Msu Music and Arts Review PDF

# FALCULAN TWINS' REVIEW CENTER ## MAPEH MUSIC MAJORSHIP ### ELEMENTS OF MUSIC 1. **Melody (Tune)** * A linear sequence of notes the listener hears as a single entity. 2. **Harmony (Blend)** * Sound created when two or more pitches are performed at the same time or simultaneously....

# FALCULAN TWINS' REVIEW CENTER ## MAPEH MUSIC MAJORSHIP ### ELEMENTS OF MUSIC 1. **Melody (Tune)** * A linear sequence of notes the listener hears as a single entity. 2. **Harmony (Blend)** * Sound created when two or more pitches are performed at the same time or simultaneously. * **Important Terms:** * **Arpeggio** - individual notes of chords played one by one. * **Chords** - a set of three or more pitches which are sounded together at the same time. 3. **Rhythm (Duration)** * Movement of sound with accented and unaccented beats in a musical composition. * **Conducting** - art of directing a musical performance, such as an orchestral or choral concert. * **Important Terms:** * **Beat** - basic unit of time in music * **Meter** - grouping of beats in a measure. ### Time Signature * **Top number:** indicates how many beats are in each measure. * **Bottom number:** tells which type of note will receive one beat. ### Different Time Signatures * **a. 2/4 time signature** - 2 beats per measure, and the quarter note receives one beat, which is used in march-like rhythm music. * **b. 3/4 time signature** - 3 beats per measure, and the quarter note receives one beat, which is used in waltz music. * **c. 4/4 time signature** - also known as common time signature, has 4 beats per measure, and the quarter note receives one beat. ### Pitch * Highness and lowness of sound. * 12 Pitches in music: * **Letter Name:** C, D, E, F, G, A, B, C' * **Solfege Syllable:** Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Ti, Do ### Scales * A group of notes that are arranged by ascending or descending order of pitch. * **Major Scale Formula** * W-W-H-W-W-W-H, where: * **W** = Whole step * **H** = Half step * **Minor Scale Formula** * W-H-W-W-W-H-W, where: * **W** = Whole step * **H** = Half step ### Intervals * Difference in pitch, which can be in the form of half steps (semitones) or whole steps (tones). ### Accidentals * Sign placed before a note that either raises or lowers a note by a semitone or a tone. * **Sharp (#)**: raises a pitch of a note one semitone or half step higher going to the right. * **Flat (b)**: lowers a pitch of a note one semitone or half step lower going to the left. * **Natural Sign:** cancels out any sharp or flat signs. ### Other Scales * **Pentatonic Scale:** A scale with five notes. * **Diatonic Scale:** Seven notes in a scale. * **Octave:** Series of eight notes from the lower do to higher do. * **Chromatic Scale:** Uses all 12 of the black and white notes in a scale. ## Tempo * Overall pace of the song or a speed of a beat. ### Tempo Text and Meaning | Tempo | Meaning | | ----------- | --------------------------------- | | Grave | Very slow and solemn | | Largo | Slow and broad | | Lento | Slow | | Adagio | Slow and stately | | Andante | Walking speed | | Moderato | Moderate | | Allegro | Fast, happy, cheerful | | Vivace | Quick and lively | | Presto | Very fast | | Ritardando | Fast to slow gradually | | Accelerando | Slow to fast gradually | ## Timbre * Unique quality of a tone produced by a given instrument or voice. ### Examples * **Nasal**: vocal sound produced by the "nasal cavities" or "nasal area". * **Head voice/Falsetto**: light or angel's voice; less effort exerted in singing. * **Chest tone**: speaking voice; throaty. * **Guttural**: raspy sound or a "growl". ## Dynamics * Loudness and softness of sound. ### Loudness | Dynamic | Meaning | Abbreviation | | -------------- | ---------------- | ------------- | | Forte | Loud | f | | Mezzo forte | Moderately loud | mf | | Fortissimo | Very loud | ff | | Fortississimo | Very very loud | fff | | Crescendo | Soft to loud | | ### Softness | Dynamic | Meaning | Abbreviation | | --------------- | ---------------- | ------------- | | Piano | Soft | p | | Mezzo Piano | Moderately soft | mp | | Pianissimo | Very soft | pp | | Pianississimo | Very very soft | ppp | | Decrescendo | Loud to soft | | ## Other Important Musical Terminologies * **Transposition:** The process of playing or writing music in a different key. * **Modulation:** The act or process of changing from one key to another. # MAPEH ARTS MAJORSHIP ## ELEMENTS OF ART 1. **LINE:** An identifiable path created by a point moving in space. It is one-dimensional and can vary in width, direction, and length. ### TYPES OF LINES * **a. Vertical Lines:** Suggest height, strength, dignity, posture. * **Example:** Petronas Towers. * **b. Horizontal Lines:** Suggest width, distance, calmness, stability. * **Example:** Horizon. * **c. Diagonal Lines:** Suggest action, lack of stability. * **Example:** Leaning Tower of Pisa * **d. Zigzag Lines:** Suggest excitement, fear, anxiety, restlessness. * **Example:** Sydney Opera House. * **e. Curved Lines:** Suggest comfort and ease; sensual quality of the body. * **Example:** Sofa chair. 2. **SHAPE:** Shape and form define objects in space. Shapes have two dimensions: height and width, which are usually defined by lines. 3. **FORM:** Define objects in space. Form exists in three dimensions with height, width, and depth. ### SHAPES AND FORMS * **a. Geometric:** Accurately measured shapes and forms, hence, having mathematical bases. * **b. Free-Form:** Irregular in structure and can be characterized by some combinations of curves and angles. 4. **SPACE:** This refers to a hypothetical area in which the subject of art and other elements of art operate. ### TYPES OF SPACE * **a. Positive Space:** Refers to the subject or areas of interest in an artwork. * **b. Negative Space:** Background or the area that surrounds the subject of the work. 5. **TEXTURE:** Surface quality of an object that we sense through touch. It can be hard, soft, rough, smooth, hairy, leathery, sharp, etc. 6. **VALUE:** Sometimes called chiaroscuro, refers to the lightness or darkness of a color. * **Tinting:** Light values; add white color. * **Shading:** Dark values; add black color. * **Examples:** Pink is a tint of red; maroon is a shade of red. 7. **COLOR:** Property of light. When the light goes out, color goes with it. ### Warm Colors * Red ### Cool Colors * Green ### DIMENSIONS OF COLOR * **a. Hue:** Name of a color. * **b. Intensity:** Brightness or darkness of a color. Two colors may be blue, but one is more intense than the other. * **c. Value:** Lightness and darkness of a color. ### Color Wheel * **a. Primary colors:** Blue, red, yellow. * **b. Secondary colors:** Green, orange, and violet. * **c. Intermediate colors:** Mixing a primary and secondary color. ### Color Schemes (Choice of Colors) * **a. Monochromatic colors:** Different shades of one color. * **b. Complementary colors:** When placed next to each other, they create the strongest contrast for those two colors. Complementary colors may also be called "opposite colors". * **c. Analogous colors:** Very similar to each other, especially when they are next to each other on a color wheel. * **d. Triadic colors:** A triadic color scheme is comprised of three colors evenly spaced on the color wheel. The two most basic triadic palettes are the primary colors red, blue, and yellow, and the secondary hues orange, purple, and green. ### Color Meanings * **Green:** Fertility, growth, hope, and freshness. * **Red:** Passion, energy, danger, battle. * **Yellow:** Cheerfulness, happiness, cowardice. * **Blue:** Peace and quietness. * **Violet:** Luxury, sacrifice, and mystery. * **Black:** Death, despair, and formality. * **White:** Purity and simplicity. ## Principles of Design 1. **Harmony:** Produces an impression of unity through the selection and arrangement of consistent objects or ideas. 2. **Rhythm:** Indicates movement, created by the careful placement of repeated elements in a work of art to cause a visual tempo or beat. 3. **Balance:** Way of combining elements to add a feeling of equilibrium or stability to a work of art. * **a. Formal:** Both sides of a composition have the same elements in the same position. * **b. Informal:** Composition is balanced due to the contrast of any of the elements of art. * **c. Radial:** Elements are equally spaced around a central point. 4. **Emphasis:** Tends to carry the eyes from the center of interest or dominant part of any composition to the less important or subordinate parts. 5. **Proportion:** Refers to the relationship of certain elements to the whole and to each other. 6. **Variety:** Concerned with diversity or contrast. Variety is achieved by using different shapes, sizes, and/or colors in a work of art. 7. **Unity:** Art is supposed to be created and perceived as the sum of its parts. Elements and some principles of art will cease to become meaningful if they do not unite with the rest of the whole piece. ## Asian Art ### Notable art forms, symbols, and architecture in Asia 1. **Batik (Indonesia):** Dotted piece of clothing and technique of dyeing cloth. 2. **Calligraphy (China):** Beautiful handwriting. 3. **Wat (Thailand and Cambodia):** Religious complex with multiple buildings. * **Examples:** Wat Pho and Angkor Wat. 4. **Stupa (India):** Burial marker or container of precious relics. 5. **Taj Mahal (India):** Built by the Mogul emperor named Shah Jahan for his beloved wife Mumtaz-I Mahal. 6. **Pagoda (Buddhist):** Tiered tower with several eaves. They are derived from the Indian stupa. 7. **Wayang Kulit (Indonesia):** Indonesian form of shadow puppetry, holds the audience's attention with riveting storylines executed masterfully by the dhalang, or puppeteer. 8. **Naga (Hindu and Islam):** Means "snake", but normally refers to serpent motif in different Southeast Asian countries. 9. **Apsara (Hindu and Buddhist):** Female spirit of clouds and waters, or a nymph of the sky. 10. **Ukiyo-e (Japan)**: Literally meaning "Pictures of the Floating World". Ukiyo-e refers to a style of Japanese woodblock print and painting from the Edo period depicting famous theater actors, beautiful courtesans, city life, travel in romantic landscapes, and erotic scenes. 11. **Ikebana:** Flower arrangement. 12. **Origami:** Art of paper folding. 13. **Bunraku:** Japanese puppet show. 14. **Kabuki:** Classical Japanese drama using extravagant costumes and makeup. 15. **Noh:** Japanese drama that uses masks. "Reread if you're confused. Rest if you're tired. Pray if you're down. But never give up!"