Universiti Teknologi MARA Final Examination (Radiation Biology and Radiation Protection) April 2008 PDF

CONFIDENTIAL HS/APR 2008/MIS250/MRD271 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FINAL EXAMINATION COURSE : RADIATION BIOLOGY AND RADIATION...

CONFIDENTIAL HS/APR 2008/MIS250/MRD271 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FINAL EXAMINATION COURSE : RADIATION BIOLOGY AND RADIATION PROTECTION COURSE CODE : MIS250/MRD271 EXAMINATION : APRIL 2008 TIME : 3 HOURS INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES 1. This question paper consists of two (2) parts : PART A (6 Questions) PART B (5 Questions) 2. Answer ALL questions from PART A and FOUR questions from PART B in the Answer Booklet. Start each answer on a new page. 3. Do not bring any material into the examination room unless permission is given by the invigilator. 4. Please check to make sure that this examination pack consists of: i) the Question Paper ii) an Answer Booklet - provided by the Faculty DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO This examination paper consists of 6 printed pages © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 2 HS/APR 2008/MIS250/MRD271 PART A (60 marks) Answer ALL questions. QUESTION 1 a) i) State TWO units that are used in ionising radiation dosimetry. ii) List FOUR types of ionizing radiation. (6 marks) b) i) List TWO types of interaction between radiation and tissue. ii) Identify TWO types of ion that are produced in the absorption of radiation by a water molecule. (4 marks) QUESTION 2 a) In relation to radiobiology: i) State FOUR categories of radiation effects on DNA. ii) Define "cell differentiation". (6 marks) b) i) List FOUR categories of cell population in terms of their radiation sensitivities. ii) Name TWO categories of normal tissue based on the turnover kinetics of the critical target cell cells in different tissue. (6 marks) © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 3 HS/APR 2008/MIS250/MRD271 QUESTION 3 a) Explain in brief the following: i) Stochastic Effect, ii) Deterministic Effect. (4 marks) b) Define the following: i) Necrosis, ii) Cancer, iii) Neoplasm. (6 marks) QUESTION 4 a) In relation to damage to DNA, explain mutation in humans. (4 marks) b) Discuss TWO radiation effects on cellular constituents other than DNA and chromosome. (6 marks) QUESTION 5 a) Define the following terminologies: i) A Controlled area, ii) A Supervised area. (4 marks) b) In relation to the Atomic Energy Licensing Act 1984 briefly define the following: i) Annual dose. ii) Medical exposure. iii) Personnel monitoring. (6 marks) © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 4 HS/APR 2008/MIS250/MRD271 QUESTION 6 a) List FOUR shielding materials that can be used for protective barrier in an x-ray room. (4 marks) b) In relation to shielding of an x-ray room, define briefly the following: i) Primary protective barrier, ii) Secondary protective barrier, iii) Workload. (6 marks) © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 5 HS/APR 2008/MIS250/MRD271 PART B (60 marks) Answer FOUR questions only. QUESTION 1 a) In relation to cell and tissue responses to radiation, discuss the following: i) Division delay. ii) Interphase death. iii) Reproductive failure.(9 marks) b) Describe in brief the shouldered survival curve. (6 marks) QUESTION 2 a) Discuss in brief the law of Bergonie and Tribondeau. (7 marks) b) In relation to tissue respond to radiation, discuss in brief mechanism of damage in normal cells. (8 marks) QUESTION 3 a) In relation to radiation effects on the embryo and fetus, discuss the following: i) Lethality. ii) Congenital abnormalities. (4 marks) iii) Long term effect. (3 marks) b) Explain in brief the main provisions of the following that are relevant to radiation protection: i) Act 304 Atomic Energy Licensing Act 1984. ii) Radiation Protection (Basic Safety Standard) Regulations 1986. (8 marks) © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 6 HS/APR 2008/MIS250/MRD271 QUESTION 4 a) Describe a radiation protection procedure for minimising dose to personnel in an x-ray imaging department. (7 marks) b) Describe in brief the following: i) Radiation protection principles, ii) Radiation protection actions. (8 marks) QUESTION 5 a) Describe in brief THREE parameters that are used in the formulae to calculate shielding thickness of an x-ray installation. (6 marks) b) A fixed x-ray machine with maximum 100 kVp is going to be installed at about 4 meter from a primary barrier and one meter from the wall opposite of the primary barrier. Given the attenuation graph of x-ray beam 100 kvp, maximum mAs of 200 mAs (refer to Appendix 1), and the x-ray room dimensions o f 5 m x 4 m x 4 m (length x width x height). Calculate the thickness of the primary barriers made of lead required for proper design of the x-ray room. State clearly your assumptions in the calculation. (9 marks) END OF QUESTION PAPER © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL