M.Sc./M.A. Eco Source of Population Data 2025 PDF

Sources of Population Data Ravi D. Prasad [email protected] Sources of Population Data  Population Census  Civil Registration System  Sample Registration System  Large-Sample Demographic and Health Surveys (India)  National Family Health Survey (NFHS) ...

Sources of Population Data Ravi D. Prasad [email protected] Sources of Population Data  Population Census  Civil Registration System  Sample Registration System  Large-Sample Demographic and Health Surveys (India)  National Family Health Survey (NFHS)  District Level Household and Facility Survey (DLHS)  National Sample Surveys (NSS)  Indian Human Development Survey (IHDS)  Longitudinal Ageing Study of India (LASI)  Study on global AGEing and adult health (WHO-SAGE)  Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey (CNNS)  Other sample surveys related to health data Sources of Population Data Ravi D. Prasad [email protected] Some Common Questions  What is data/information?  What is primary and secondary data?  What are different data sources?  What is health data?  What is large-scale survey?  What is cross-sectional survey?  What is longitudinal study?  What is Demographic Health Survey (DHS)? Comparison of primary and secondary data BASIS FOR COMPARISON PRIMARY DATA SECONDARY DATA Primary data refers to the first hand Secondary data means data collected Meaning data gathered by the researcher by someone else earlier. himself. Data Real time data Past data Process Very involved Quick and easy Government publications, surveys, Surveys, observations, experiments, Source websites, books, journal articles, internal questionnaire, personal interview, etc. records etc. Cost effectiveness Expensive Economical Collection time Long Short Always specific to the researcher's May or may not be specific to the Specific needs. researcher's need. Available in Crude form Refined form Accuracy and Reliability More Relatively less Different Sources of Population Data in India  Population Census  Civil Registration System (CRS)  Sample Registration System (SRS)  Large-Sample Demographic and Health Surveys Population Census Population Census  The Census is an enumeration of the entire population of a country or a region at a particular time.  Definition: “The total process of collecting, compiling and publishing of demographic, economic and social data pertaining to a specified time or times of all persons in a country or delimited territory”.  The Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India is responsible to conduct the Census in the country.  The Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.  Official Website: censusindia.gov.in  Unit level micro data is available in Census Work Stations Census Enumeration Methods  In general, census enumeration can adopt two types of counts.  De facto method  De jure method  To count the population according to where the persons are staying at the time of census enumeration or the night before, irrespective of their usual place of residence called the de facto method.  To collect information about people who are the normal residents of a specified area, irrespective of whether they are present or not at the time of the census enumeration time in that particular household called the de jure method. History of Indian Census  The first attempt obtain the size of population in India by actually counting heads was made during 1867-1872.  The first synchronous Census was taken place in 1881. Since then, once in every 10 years, a new census has been taken in India.  The Census of 1951 was the first census conducted in Independent India.  The Census of 1961 was very comprehensive as compared to earlier censuses and was carefully planned and a great deal of publicity was given to it through the mass media.  The Census 1971 was the eleventh and marked the completion of one hundred years of census taking in India.  The recent 2011 Census represents the 15th Census of India, in this continuous series. Census Referral Moment (CRM) - 2011  The census refers to the population at a particular point of time in the year.  In the Indian Census of 2011, this point of time called the Census Referral Moment is 00.00 hrs of 1 March 2011.  In practice, it is impossible to count the entire population at any instant of time.  A close approximation to this is achieved by starting the enumeration sufficiently early and then adjusting for the deaths, births and movements that occur between the enumeration and the census moment through additional inquiries soon after the census moment.  The population enumeration was carried out from 9 February 2011 to 28 February 2011.  The revisional round to identify those present in the households during the CRM was conducted from 1 March 2011 to 5 March 2011. Features of Census 2011  Legal Backing – Census Act 1948  Indian Census Act 1948 – the Central Government is empowered to notify and conduct a census in the whole country or any part of it.  Paper Based ‐ De-facto canvasser method  Extensive use of GIS/ICT in pre-Census and Census activities  Highly manpower intensive ‐ 2.7 million persons deployed  Census 2011 HH Schedule: 29 Questions were asked Why Population Census is important?  Though the census count is a costly affair, involving great administrative efforts with disruption of normal services, it is considered essential for any modern state interested in the security, welfare and development of its citizens and is also an activity of national pride.  Population census is the primary source of basic national population data required for administrative purposes and for many aspects of economic and social planning and research.  Provides information on trends in population growth, changes in the age and sex structure of the population, the course of mortality, fertility, migration and urbanization, etc. Census 2011: Household Schedule 1. Name of person 21. Seeking or available for work 2. Relationship to head 22. Travel to place of work 3. Sex (i) one way distance 4. Date of Birth and Age (ii) mode of travel 5. Current Marital Status 23. Fill for person born outside this village/town (address) 6. Age at marriage 24. Migration characteristics (Place of last residence) 7. Religion (a) if within India 8. Scheduled caste (SC)/Scheduled Tribe(ST) (b) at the time of migration 9. Disability 25. Reason for migration 10. Mother Tongue 26. Duration of stay in this village/town since migration 11. Other Language known 27. Fertility Particulars - Children surviving 12. Literacy Status: Literate -1/ Illiterate -2 Daughters(s) 13. Status of attendance Son(s) 14. Highest educational level attained 28. Children ever born alive 15. Worked any time during last year Daughters(s) 16. Category of the economic activity Son(s) 17. Occupation 29. Number of children born alive during last one year 18. Nature of the industry, trade or services Daughters(s) 19. Class of workers Son(s) 20. Non-economic activity Q.1 Q.29 Quality of Census Data  The quality of the responses seems to be better and the extent of error lower  Questionnaires are kept short  The questions are simple and factual, and  The questionnaires are administered by trained enumerators INDIA's DECADAL VARIATION IN POPULATION: 1901 to 2011 Variation since the preceding census Census Year Persons Males Females Absolute Percentage 1901 238396327 --- --- 120791301 117358672 1911 252093390 + 13,697,063 +5.75 128385368 123708022 1921 251321213 - 772,177 - 0.31 128546225 122774988 1931 278977238 +27,656,025 +11.00 142929689 135788921 1941 318660580 +39,683,342 +14.22 163685302 154690267 1951 361088090 +42,420,485 +13.31 185528462 175559628 1961 439234771 +77,682,873 +21.51 226293201 212941570 1971 548159652 +108,924,881 +24.80 284049276 264110376 1981 683329097 +135,169,445 +24.66 353374460 329954637 1991 846421039 +163,091,942 +23.87 439358440 407062599 2001 1028737436 +182,316,397 +21.54 532223090 496514346 2011 1210854977 182117541 +17.70 623270258 587584719 (Q1) What is the Demographic Divide? (Q2) What is the Sex-ratio of India as per 2011 Census? Civil Registration System (CRS) Civil Registration System (CRS) / Vital Registration System (VRS)  The Civil Registration System (CRS) in India is the unified process of continuous, permanent, compulsory and universal recording of the vital events (births, deaths, still births) and characteristics thereof.  The Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969 (Act No. 18 of 1969) provides for the compulsory registration of births and deaths.  Births and deaths are to be reported within 21 days of occurrence of the event.  The Registrar General of India (RGI) is responsible for supervising and coordination of registration efforts across the country at the union government level.  The quality of vital data generally depends upon the educational levels of the registrar and the informant, and the level of enforcement of the law on registration. Source: CRS Report (2019) Why CRS is important?  Censuses only provide information about the population at one period of time and the gap between two censuses is usually very large (10 years).  Often policy makers and planners require detailed information about the population in the intervening years for planning of public health programmes, implementing social welfare measures and drawing up schemes for distribution of public facilities.  In such situations, the aggregates of vital registration along with the latest population census serve as basic data.  For the individual, records emanating from CRS provides her/his legal identity and access to the rights of a citizen including entitlements (social benefits provided by the Government).  For the country, the requirement of a complete CRS system is a must as it has important administrative and statistical uses. Problems in CRS in India  Though any failure to register births and deaths is punishable by law, the coverage of registration of vital events in India is far from satisfactory.  Due to under-reporting, the rates derived registered vital events present a very distorted picture.  The extent of non-reporting of vital events is found to be very high in rural areas.  One of the basic reasons for this deficiency in the Indian vital registration statistics in mass illiteracy and the rural character of the population. Sample Registration System (SRS) Sample Registration System (SRS)  The SRS is a demographic survey for providing reliable annual estimates of infant mortality rate, birth rate, death rate and other fertility and mortality indicators at the national and sub- national levels.  SRS is a “Dual Record System”, introduced in the early 1960s and became fully operational in 1969.  Two methods: The data is compiled from vital events and half-yearly or annual survey.  First through a continuous registration system by a local registrar, who is a local teacher/Anganwadi worker/ASHA, and  Second, through a half-yearly or annual survey conducted in the same area by independent full-time supervisors recruited by the office of the Registrar General of India.  Frequency: Annual  Availability of data: Bulletin, Raw data is not available Sample Registration System (SRS) Sample Registration System (SRS) Sample Registration System (SRS) Large-Sample Demographic and Health Surveys (India)  National Family Health Survey (NFHS)  District Level Household and Facility Survey (DLHS)  National Sample Surveys (NSS)  Indian Human Development Survey (IHDS)  Longitudinal Ageing Study of India (LASI)  Study on global AGEing and adult health (WHO-SAGE)  Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey (CNNS)  Other surveys related to health data National Family Health Survey (NFHS) National Family and Health Survey (NFHS)  The National Family Health Survey (NFHS) is a large-scale, multi-round survey conducted in a representative sample of households throughout India.  The specific goals of the survey are to provide essential data on health and family welfare, as needed by the MoHFW and other agencies, for policy and program purposes and to provide information on important emerging health and family welfare issues.  Provides information on fertility, infant and child mortality, the practice of family planning, maternal and child health, reproductive health, nutrition, anemia, and utilization and quality of health and family planning services in India.  International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) is the nodal agency, responsible for providing coordination and technical guidance for the NFHS National Family and Health Survey (NFHS) Different NFHS Rounds Conducted NFHS-6 (2022-2025) In Progress National Family and Health Survey (NFHS)  NFHS - SAMPLE DESIGN  The 2011 census served as the sampling frame for the selection of PSUs.  PSUs were villages in rural areas and Census Enumeration Blocks (CEBs) in urban areas  QUESTIONNAIRES: Four survey questionnaires were canvassed in 17 local languages using Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI).  Household Questionnaire, How to get NFHS Data?  Woman’s Questionnaire,  Man’s Questionnaire, and  Biomarker Questionnaire IIPS NFHS DATA DHS  BIOMARKER MEASUREMENTS AND TESTS  Anthropometric measures  Anaemia testing  Blood pressure measurement  Blood glucose testing  HIV testing National Family and Health Survey (NFHS)  NFHS - Key Indicators  Household and Individual Characteristics  Fertility  Family Planning  Mortality (Infant and Child)  Maternal Health  Child Health  Nutrition and Anaemia  Morbidity and Healthcare  HIV/AIDS-Related Knowledge, Attitudes & Behaviour  Women Empowerment  Domestic Violence NFHS-5 Report NFHS – Household and Individual Characteristics NFHS – Fact Sheet – Key Indicators NFHS – Type of Datasets Available  Household Data - Household Recode (HR)  Household Member Recode (PR)  Individual Women's Data - Individual Recode (IR)  Men's Data - Male Recode (MR)  Couple's Data - Couple's Recode (CR)  Children's Data - Children's Recode (KR)  Births' data - Birth's Recode (BR) District Level Household and Facility Survey (DLHS)  The health care approach requires decentralization in planning, monitoring and evaluation of services. In view of these objectives, district being the basic nucleus of administration, it was necessary to generate district level data on the utilization of services provided by government health facilities, other than service statistics. It was also necessary to assess people’s perceptions about the quality of services. o Round-1 (1998-1999) o Round-2 (2002-2004) for all districts o Round-3 (2007-2008) o Round-4 (2012-2013) for selected districts  Health service utilization, quality of health services, health facilities conditions, infertility  Anthropometric and Hb Data: Available  Availability of data: Reports, and Raw data is available for researchers  NFHS and DLHS Analysis: Region-level, State-level & District Level NFHS “6” Regions NFHS & DLHS Data Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey (CNNS)  CNNS is a nationally representative and comprehensive nutritional survey profiling children and adolescents (ages 0–19) in India to better understand the magnitude of micronutrient deficiencies as well as correlates and risk factors associated with them.  The Largest Micronutrient Survey ever Conducted and it was carried out 2016-18  A comprehensive nutritional profiling across four age groups o Pre-school children : 0 - 4 years o School aged children : 5 - 9 years o Early adolescents : 10 - 14 years o Adolescents : 15 - 19 years  Anthropometric data: 0-`9 age group  Biomarkers: Many Micronutrients  Availability of data: Report and limited data available India Human Development Survey (IHDS) India Human Development Survey (IHDS) Series  IHDS is a nationally representative multi-topic panel survey of households conducted in 2005 and 2011-12 and covered topics concerning health, education, employment, economic status, marriage, fertility, gender relations, and social capital.  IHDS-II data are mostly re-interviews of households interviewed for IHDS-I.  Anthropometric data: Height Weight  Availability of data: Research articles, and Raw data is available for researchers India Human Development Survey (IHDS) Series  Final Sample Size in IHDS-I (2005-06)  Final Sample Size in IHDS-II (2012- 13)  Households -- 41,554  Households in IHDS-II -- 42,152  Individuals IHDS-I -- 64,753  Individuals IHDS-II -- 53,582  Individuals interviewed in both rounds -- 150,995  IHDS-I households lost to recontact in IHDS-II -- 6,911  IHDS-II households not included in IHDS-I -- 2,134 India Human Development Survey-III  The third phase (IHDS-3) is currently ongoing.  HDS-3 is aimed at assessing changes in an individual’s life course as well as the impact of economic changes and public policies on household well-being by studying different dimensions of human development like education, health, caste, and gender relations.  Currently, questionnaire designing, data model testing, and translation are in progress for implementation of IHDS-3. National Sample Survey (NSS) National Sample Survey (NSS)  The National Statistical Office (NSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation has conducted the survey on Household Social Consumption related to Health during the period July 2017 to June 2018 as a part of 75th round of National Sample Survey (NSS). o 75th Round – 2017-18  Prior to this round, there have been three such surveys – carried out o 71st round – 2014 o 60th round - 2004 o 52nd round - 1995-96  Availability of data: Reports, and Raw data is available for researchers National Sample Survey – 75th Round  The main objective of the survey was to gather basic quantitative information on the health sector viz. morbidity, profile of ailments including their treatment, role of government and private facilities in providing healthcare, expenditure on medicines, expenditure on medical consultation and investigation, hospitalisation and expenditure thereon, maternity and childbirth, the condition of the aged, etc.  Sample  The 75th round (2017-18) survey interviewed a sample of 1,13,823 households spread over rural and urban areas of every district in the country.  The individual sample size is: 5,55,115  Sample Design  A stratified multi-stage design was adopted for the 75th round survey.  The First Stage Units (FSU) were the Census villages, and  Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks in the urban sector National Sample Survey – 75th Round Key Indicators in 75th Round  Household and individual information  Death Information  Morbidity  Hospitalization (15 days & 365 days)  Nature and treatment of ailments  Expenditure on healthcare (15 days & 365 days)  Maternal health  Childbirth  Immunisation  Condition of the Older population (aged 60+) https://microdata.gov.in/nada43/index.php/catalog/152 NSS 75th Round – Schedule 25.0 NSS 75th Round – Schedule 25.0 NSS 75th Round – Schedule 25.0  The Layout of data is given in the MS Excel-file datalay75250.XLS  Apply final weight for Sub-sample wise estimates as follows:  Final Weight = MLT/100 NSS 75th Round Report How to get NSS 75th Round Data? https://microdata.gov.in/nada43/index.php/catalog/152 NSS Region-Level Analysis Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI)  LASI is a nationwide panel survey of adults aged 45 and older and their spouses less than 45 years, collecting comprehensive data on their health, social and economic well-being.  LASI focuses on the health, economic, and social well-being of India's elderly population.  Biomarkers: haemoglobin(Hb), glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c) and Non-molecular biomarkers: blood pressure, grip strength, and waist-hip ratio  Health Condition: Arthritis, Body mass index (BMI)/obesity, Cancer, Cardiovascular conditions, Diabetes, Heart attack, Pulmonary disorders, Stroke  Disabilities: Ambulatory disability, Cognitive disability, Functional limitations (ADLs and/or IADLs),, Hearing disability, Mental health disability, Visual disability, Work limitation  First wave of study was carried out in 2017-18.  Availability of data: Reports, and Raw data is available for researchers Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI)  The LASI is India’s first and the largest amongst the global HRS family.  The concept of LASI is comparable to the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) in the United States and is appropriately harmonized with other health and retirement studies such as SHARE, ELSA & MHAS etc.  HRS Family Studies o Health and Retirement Study (HRS) - United States o Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS), o China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), o Korean Longitudinal Study on Ageing (KLoSA), o Japanese Study of Aging and Retirement (JSTAR), o Indonesian Family Life Study (IFLS), o English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, (ELSA), o Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE)–27 European countries, etc.  This comparability allows cross-country comparison of these surveys. Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI)  Representativeness  National estimates  State estimates (all states and UTs)  Study Population  All persons (men and women) aged 45 and above and their spouses irrespective of ages  Households with at least one person aged 45+, will cover all age eligible persons in LASI eligible households  Panel Sample Size  73,396 individuals aged 45 and above and their spouses including 31,902 elderly persons aged 60+ (6,880 persons of 75 plus)  Study Type  Longitudinal - 25 years; second wave in 2023-24  Follow up Interview -until 2045 One zip file will have all these files  LASI Wave 1 : Report and Factsheets LASI Wave 1 – India Report LASI Wave 1 data released in Jan. 2021 LASI Wave 1 – India Factsheet LASI Wave 1 – State/UT Factsheets LASI Wave 1 – Elderly in India - Factsheet Study on global AGEing and adult Health (WHO-SAGE) Study on global AGEing and adult Health (WHO-SAGE)  The World Health Organisation's Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) - is the part of a multi-country project conducted in China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russian Federation and South Africa.  The SAGE India sample is nationally representative and was implemented in six states – Assam, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.  WHO-SAGE is collecting data on adults aged 50 years and older, along with a smaller comparison sample of adults 18-49 years.  The baseline of the SAGE India was conducted in 2003, Wave 1 was during 2007-08, Wave 2 was conducted 2015 and the Wave 3 was undertaken between 2019-2021 in India.  Availability of data: Reports, and Raw data is available for researchers