, or any other hazard. Checks should be made around the job, and remember that electrical cables may be within walls, floors and ceilings etc. (especially when drilling into these locations). Key points for employers to remember Make sure anyone working with electricity has sufficient skills, knowledge and experience to do so. Incorrectly wiring a plug can be dangerous and lead to fatal accidents or fires. Stop using equipment immediately if it appears to be faulty – have it checked by a competent person. Ensure any electrical equipment brought to work by workers, or any hired or borrowed, is suitable for use before using it and remains suitable by being maintained as necessary. Consider using a residual current device (RCD) between the electrical supply and the equipment, especially when working outdoors, or within a wet or confined place Overhead electric lines Employers and workers should be aware of the dangers of working near or underneath overhead power lines. Electricity can flash over from them, even though machinery or equipment may not touch them. Nobody should work under them when equipment (e.g. ladders, a crane jib, a tipper-lorry body or a scaffold pole) could come within a minimum of six metres of a power line without getting advice Underground cables Always assume cables will be present when digging in the street, pavement and/or near buildings. Consult local electricity companies and service plans to identify where cables are located.  Case study A 19-year-old man was electrocuted and killed when he touched a refrigerated display cabinet in a café. Investigation showed that the 13A plug had been incorrectly refitted to the cabinet’s main lead. This meant the metalwork of the cabinet, which should have been safe to touch, was dangerously live at mains voltage. The man’s sister received two shocks from the cabinet before realizing what had happened to her brother  Case study How to avoid similar accidents Even wiring a plug incorrectly can have serious consequences. Employers must ensure that their electrical installation and equipment is safe. Electrical installations must be installed by someone who has the necessary training, skills and experience to carry out the work safely. Thanks for your attending… MUH104 Occupational Health and Safety II Course Content: Objective Legislation Definitions Minimum general requirements for health and safety signs used in the workplace Objectives The aim of this course is to determine the minimum requirements for the application of health and safety signs to be used in workplaces. Legislation Official Gazette Date: 11.09.2013 Official Gazette No: 28762 Health and safety signing regulation Health and safety signing regulation  Legislation Scope The provisions of this Regulation apply to all workplaces within the scope of the Occupational Health and Safety Law No. 6331 dated 20/6/2012. Health and safety signing regulation  Legislation The provisions of this Regulation a) Unless specifically referred to in other legislation; In markings used in the placing of dangerous substances, preparations, products or materials on the market, b) In markings used in the regulation of land, iron, sea, air and inland waterway transportation does not apply. Health and safety signing regulation  Legislation Basis This Regulation; a) Based on Article 30 of the Law No. 6331 b) In parallel with Council Directive 92/58/EEC of the European Union of 24/6/1992, prepared. Health and safety signing regulation  Legislation Definitions In this Regulation Emergency exit and first aid signs: Signs providing information about emergency exit routes, first aid or rescue., Information sign: It defines signs that provide information other than prohibition signs, warning signs, imperative signs, emergency exit and first aid signs. Health and safety signing regulation  Legislation Definitions Additional information sign: A sign used together with a sign board and providing additional information, Hand signal: Predetermined movements and/or positions of hands and/or arms to guide operators performing maneuvers that may pose a danger to employees, Mandatory sign: A sign that determines a behavior that must be followed. Security color: Color that has a special meaning in terms of security. Health and safety signing regulation  Legislation Definitions Illuminated sign: It defines a sign mechanism made of transparent or translucent material, giving the appearance of an illuminated surface by being illuminated from inside or from behind. Signboard: A plate that conveys specific information by a combination of a geometric shape, colors and a symbol or pictogram and is made visible with adequate lighting. Signaller: Identifies the person giving the signal. Operator: Identifies the person using the tool and equipment by following the sign. Health and safety signing regulation  Legislation Definitions Health and safety signs: Signs that provide information or instructions about occupational health and safety or warn against dangers through a sign indicating a special object, activity or situation, color, audible or light signal, verbal communication or hand-arm signals. Health and safety signing regulation  Employer Obligations According to the results of the risk assessment carried out in the workplace; In cases where the risks in the workplace cannot be eliminated or sufficiently reduced by techniques for collective protection or measures, methods or processes used in the organization of the work, it shall keep the health and safety signs as included in this Regulation and ensure their use in appropriate places. Informs employees or their representatives about health and safety signs used in the workplace. It receives the opinions of employees or their representatives regarding the issues covered by this Regulation and ensures their participation. Health and safety signing regulation Health and safety signs Minimum general requirements for health and safety signs used in the workplace Health and safety signing regulation General considerations The health and safety signs that must be present in the workplace will comply with the special conditions specified in this regulation. In this regulation, different uses of health and safety signs and general rules for using these signs together or interchangeably are determined. Health and safety signs will only be used to convey the message or information specified in this Regulation. Health and safety signing regulation  Types of signs Fixed and permanent signs: - It will be used to indicate and recognize prohibitions, warnings and mandatory tasks, as well as the locations of emergency escape routes and first aid departments. - Locations where fire-fighting equipment is located will be permanently marked with a signboard and red color. - Places where there is a risk of hitting obstacles or falling will be permanently identified with a signboard and safety color. - Traffic routes (in workplace) will be permanently marked with safety colour. Health and safety signing regulation  Types of signs Temporary signs - Considering the possibility of using the signs together and interchangeably when necessary; - give a «danger sign», - audio signals and/or verbal communication will be used to signal danger, - call the relevant person to take the necessary precautions and - emergency evacuation of employees. - Where necessary, hand signals and/or verbal communication will be used to direct anyone who may cause danger or engage in dangerous maneuvers. Health and safety signing regulation  Use of signs together and interchangeably If equally effective, any of the following signs can be used: – In places where there is an obstacle or danger of falling; marking plate or safety color – Light sign, acoustic signal or verbal communication – Hand signals or verbal communication The signs listed below can be used together. – Light sign and acoustic signal – Light sign and verbal communication – Hand signals and verbal communication Health and safety signing regulation The points in the table below apply to all signs using safety colours. Color Meaning or Purpose Instruction and Information Red Prohibition sign Dangerous movement or behavior Danger alarm Stop, switch off, emergency stop, evacuate Fire-fighting equipment Location and identification of equipment Yellow Warning sign Be careful, take precautions, check A specific behavior or action Blue (1) Mandatory sign Use personal protective equipment Green Emergency exit, first aid sign Doors, exits and routes, equipment, facilities No danger return to normal (1) Blue It is considered a safety color when used only in a circular shape. Can be used instead of yellow except for safety signs. This fluorescent color is very eye- (2) Bright orange catching, especially in poor natural visibility conditions.  To ensure that the function of the safety sign is not adversely affected by: The presence of another emission source of the same type that would make it difficult or prevent it from being seen or heard will be prevented,especially; - Multiple signs shall not be placed too close together. - Two illuminated signs that may cause confusion will not be used at the same time. - An illuminated sign shall not be used in close proximity to another illuminated sign. - More than one audible signal shall not be used simultaneously. - The acoustic signal will not be used in places where there is a lot of ambient noise. Health and safety signing regulation  To ensure that the function of the safety sign is not adversely affected by: The number of signs and signaling devices and their placement will be determined according to the magnitude of the danger and the area where they will be applied. In case of any energy-powered signs being cut off and the danger cannot be prevented in any other way, the signs will be ensured to operate immediately with a backup energy source. The energy sources used will be in compliance with safety conditions. Health and safety signing regulation  Signboards to be used Prohibitory signs Basic qualifications - In circular shape, - Black pictogram, red frame and diagonal line on a white background (red parts will cover at least 35% of the sign area) Health and safety signing regulation  Signboards to be used Warning signs Basic qualifications - Triangle shaped - Black pictogram on yellow background, black frame (yellow parts will cover at least 50% of the sign area) Health and safety signing regulation  Signboards to be used Mandatory signs Basic qualifications - In circular shape, - White pictogram on blue background (blue parts will cover at least 50% of the sign area) Health and safety signing regulation  Signboards to be used Emergency exit and first aid signs Basic qualifications - Rectangular or square shaped, - White pictogram on green background (green parts will cover at least 50% of the sign area) Health and safety signing regulation  Signboards to be used Fire fighting signs Basic qualifications - Rectangular or square shaped, - White pictogram on a red background (red parts will cover at least 50% of the sign area) Health and safety signing regulation  Signboards to be used Signs used in obstacles and dangerous places Places where there is a danger of hitting obstacles, falling or falling objects, and areas where employees move around during their work within the business facilities are marked with alternating yellow and black or red and white color stripes. The size of the signs is proportional to the size of the obstacle or danger area. Yellow–black or red–white stripes are painted at approximately a 45-degree angle and the same size. Health and safety signing regulation THANK YOU MUH104 Occupational Health and Safety II Course Content: Describe the hierarchy of controls as it relates to personal protective equipment. Identify types of personal protective equipment utilized in general industry. Explain personal protective equipment training requirements. Explain the employer responsibilities regarding personal protective equipment. Introduction Source of photos: OSHA Introduction Employers must protect employees: Assess the workplace Eliminate and reduce the hazards found using engineering and administrative controls Then use appropriate personal protective equipment Remember, Personal Protective Equipment is the last level of control. Hierarchy of Controls Source: OSHA Hierarchy of Controls Elimination/substitution: Highest level of protection Eliminate hazard from the workplace Substitute Use safer item/substance Use same chemical but in a different form; as particle size of a substance decreases, hazard level increases Hierarchy of Controls Engineering controls: Physical changes to workplace Examples Isolation Ventilation Equipment modification Others Hierarchy of Controls Hierarchy of Controls Administrative controls/work practice control: Requires employee or employer to do something Examples Written proper operating procedures, work permits and safe work practices Inspection and maintenance. Housekeeping. Monitoring the use of highly hazardous materials Supervision. Training. Alarms, signs and warnings Regulated areas Limit exposure by time or distance Hierarchy of Controls PPE controls: Requires employee to wear something Examples Source of Photos: OSHA Types of PPE Head protection: Frequent causes of head injuries Falling objects from above striking on the head; Bump head against fixed objects, such as exposed pipes or beams; or Accidental head contact with electrical hazards. Source: OSHA Types of PPE Why head protection is important… Source: OSHA Types of PPE Classes of hard hats: CLASS G (General) Protect against impact, penetration Low-voltage electrical protection (proof-tested to 2,200 volts) Source of graphics: OSHA Types of PPE CLASS E (Electrical) Designed for electrical/utility work Protect against falling objects, impact Electrical protection against high- voltage (proof-tested to 20,000 volts) Source: OSHA Types of PPE CLASS C (Conductive) Designed for comfort; offers limited protection Protects heads that may bump against fixed objects Does not protect against falling objects or electrical hazards Source: OSHA Types of PPE ANSI Z89.1, 1997 Type I: provides protection from objects fall directly on top of the helmet, but not from objects that strike the side, front, or back of the head. Type II: provides protection from strikes to the top of the head and also provides protection from blows to the sides, front, and back of the head. More suitable for Source of photos: OSHA workers who are not always in a standing position Types of PPE Eye and face protection: Source of images: OSHA Types of PPE Common causes of eye injuries Chemical splashes Blood or OPIM splashes or sprays Intense light Dust and other flying particles Molten metal splashes Source: OSHA Types of PPE Eye and face protection – must comply with ANSI Z87.1-2003, or ANSI Z87.1-1989 (R-1998) Source: OSHA Types of PPE Selecting eye and face protection – elements to consider: Ability to protect against workplace hazards Should fit properly Should provide unrestricted vision and movement Durable and cleanable Allow unrestricted functioning of other PPE Types of PPE Safety glasses Used to protect against moderate impacts from particles Source of graphics: OSHA Types of PPE Prescription glasses Employees who use prescription glasses while performing operations with potential eye hazards must use eye protection that: Source: OSHA Incorporates the prescription in its design, or Can be used over your prescription glasses without interfering with the proper positioning of the prescription glasses or goggles Types of PPE Goggle types Direct-ventilated Indirect-ventilated Non-ventilated Resist direct passage of Prevents fogging by Does not allow the large particles into the allowing air passage of air into the goggle circulation goggle Prevents fogging by Protects against Prevents splash entry allowing air circulation liquid or chemical May fog and require splash entry Source: OSHA.gov frequent lens cleaning Types of PPE Face shields Protect face from nuisance dusts and potential splashes or sprays of hazardous liquids Shields do not protect from Source: OSHA impact hazards unless so rated Shields are for face protection, not eye protection. To protect the eyes, wear safety glasses with side shields, or goggles under the face shield. Types of PPE Welding shields Protect eyes from burns caused by: Infared light Intense radiant light Protect eyes and face from flying sparks, metal spatter, and slag chips Source of photos: OSHA Types of PPE Laser safety goggles Provide protection from hazards: physical contact such as flying particles ultraviolet light, laser, and welding Source: OSHA Types of PPE Respiratory protection: Source of photos: OSHA Types of PPE Elimination/substitution or Engineering controls Eliminate toxic material or substitute a less toxic material Enclose or confine operation General or local exhaust ventilation Only when engineering controls are not feasible, will respirators be used Source: OSHA Types of PPE Types of respirators Air-Purifying (APR) – remove contaminants from air Particulate respirators Chemical cartridge/gas mask respirator Powered Air-Purifying Respirator (PAPR) Source of photos: OSHA Types of PPE Atmosphere-Supplying – provide clean, breathable air Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) Supplied-Air Respirator (SAR) Source of photos: OSHA Types of PPE Medical evaluation Before fit tests are conducted and employee is authorized the use of a respirator, a medical evaluation must be provide to determine the ability of the employee to use a respirator. Identify a physician or other license health care professional (PLHCP) to perform medical evaluations using a medical questionnaire or an initial medical evaluation with which the same information is obtained. Types of PPE Inspecting and cleaning respirators Inspect all respirators for wear and tear before and after each use Wash in a detergent solution; then, disinfect by immersing in a sanitizing solution Types of PPE Storing respirators Protect against dust, sunlight, heat, extreme cold, excessive moisture, and damaging chemicals Store in position to retain natural configuration Types of PPE Hearing protection: Source of photos: OSHA Types of PPE Exposure to noise levels over 85 dB can cause hearing loss Hearing protection required at 90 dB Implement effective Hearing Conservation Program Source: OSHA Types of PPE Impact noise should not exceed 140 dB The employer must provide Permissible Noise Exposure ear protection when the 29 CFR 1910.95(b)(1) noise level in the work area Duration per Day Sound Level is greater than indicated in (hours) (dBA) this table. 8 90 6 92 4 95 3 97 2 100 1 105 1/2 110 Source: NIOSH 1/4 115 Types of PPE Examples of hearing protection: Disposable foam plugs Source of photos: OSHA Molded ear plugs Noise-cancelling ear plugs Ear muffs Consider Noise Reduction Rating (NRR) of devices NIOSH/John Rekus/elcosh.org Types of PPE How to insert ear plugs properly Source: NIOSH Types of PPE Hand protection: Potential hazards for hands Skin absorption of hazardous substances Lacerations or severe cuts Punctures Chemical burns Thermal burns Extreme temperatures Source of photos: OSHA Types of PPE Types of gloves Anti-vibration Chemical-resistant Leather Palm Heat-resistant Cut-resistant Permeation-resistant Source of photos: OSHA Types of PPE Foot and leg protection: Causes of foot injuries: Falling or rolling of heavy objects Crushing or penetrating materials Sharp objects that can penetrate the sole Exposure to molten metal Source: OSHA Working on, or around, hot, wet, or slippery surfaces Working when electrical hazards are present. Types of PPE Conditions requiring foot protection Impacts Compressions Cuts/punctures Chemicals Temperatures Source: OSHA Types of PPE Examples of foot and leg protection Impact-resistant toe and/or instep Steel Composite Heat-resistant soles Metal shanks Specialty footwear may be needed Metatarsal guards Liquid- or chemical-resistant Source of photos: OSHA Conductive or nonconductive Types of PPE Protective footwear must comply with any of the following consensus standards: ANSI Z41.1 – 1991 - "American National Standard for Personal Protection -- Protective Footwear," ASTM F-2412 – 2005 – “ Standard Source: OSHA Test Methods for Foot Protection” ASTM F-2413 – 2005 – “Standard Specification for Performance Requirements for Protective Footwear” Types of PPE Protection from hazards Shoes with metal toe-cap protects against knocks, falling objects Rubber shoes protect against chemical materials. Source of photos: OSHA Types of PPE Body protection – protective clothing: Source of photos: OSHA Types of PPE Provide protective clothing for those parts of the body exposed to possible injuries Types of body protection Laboratory coats Coveralls Vests Jackets Aprons Source of photos: OSHA Surgical gowns Full-body suits Types of PPE Selection of body protection – variety of materials effective against particular hazard Paper-like fiber – dust and splashes Treated wool and cotton – fire-resistant; dust, abrasions, rough/irritating surfaces Duck – cuts, bruises Leather – dry heat, flames Source of photos: OSHA Rubber, rubberized fabrics, neoprene, and plastics – certain chemicals and physical hazards Types of PPE Protective clothing is required for HAZWOPER activities Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)’s levels of PPE Level A Provides highest level of protection Required when greatest potential for exposure exists and greatest level of skin, respiratory, and eye protection is required Examples Positive pressure, full facepiece SCBA, or positive pressure supplied air respirator with escape SCBA Totally encapsulated chemical- and vapor-protective suit Inner and outer chemical-resistant gloves Disposable protective suit, gloves, and boots Types of PPE Level B Required for highest level of respiratory protection and lesser level of skin protection Examples Positive pressure, full facepiece SCBA, or positive pressure supplied air respirator with escape SCBA Inner and outer chemical-resistant gloves Face shield Hooded chemical-resistant clothing Coveralls Outer chemical-resistant boots Types of PPE Level C Required when concentration and type of airborne substances are known and criteria for using APR is met Examples Full-face air-purifying respirators Inner and outer chemical-resistant gloves Hard hat Escape mask Disposable chemical-resistant outer boots Types of PPE Level D Required when minimum protection is needed Sufficient when no contaminants are present or work operations preclude splashes, immersion, or potential for unexpected inhalation or contact Examples Gloves Coveralls Safety glasses Face shield Chemical-resistant, steel-toe boots or shoes Training Training requirements: Each employee who is required to use PPE must be trained to know: When PPE is necessary What PPE is necessary How to properly put on, take off, adjust, and wear the PPE The limitation of the PPE Proper care, maintenance, useful life, and disposal of PPE Responsibilities The employer is required to: Perform hazard assessment Provide appropriate PPE Train employees Maintain/replace PPE Review/update/evaluate PPE Program Responsibilities The employer is required to pay for PPE used to comply with OSHA standards Examples Metatarsal foot protection Rubber boots with steel toes $ Non-prescription eye protection Prescription eyewear inserts/lenses for full face respirators Goggles and face shields Fire fighting PPE, Hard hats Hearing protection and Welding PPE Responsibilities Employer payment exemptions $ Non-specialty safety-toe protective footwear and non-specialty prescription safety eyewear Everyday clothing Ordinary clothing, skin creams, or other items, used solely for protection from weather Consumer safety items worn by food workers Lifting belts When employee lost or intentionally damaged PPE Responsibilities The employee is required to: Properly wear PPE Attend PPE training Care for, clean, and maintain PPE Inform supervisor of needs for Source: OSHA repair/replacement Knowledge Check 1. Common causes of foot injuries include: crushing, penetration, molten metal, chemicals, slippery surfaces, and sharp objects. a. True b. False Answer: a. True Knowledge Check 2. Who is responsible for providing PPE needed to comply with OSHA standards? a. The employee b. OSHA c. The Employer d. Workers’ Compensation Answer: c. The Employer Knowledge Check 3. Hazard controls must be addressed in which order of priority? a. Substitution, PPE, workaround, and administrative b. Workaround, stop work, PPE, and engineering c. Stop work, PPE, engineering, and substitution d. Substitution, engineering, administrative, and PPE Answer: d. Substitution, engineering, administrative, and PPE Knowledge Check 4. Which type of hard hat would provide the most protection from electrical hazards? a. Class A b. Class C c. Class E d. Class G Answer: c. Class E Knowledge Check 5. Hearing protection is required when noise levels exceed OSHA’s PEL of __ dBA as a TWA. a. 80 b. 90 c. 100 d. 110 Answer: b. 90 dBAs Knowledge Check 6. Who is responsible for providing specialized work footwear? a. Insurance companies b. The employee c. OSHA d. The employer Answer: d. The employer Knowledge Check 7. Which of the following is considered approved eye protection? a. Sun glasses b. Prescription glasses c. Reading glasses d. Glasses meeting ANSI standard Z87 Answer: d. Glasses meeting ANSI standard Z87 Knowledge Check 8. Which of the following is NOT considered PPE? a. Rubber gloves b. Glasses meeting ANSI standard Z87 c. Sports shoes d. Hearing muffs Answer: c. Sports shoes THANK YOU MUH104 Occupational Health and Safety II Course Content: Risk assesments methods Fine kinney method Risk Assessment Methods Qualitative assessment defines consequence, probability and level of risk by significance levels, such as “high,” “medium” and “low,” may combine consequence and probability and evaluates the resultant level of risk against qualitative criteria. Semi-quantitative methods use numerical rating scales for consequence and probability and combine them to produce a level of risk using a formula. Quantitative analysis estimates practical values for consequences and their probabilities, and produces values of the level of risk in specific units defined when developing the context. Risk Assesment Methods Factors influencing selection of risk assessment techniques: The complexity of the problem and the methods needed to analyze it, The nature and degree of the uncertainty of the risk assessment based on the amount of information available and what is required to satisfy objectives, The extent of resources required in terms of time and the level of expertise, data needs, or cost, and Whether the method can provide a quantitative output. Risk Assesment Methods Selected methods-techniques for risk assessment Brainstorming Brainstorming involves stimulating and encouraging free-flowing conversation amongst a group of knowledgeable people to identify potential failure modes and associated hazards, risks, criteria for decisions and/or options for treatment. The term “brainstorming” is often used very loosely to mean any type of group discussion. Brainstorming can be used in conjunction with other risk assessment methods described below or may stand alone as a technique to encourage imaginative thinking at any stage of the risk management process and any stage of the life cycle of a system. Risk Assesment Methods Brainstorming Risk Assesment Methods Delphi technique The Delphi technique is a procedure to obtain a reliable consensus of opinion from a group of experts. Although the term is often now broadly used to mean any form of brainstorming, an essential feature of the Delphi technique, as originally formulated, was that experts expressed their opinions individually and anonymously while having access to the other expert’s views as the process progresses. The Delphi technique can be applied at any stage of the risk management process or at any phase of a system life cycle, wherever a consensus of views of experts is needed. Risk Assesment Methods Delphi technique Risk Assesment Methods Checklists Checklists are lists of hazards, risks or control failures that have been developed, usually from experience, either as a result of a previous risk assessment or as a result of past failures. A checklist can be used to identify hazards and risks or to assess the effectiveness of