MS-PRELIMS-REVIEW-NOTES-LEI-CUTE.pdf

NCMA 312 WEEK 1 OVERVIEW OLFU VAL- COLLEGE OF NURSING ANATOMY OF HEART External Anatomy of the Heart Heart Shape and Size The heart is roughly the...

NCMA 312 WEEK 1 OVERVIEW OLFU VAL- COLLEGE OF NURSING ANATOMY OF HEART External Anatomy of the Heart Heart Shape and Size The heart is roughly the Major Blood size of a fist and has a Vessels: cone-like shape. Aorta: The largest artery, which It is located in the carries oxygenated thoracic cavity, slightly blood from the left to the left of the midline, ventricle to the behind the sternum. body. Pulmonary Arteries: These carry deoxygenated Coronary Vessels: blood from the Pericardium Coronary Arteries: These right ventricle to The heart is enclosed in a double- arteries (left and right) branch the lungs. walled sac called the pericardium. from the aorta and supply Pulmonary Veins: oxygen-rich blood to the heart These return Fibrous Pericardium: The outer layer muscle. oxygenated blood is tough and prevents the heart from from the lungs to overfilling with blood. Coronary Veins: They drain the left atrium. deoxygenated blood from the Serous Pericardium: The inner layer heart muscle back into the right has two parts: the parietal layer (lining Superior and atrium. Inferior Vena the fibrous pericardium) and the visceral layer (also known as the Cava: These veins Apex and Base bring epicardium) that adheres to the heart muscle. Apex: The pointed end of deoxygenated the heart, directed blood from the downward and to the left. body back to the right atrium. Auricles Base: The broader, upper Small, ear-like pouches on the atria's portion of the heart, where surface, which increase the atria's major blood vessels enter volume slightly. and exit.  NCMA 312 WEEK 1 OVERVIEW OLFU VAL- COLLEGE OF NURSING Physiology Related to the External Features: Pericardial Function: The pericardium helps anchor the heart in place and provides a lubricated environment to reduce friction during heartbeats. Coronary Circulation: The coronary arteries ensure that the heart muscle itself receives the oxygen and nutrients it needs to function continuously. Blood Flow: The heart's position and orientation, with the apex pointing downward, help facilitate the efficient flow of blood into and out of the heart chambers and vessels. Right Side - Deoxygenated blood Left Side - Oxygenated blood Superior/Inferior Vena Cava (from Pulmonary Veins (from lungs) body) Left Atrium Right Atrium Mitral Valve Tricuspid Valve Left Ventricle Right Ventricle Aortic Valve Pulmonary Valve Aorta (supplies body) Pulmonary Artery (to lungs) Heart Sounds S Closing of the atrioventricular valves; high-pitched, use diaphragm, NORMAL S2 Closing of the semilunar valves; high-pitched, use diaphragm. NORMAL S3 Heart may be in fluid overload or failure; low-pitched, use bell. MAYBE NORMAL S4 Ventricle resistance; low-pitched, use bell. ABNORMAL NOTE: Murmurs May indicate wall defect or valve problem; low-pitched, use bell. MAY BE ABNORMAL Cardiac Terms Preload: Volume of blood in the ventricles at end of diastole Afterload The resistance the left afterload=cardiac workload ventricle must overcome (BOTH UPWARD PATAAS) during systole Stroke Volume: The amount of blood pumped Normal = 60-100 ml/beat out of the ventricles with each beat Cardiac Output The amount of blood the heart CO = HR X SV pumps in 1 minute (in liters) (Normal = 4-8L/min) Ejection Fraction: Volume of blood expelled with Normal = 50-70% every contraction  NCMA 312 WEEK 1 OVERVIEW OLFU VAL- COLLEGE OF NURSING Cardiac Biomarkers Cardiac Normal Protein released into the bloodstream when the heart Troponin: 0-0.4 ng/mL muscle is damaged. BEST INDICATOR OF ACUTE MI! (ctnt) >1.5 = critical Creatine Enzyme released into the bloodstream when heart, brain Kinase: 0-5 ng/mL or skeletal muscle damaged. (CK-MB) Brain Peptide released into the bloodstream when ventricles fill Natriuretic