Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) Final Examination - Radiobiology and Radiation Protection - March 2002 PDF

CONFIDENTIAL AS/MAR 2002/MRD271 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FINAL EXAMINATION COURSE RADIOBIOLOGY AND RADIATION PROTECTION COURSE CODE...

CONFIDENTIAL AS/MAR 2002/MRD271 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FINAL EXAMINATION COURSE RADIOBIOLOGY AND RADIATION PROTECTION COURSE CODE MRD271 DATE 27 MARCH 2002 00CUMENT ID; 100000 TIME 2 HOURS (9.00 A.M. - 11.00 A.M.) FACULTY Applied Sciences SEMESTER November 2001 - April 2002 PROGRAMME /CODE Diploma In Medical lmaging/HS112 INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES 1. This question paper consists of two (2) parts: PART A (25 Questions) PARTB (4 Questions) 2. Answer ALL questions from PART A and THREE (3) questions from PART B. i) Answer PART A in the Objective Answer Sheet. ii) Answer PART B in the Answer Booklet. 3. Do not bring any material into the examination room unless the invigilator gives permission. 4. Please check to make sure that this examination pack consists of: i) The Question Paper - included ii) An Answer Booklet - provided by the Faculty iii) An Objective answer sheet - included DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO This examination paper consists of 8 printed pages CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 2 AS/MAR 2002/MRD271 PART A (25 marks) Answer ALL questions. 1. Concept of selecting minimum exposure factors during medical radiographtc examinations: A. Justification. B. Risk analysis. C. ALARA. D. Dose limit. 2. The standard international (SI) unit used to identify dose equivalent is A. Gray (Gy). B. Seivert(Sv). C. Bequerel (Bq). D. Coulomb/kilogram (C/Kg). 3. Biologic material irradiated under hypoxic conditions is A. more sensitive than irradiated under oxygenated conditions. B. less sensitive than when irradiated under anoxic conditions. C. less sensitive than when irradiated under oxygenated conditions. D. unaffected by presence or absence of oxygen. 4. Which of the following is (are) composed of non-dividing, differentiated cells? A. Nervous system. B. Small bowel. C. Bone marrow. D. Skin. 5. Which of the following radiation-induced conditions is most likely to have the longest latency period? *A. Malignancy. B. Hematological effects. C. Local tissue effects. D. Acute radiation lethality. CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 3 AS/MAR 2002/MRD271 6. The unit of measurement identified by standard International system as the Gray, is equal to A. lOOrad. B. 0.01 rad. C. 100rem. D. 0.01 rem. 7. Skin response to radiation exposure, appearing as reddening of the irradiated skin area, is known as A. dry desquamation. B. moist desquamation. C. erythema. D. epilation. 8. Immature cells are referred to as A. undifferentiated. B. genetic. C. carcinogenic. D. zygote. 9. Which of the following have an effect on the type of radiation-induced tissue damage? A. Quality of radiation. B. Nutrition. C. Occupation. D. Unit of radiation. 10. Which of the following disorders is MOST likely to result from the irradiation of the fetus in utero during the first trimester? A. Leukemia. B. Sterility. C. CNS abnormalities. ' D. Bone marrow syndrome. 11. A thermoluminescent dosimetry system would use which of the following crystals? A. Silver bromide. B. Sodium sulfite. C. Lithium fluoride. D. Ferrous sulfate. CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 4 AS/MAR 2002/MRD271 12. The X-ray interaction process with matter that is responsible for the majority of scattered radiation reaching the film is A. photoelectric effect. B. Compton scatter. C. Classical scatter D. Thomson scatter. 13. Which of the following cells is most radiosensitive? A. Myelocytes. B. Eythroblasts. C. Megakaryocytes. D. Myocytes. 14. The minimum source-to-tabletop distance permissible in mobile fluoroscopic equipment is A. 8 inches. B. 12 inches. C. 15 inches. D. 18 inches. 15. What is the effect on relative biologic effectiveness (RBE) as linear energy transfer (LET) increases? A. RBE increases. B. RBE decreases. C. RBE stabilizes. D. Has no effect on RBE. 16. Which of the following would MOST likely cause the highest skin dose? A. Short source to image distance. B. High Kvp. C. Increased filtration. D. Increased mA. CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 5 AS/MAR 2002/MRD271 17. Irradiation of water molecules within the body, and their resulting breakdown, is termed A. epilation. B. radiolysis. C. Proliferation. D. regeneration. 18. The purpose of inherent and added filtration in the X-ray tube is to A, reduce patient skin dose. B, shorten the scale of contrast. C. reduce scattered radiation. D. soften the X-ray beam. 19. What minimum total amount of filtration (inherent plus added) is required in equipment operated above 70 Kvp? A, 2.5 mm Al equivalent. B, 3.5 mm Al equivalent. C. 2.5 mm Cu equivalent. D. 3.5 mm equivalent. 20. Mice irradiated with 6.5 grays at 250 Kvp X-rays, result in death. However when mice are irradiated with fast neutrons, 2.2 grays results in death. What is the relative biological effectiveness of the neutron radiation? A, 4.3 B. 0.34 C. 2.96 D. 8.7 21. Stochastic effects are A. effects whereby the probability of an effect occurring is regarded as a function of dose. B. effects whose function is a function of the dose. 'C. non malignant. D. malignant disease. CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 6 AS/MAR 2002/MRD271 22. Which is the major body (of 'recognised experts') whose publications are used as a basis to set legislative controls in radiation protection? A. UNSCEAR. B. NCRP. C. AIR. D. ICRP. 23. An unseated source of alpha particle (only) emitting sunstance would be referred to as A. an internal hazard. B. a nuclear hazard. C. a stochastic hazard. D. an external hazard. 24. Dose equivalent is given by A. absorbed dose x tissue weighting factor. B. exposure x quality factor. C. mean absorbed dose in tissue x tissue weighting factor. D. absorbed dose x quality factor x modifying factor. 25. The Dose Equivalent Limit is an intention to A. set a reasonable dose limit that will not allow any effects that have a threshold dose to occur. B. set a limit of dose that ensures a radiation effect will not occur. C. minimise the risks for radiation workers. D. minimise the risk of stochastic effects only. CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 7 AS/MAR 2002/MRD271 PARTB (75 marks) Answer THREE questions only. 1. (a) Differentiate between the following biological effects of radiation: (i) stochastic and deterministic effects. (ii) genetic and somatic effects.. ( 2 x 3 marks) (b) List THREE methods of detecting radiation. (3 marks) (c) Describe the design of fluoroscopic equipment that help reduce dose to patients and staff. (10 marks) (d) Describe THREE factors that influence the thickness of primary radiation barrier. (6 marks) 2. (a) Explain how a radiographer can reduce radiation dose to the patient during plain radiography. (8 marks) (b) Explain the advantages of using a film badge as a dosimeter for personnel monitoring. (6 marks) (c) Define the following terms: (i) exposure (ii) absorbed dose (iii) dose equivalent (iv) effective dose ( 4 x 2 marks) (d) State THREE general principles of radiation protection. (3 marks) CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 8 AS/MAR 2002/MRD271 3. Explain the following: (a) late effects of rad iation. (b) fractionation of dose. (c) Law of Bergonie Tribondeau. (d) lethal dose. (e) genetically significant dose. (5x5 marks) 4. (a) List FOUR factors that can influence the effect of radiation on tissues. (4 marks) (b) Explain the response of organ systems to irradiation. (5 marks) (c) Following exposure to radiation dose in excess of 2 Gy, describe the haematological syndrome. (8 marks) (d) "The proportion of surviving cells diminishes as the radiation dose increases." With the aid of a suitable graph explain the above statement. (8 marks) END OF QUESTION PAPER CONFIDENTIAL