controls. They can be used at any stage of the life cycle of a product, process, or system. They may be used as part of other risk assessment techniques. Risk Assesment Methods Checklists Risk Assesment Methods Preliminary hazard analysis (PHA) PHA is a simple, inductive method of analysis whose objective is to identify the hazards and hazardous situations and events that can cause harm for a given activity, facility, or system. It is most commonly carried out early in the development of a project when there is little information on design details or operating procedures and can often be a precursor to further studies or to provide information for specification of the design of a system. It can also be useful when analyzing existing systems for prioritizing hazards and risks for further analysis or where circumstances prevent a more extensive technique from being used. Risk Assesment Methods Preliminary hazard analysis (PHA) Risk Assesment Methods HAZOP HAZOP is the acronym for HAZard and OPerability study and is a structured and systematic examination of a planned or existing product, process, procedure, or system. It is a technique to identify risks to people, equipment, environment, and/or organizational objectives. The HAZOP process is a qualitative technique based on use of guide words that question how the design intention or operating conditions might not be achieved at each step in the design, process, procedure, or system. It is generally carried out by a multidisciplinary team during a set of meetings. Risk Assesment Methods HAZOP Risk Assesment Methods Structured “What-if” Technique (SWIFT) SWIFT was originally developed as a simpler alternative to HAZOP. It is a systematic, team based study, utilizing a set of ‘prompt’ words or phrases that are used by the facilitator within a workshop to stimulate participants to identify risks. The facilitator and team use standard ‘what-if’ type phrases in combination with the prompts to investigate how a system, plant item, organization, or procedure will be affected by deviations from normal operations and behavior. Risk Assesment Methods Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) and failure modes and effects and criticality analysis (FMECA) Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) is a technique used to identify the ways in which components, systems, or processes can fail to fulfil their design intent. FMEA identifies the following: All potential failure modes of the various parts of a system (a failure mode is what is observed to fail or to perform incorrectly); The effects these failures may have on the system; The mechanisms of failure; and, How to avoid the failures, and/or mitigate the effects of the failures on the system. Risk Assesment Methods Fault tree analysis (FTA) FTA is a technique for identifying and analysing factors that can contribute to a specified undesired event (called the “top event”). Causal factors are deductively identified, organised in a logical manner, and represented pictorially in a tree diagram that depicts causal factors and their logical relationship to the top event. The factors identified in the tree can be events that are associated with component hardware failures, human errors, or any other pertinent events that lead to the undesired event. A fault tree may be used qualitatively to identify potential causes and pathways to a failure (the top event) or quantitatively to calculate the probability of the top event, given knowledge of the probabilities of causal events. Risk Assesment Methods Risk Assesment Methods Event tree analysis (ETA) ETA is a graphical technique for representing the mutually exclusive sequences of events following an initiating event according to the functioning/not functioning of the various systems designed to mitigate its consequences. It can be applied both qualitatively and quantitatively. ETA can be used for modelling, calculating, and ranking (from a risk point of view) different accident scenarios following the initiating event. ETA can be used at any stage in the life cycle of a product or process. It may be used qualitatively to help brainstorm potential scenarios and the sequences of events following an initiating event and how outcomes are affected by various treatments, barriers or controls intended to mitigate unwanted outcomes. Risk Assesment Methods Fine Kinney Method Fine & Kinney method With this method for each risk three parameters have to be determined: - Severity of injury linked to hazard (S); - Exposure to the hazard (E); - Probability of the hazard to occur when exposed (P). These concepts are made operational so that it becomes a numerical method and a quantitative risk estimation can be made. Fine Kinney Method Probability The probability or (mathematical) chance an incident will occur. The expectation is represented by ascribing a value from 0.1 to 10. P Probability 0,1 Next to impossible / unthinkable 0,2 Almost unimaginable 0,5 Highly unlikely, but conceivable 1 Unlikely, but possible in the long term 3 Unusual (but possible) 6 Possible 10 To be expected Fine Kinney Method Exposure The factor exposure indicates the duration that a risk can occur. The scale varies from 0.5 to 10. E Exposure 0,5 Very rarely (less than 1x a year) 1 Rarely (approx. 1x a year) 2 Sometimes (approx.. 1x a year) 3 Occasionally (weekly) 6 Frequently (daily) 10 Constantly (multiple times a day) Fine Kinney Method Severity The factor severity indicates the possible damage, effects and consequences linked to a hazard. The scale reaches from 1 to 40. S Severity 1 Slight effect, injury without absence through illness 3 Important, injury with absence 7 Severe, lasting injury with absence 15 Very severe, a fatal casualty 40 Disaster, multiple fatal casualties Fine Kinney Method Risk-index A risk index is created by ascribing particular numerical values to the severity of possible damage, the length of exposure and the probability of a risk. The result of multiplying the parameters defines the risk-index: R = S x E x P. Fine Kinney Method Risk-index The risk-index has five categories. Based on this risk-index the appropriate (technical) measures can be determined. Eliminate or reduce risks as far as possible (inherently safe machinery design and construction). Take the necessary protective measures in relation to risks that cannot be eliminated. Inform users of the residual risks due to any shortcomings of the protective measures adopted, indicate whether any particular training is required and specify any need to provide personal protective equipment. Fine Kinney Method Classification Risk Measures Risk-index R = 21 Slight risk Acceptable 21 < R = 71 Little risk Attention required 71 < R = 201 Moderate risk Apply simple measures 201 < R = 401 High risk Apply large measures immediately R > 401 Risk is too high Stop activities / operations Fine Kinney Method THANK YOU MUH104 Occupational Health and Safety II Course Content: Objective Legislation Informing and training employees The 20-20-20 rule Objectives A step by step guide to making your DSE workstation comfortable and safe to use Legislation Official Gazette Date: 16.04.2013 Official Gazette No: 28620 Regulation on health and safety precautions when working with screen devices Regulation on health and safety precautions when working with screen devices  Legislation Scope ARTICLE 2 - (1) This Regulation covers the provisions of the Occupational Health and Safety Law No. 6331 dated 20/6/2012 and covers all workplaces where screen devices are used. Regulation on health and safety precautions when working with screen devices  Legislation (2) The provisions of this Regulation a) In the control cabins and driver's cabins of moving machinery and vehicles, b) In the computer systems at the control of the vehicle in transport vehicles, c) In computer systems open to public use, d) In portable systems that are not continuously used in the workplace, e) Calculators, cash registers and similar devices with small screens displaying data or measurement results, f) On screen typewriters, does not apply. Regulation on health and safety precautions when working with screen devices  Legislation Basis ARTICLE 3 - (1) This Regulation; a) Based on Article 30 of the Law No. 6331 b) Based on Article 12 of the Law on the Organisation and Duties of the Ministry of Labour and Social Security dated 9/1/1985 and numbered 3146, c) In parallel with Council Directive 90/270/EEC of the European Union of 29/5/1990, prepared. Regulation on health and safety precautions when working with screen devices  Legislation Definitions ARTICLE 4 - (1) In this Regulation a) Screened vehicle: Any instrument that displays letters, numbers, figures, shapes, graphics and pictures on its screen, regardless of the content of the applied process, a) Operator: A person whose main job is to work with screen tools and who uses screen tools for a significant part of his/her normal work, Regulation on health and safety precautions when working with screen devices  Legislation Definitions ARTICLE 4 - (1) In this Regulation c) Work centre: The working area where the operator/employee sits in the chair, the table or surface on which the screen tool is placed, the operator/employee-machine interface software, monitor, keyboard, printer, telephone, fax, modem and similar accessories and all or part of the equipment related to the screen tool. Regulation on health and safety precautions when working with screen devices  Legislation Minimum requirements for working with screen devices 1. Equipment a) General considerations The use of such equipment should not be a source of risk to employees. b) Monitor The screen must be at eye level and at a suitable distance from the working position of the operator/employee.The characters appearing on the screen must be in an easily recognisable shape and form, in an appropriate size, and there must be sufficient space between lines and characters. Regulation on health and safety precautions when working with screen devices  Legislation Minimum requirements for working with screen devices b) Monitor (continues…) The screen image should be stable, the image should not flicker and similar disadvantages should not be present. Brightness and contrast between characters and background should be easily adjustable by the operator/employee. The screen should be easily adjustable by rotating in any direction according to the needs of the operator/employee. The screen should be usable on a separate plate or an adjustable table. There should be no reflections and glare on the screen that may disturb the user.  Legislation Minimum requirements for working with screen devices c) Keyboard The keyboard must be movable and separate from the screen in order not to tire the operator's/employee's hands and arms and to work comfortably. A special support should be placed in front of the keyboard where the operator/employee can rest his/her wrists. There should be enough space in front of the keyboard for the hands and arms of the operator/employee. The keyboard surface must be matt so as not to reflect light. The features and locations of the keyboard keys must be in a way to simplify the use of the keyboard.  Legislation Minimum requirements for working with screen devices c) Keyboard (Continues…) The symbols on the keyboard keys should be easily readable and selectable according to the working position. d) Work table or work surface The desk or work surface must be of sufficient size and non-reflective to allow comfortable organisation of the screen, keyboard, documents and other related materials. An adjustable document holder must be used, placed in such a way as to minimise the need for disturbing eye and head movements of the operator/worker. Regulation on health and safety precautions when working with screen devices  Legislation Minimum requirements for working with screen devices d) Work table or work surface (Continues…) There should be enough space for the employee to be in a comfortable position. e) Working chair The chair must be balanced and in such a way that the operator/employee can sit in a comfortable position and move easily. The height of the seat must be adjustable. Regulation on health and safety precautions when working with screen devices  Legislation Minimum requirements for working with screen devices e) Working chair (Continues…) The backrest must be adjustable forwards-backwards and up- downwards, the back support must be suitable and flexible for the waist. A suitable foot support should be provided to the operator/employee when required. Regulation on health and safety precautions when working with screen devices  Legislation Minimum requirements for working with screen devices 2. Working environment a) Required area The work centre must be of sufficient width and properly arranged so that the operator/employee can change the way he/she sits and move freely. Regulation on health and safety precautions when working with screen devices  Legislation Minimum requirements for working with screen devices b) Lighting Appropriate lighting conditions should be provided taking into account the requirements of the operator/employee and the type of work performed, and there should be appropriate contrast between the background and the screen. The location and technical characteristics of artificial lighting sources should be such that glare and reflections on the screen and other equipment are prevented. Regulation on health and safety precautions when working with screen devices  Legislation Minimum requirements for working with screen devices c) Reflection and glare v Measures should be taken to prevent light that may cause reflections and glare in work centres. v Horizontal and vertical adjustable curtains should be used to control the daylight coming to the screen. Regulation on health and safety precautions when working with screen devices  Legislation Minimum requirements for working with screen devices d) Noise o The noise of the equipment used in work centres should be at a level that will not distract employees and prevent mutual conversation. e) Heat o The equipment in the work centre must not give off enough heat to make employees uncomfortable. Regulation on health and safety precautions when working with screen devices  Legislation Minimum requirements for working with screen devices f) Radiation § Necessary measures should be taken to ensure that all radiation other than visible light in the work centre is at levels that do not harm health. g) Humidity § Humidity in the working environment should be kept at an appropriate level and this level should be maintained. Regulation on health and safety precautions when working with screen devices  Legislation Minimum requirements for working with screen devices 3. Operator-Computer interface The employer shall comply with the following points in the organisation of the work to be carried out with display devices and in the selection of the programmes to be used a) Ensure that the programmes are suitable for the work. b) The programmes shall be easy to use and, if appropriate, adjustable according to the operator's level of knowledge and experience. c) Programmes cannot be intervened without the knowledge of the operator.  Legislation Minimum requirements for working with screen devices 3. Operator-Computer interface d) Systems should be equipped with feedback to increase the productivity of employees and provide convenience. e) Systems should be able to provide information to the operator at the appropriate speed and format. f) Programmes shall comply with the principles of software ergonomics, particularly in the perception and use of data. Regulation on health and safety precautions when working with screen devices  Legislation Informing and training employees The following points shall be complied with in relation to the information and training of workers when working with display screen devices a) The employer shall inform the employees and their representatives on all matters related to health and safety in the workplace. Regulation on health and safety precautions when working with screen devices  Legislation Informing and training employees b) The employer shall, taking into account the provisions of the legislation on occupational health and safety training of employees, provide the necessary training to those who work with screen devices before starting work and when there is a significant change in working conditions. c) Occupational health and safety trainings of employees are repeated at the periods specified in the relevant legislation and when required by the results of the risk assessment carried out in the workplace. Regulation on health and safety precautions when working with screen devices  Legislation Informing and training employees The training includes in particular the following topics a) Risks and means of protection when working with screen devices, b) Correct sitting posture, c) Eye protection, d) The least eye-straining typefaces and colours, e) The habit of resting the eyes for short periods during work, f) Resting the eyes, musculoskeletal system, g) Interval rests and exercises. Regulation on health and safety precautions when working with screen devices  a) Risks and ways of protection when working with screen devices Some employees may experience fatigue, eye strain, upper limb problems and backache from overuse or improper use of DSE. These problems can also be experienced from poorly designed workstations or work environments. The causes may not always be obvious and can be due to a combination of factors.  b) Correct sitting posture The chair should be in good condition with plenty of padding Adjust the height and angle of the seat and back rest so Sit back on the chair that you can reach the so that your thighs are keyboard without stretching well supported with a and have your eyes level with small space behind the top of your screen your knees and both feet flat on the ground b) Correct sitting posture WHY? Sitting back on the chair with both feet on the ground will improve your posture and allow your blood to circulate freely. This reduces the risk of back pain and other joint or muscle problems. Being at the right height for the keyboard and screen will reduce the risk of neck pain, headaches and eye strain. c) Eye protection Sımple steps to prevent eye straın Our eyes have a muscle (the iris) which moves constantly to focus on objects near and far. If we stay focused on a fixed object (like our screen) these muscles get tired and some users experience eye strain: sore, itchy eyes; blurred vision; difficulty focusing. DSE does not cause vision problems but the way we use it can highlight existing weaknesses. Exercise your eyes by looking across the office or out the window every few minutes. This simple refocusing exercise will help prevent eye strain  c) Eye protection Eye & vision tests Most people who need glasses for DSE also need them for reading so regular eye tests are important. If spectacles are needed solely for DSE work your employer will pay for a basic pair of lenses and frames. Measure the distance from your forehead to your screen before getting your eyes tested by an optician. Speak to your Health & Safety Co-ordinator for further information.  d) The least eye-straining typefaces and colours Text or symbols with fine lines on a color background should not be used in grey.  d) The least eye-straining typefaces and colours Green text on a red backdrop, red text on a green background, red text on a blue background, and other similar color combinations are among the most difficult to read because of their intense simultaneous contrast effect.  d) The least eye-straining typefaces and colours When the color of text and the color of the background have a simultaneous contrast effect, the text appears to vibrate, making it difficult to read and resulting in weariness and strain on the eyes. Colors that are severely different force users to frequently refocus their eyes, resulting in visual discomfort and, in some cases, exhaustion. d) The least eye-straining typefaces and colours Arial It’s no wonder Arial is among the most widely-used Sans Serif fonts. It’s as simple as a font can get. Each single letter stands out, so your eyes don’t have to work at all to decipher and distinguish symbols. It’s neat, smooth, and easy to set up on any browser and any device. Verdana Arial’s closest sibling, the Verdana font is also among the most popular Sans-Serifs due to its simplicity and functionality. Which one you choose is based solely on your personal aesthetic preference: some people prefer Arial’s lean and tidy text, while others: Verdana’s more spacious and round letters. d) The least eye-straining typefaces and colours Calibri The default font of Microsoft Office, Calibri is designed for people who have to look at a screen — and focus — for at least 8 hours a day, every day. It is very legible, and works great not only for reading but for typing too. Aphont This font was designed by the American Printing House for the Blind specifically for low-vision users. It can be read in any size and weight, and longer tails were added to the letters Q, G, J, and Y which are often hard to distinguish from each other. d) The least eye-straining typefaces and colours Jetbrains Jetbrains is a font family designed for people who work on computer screens far beyond the ‘regular’ 8 hour workday window. It’s designed for programmers and developers, or to put it another way: for people who are equally passionate about working on computers and about functionality and efficiency. Jetbrains is the closest you can get to a simple, functional, unobstructive font on your screen.  e) The habit of resting the eyes for short periods during work How Does the 20-20-20 Rule Prevent Eye Strain? Overview Screen time is a big issue these days. You probably spend a good number of hours looking at screens, like your computer at work and at home, your smartphone, television, or other digital devices. Looking at screens too much can lead to eye strain. But the 20-20-20 rule may help.  e) The habit of resting the eyes for short periods during work What’s the 20-20-20 rule? If you find yourself gazing at screens all day, this rule good to you. Basically, every 20 minutes spent using a screen, you should try to look away at something that is 20 feet (~6 meter) away from you for a total of 20 seconds. How can you tell if something is 20 feet (~6 meter) away? Unless you have a tape measure you probably won’t be able to accurately measure 20 feet. Being exact isn’t the key. You should just try to focus on something far away from you. Consider looking out a window at an object that seems far away, like a tree or a building across the street. If you work in a small space, try walking outdoors or into a larger area where you can rest your eyes.  e) The habit of resting the eyes for short periods during work Why 20 seconds? It takes about 20 seconds for your eyes to completely relax. While you’re resting your eyes, it’s also a good idea to get up and grab a drink of water to keep yourself hydrated. If your body is hydrated, your eyes will be as well. Drinking green tea during your break may help even more. That’s because green tea contains antioxidants called catechins that may help your eyes produce tears for better lubrication.  e) The habit of resting the eyes for short periods during work What about reminding yourself to do this every 20 minutes? You probably get absorbed in reading or work when you’re looking at screens. Setting a timed reminder to pop up can help you take a break every 20 minutes. There are also free apps like Eye Care 20 20 20 that can help. Just click start when you begin your screen time, and the app will remind you to take a break.  e) The habit of resting the eyes for short periods during work What does the research say? The American Academy of Ophthalmology explains that looking at digital devices won’t necessarily damage your eyesight. But it can cause strain and unpleasant symptoms. Humans normally blink around 15 times each minute. When staring at screens, this number decreases to a half or third that often. That can lead to dry, irritated, and tired eyes.  e) The habit of resting the eyes for short periods during work What does the research say? Eye strain caused by screens has its own name. It’s called computer vision syndrome (CVS). In a study published by the Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology, researchers examined computer use and its effects on the eyes of university students in Malaysia. Almost 90 percent of the 795 students had symptoms of CVS after just two continuous hours of computer usage. Taking frequent breaks to look at faraway objects during screen time significantly lessened their eye strain symptoms. In other words, the 20-20- 20 rule works.  e) The habit of resting the eyes for short periods during work What are the symptoms of eye strain? Having sore, tired, burning, or itching eyes are the main symptoms of eye strain. Other symptoms include: dry eyes, watery eyes, blurred vision, doubled vision, headaches, soreness in the neck, shoulders, or back, sensitivity to light, trouble concentrating, difficulty keeping eyes open While these symptoms likely point to eye strain, it’s a good idea to report any changes in your vision or eye health to your doctor.  f) Resting the eyes and musculoskeletal system Be aware of your blink rate. Mindfully blinking more often keeps your eyeballs moist and your eye muscles relaxed. Many people also use artificial tears, available from pharmacies or your ophthalmologist, to lubricate the eyes and relieve eye strain. Another way to reduce eye strain is to relax your eyes and provide cool or warm temperatures. Simply closing your eyes for 10 seconds can reduce strain and provide instant release. Alternatively, consider rubbing your hands together and gently pressing the heels of your palms onto your closed eyes. The heat from your hands relaxes and soothes strained muscles. Applying a cool, damp towel or sliced cucumbers works similarly by relaxing eye muscles using cool temperatures. f) Resting the eyes and musculoskeletal system Consider rubbing your hands together and gently pressing the heels of your palms onto your closed eyes. The heat from your hands relaxes and soothes strained muscles.  g) Interval rests and exercises Our eyes are constantly fixated on a computer monitor during the day and occasionally shifts to the smartphone, followed by shows on television. This constant strain and stress has given rise to numerous eye problems. So, if you want healthy eyes, follow these simple and easy five exercises for eyes.  g) Interval rests and exercises 1. The 20-20-20 rule  g) Interval rests and exercises 2. Focus change The focus shift exercise can also help with digital eye strain. The necessary steps for this are given below: Step 1 : Think of two objects, one far away from you and one close to you. Step 2 : Hold the near object in front of your face and focus on it. Step 3: After a few seconds, shift your gaze to the distant object and focus on it for a few seconds. Step 4 : Then shift your gaze back to the closer object and continue repeating the process 5 to 10 times  g) Interval rests and exercises 3. Eye movements Just like our bodies, we need to move our eyes to keep them in good health. To do this, first close your eyes, and then move your pupils in upward and downward, leftward and rightward, and circular movements. The number of times these should be done is upto the person but it's recommended to do each movement around 20 to 25 times.  g) Interval rests and exercises 4. Palming Rub your hands together for 10 to 15 seconds to warm them. Then place your hands over your eyes, with the fingertips resting on the forehead, the palms over the eyes, and the heels of the hands resting on the cheeks. Hollow the hands slightly and form a curtain of darkness in front of the eyes. Close your eyes. Envision the eyes absorbing the darkness like a sponge. Keep doing this for just a few seconds or up to five minutes, depending on the person. Then gently remove the hands from the face and open the eyes, slowly. g) Interval rests and exercises 5. Blinking This exercise can be done by blinking your eyes quickly for 15 to 20 seconds, followed by closing your eyes for 15 to 20 seconds. By doing this around 4 to 5 times, our eyes feel rested and increases the blood flow in this area. Thanks for your attending…