Mental Health Concepts PDF

ANNDY LIANIL SUAREZ BSN YEAR 3 - 2ND SEMESTER Concepts of Mental Health o Prevalence of mental disorders ranged between 11.3% and 11.6% and Mental Illness...

ANNDY LIANIL SUAREZ BSN YEAR 3 - 2ND SEMESTER Concepts of Mental Health o Prevalence of mental disorders ranged between 11.3% and 11.6% and Mental Illness o o Average annual increase of 0.2% Increasing from 7.0% to 12.5 million Filipinos diagnosed with a mental disorder between State of Mental Health and Mental Illness in the 1990 and 2019 underscoring the mental health Country and the World agenda in the Philippines (Oct 8, 2023) o Mental health care delivery system in the o According to WHO “1:5 “people suffer from Philippines and its importance and impact in mental health problems worldwide the community o 5 psychiatrists per 10,000,000 Filipinos o Most health insurance companies do not cover Health Care Delivery System mental health related conditions o We need a mental health law o Network of health facilities and personal which carries out the task of rendering health care to Mental Health Law the people ( Williams – Tungpalan, 1981) o Republic Act 11036 Philippine Health Care System o Mental Health Act in the Philippines o An Act Establishing a National Mental Health o It is a complex set of organizations, interacting Policy for the Purpose of Enhancing the to provide an array of health services (Dizon, Delivery of Integrated Mental Health Services, 1977) Promoting and Protecting the Rights of Communities Prosper Persons Utilizing Psychosocial Health Services, Appropriating Funds Therefor and o When mental health needs of the community Other Purposes members are met Global Mental Health Statistics Overview Unaddressed Mental Health Issues o 970 million struggles with mental illness or o Can have a negative influence on the following drug abuse around the world 1. Poverty o 1: 4 will be affected by a mental illness at 2. Homelessness some point in their lives 3. Employment o 14.3% deaths worldwide, 8 million deaths 4. Safety attribute to mental disorder 5. Local economy Statistical Information About Mental Health Ongoing Problems in Peripheral Facilities o 26% of Americans ages 18 and older, about o Overcrowding 1 in 4 adults, suffers from a diagnosable o Poorly functioning units mental disorder in a given year o Chronic staff shortages and funding o Many people suffer from more than one o Constraints mental disorder at a given time Impact of Mental Illness on Individuals Families and o Depressive illness tend to co-occur with substance use and anxiety disorders Communities Percentage of Mental Illness in The World – Jan 30 o Without Treatment 2023 The consequences of mental illness for the individual and society are o 10.7 % of the world suffers from some form of staggering mental illness (Our World Data) Untreated mental health conditions o 40 million Americans suffer from anxiety can result in Unnecessary Disability, (Anxiety And Depression Association Of Unemployment, Substance Abuse, America) Homelessness, Inappropriate Incarceration, Suicide And Poor Life Facts About Mental Health 2023 – Nov 7 2023 Quality 1. 55% of adults with a mental illness have not Current Situation of Mental Health In the received treatment Philippines Page 1 of 7  ANNDY LIANIL SUAREZ BSN YEAR 3 - 2ND SEMESTER 2. 5.44% of adults experience severe mental 2. Prevent and treat substance abuse effectively illness 3. Reduce the vulnerability of individuals and 3. Over 12.1 million adults or 4.8% have communities to the ff: reported serious thoughts of suicide  Mental, neurological and substance use disorder Most Common Mental Health Disorders in 2023 Teodoro J. Herboso o 81% of adults reported their mental health as good or better o Health secretary o While more than 1/3 or 37% has said they o Confident that we can address more mental have a diagnosed mental health condition health concerns in the country o 5% point increase from pandemic levels – 32% WHO Special Initiative for Mental Health in 2019 o Most cited anxiety disorder (24%) or o Patient centered medical home (PCHM) depression (23%) o Promotes the basic right of Filipinos to mental health by implementing mental health policies Global and Regional o Strengthening patient navigation and referral pathways Perspectives on Mental o Creating mental health internal review board o Training media groups on ethical and Health responsible reporting and portrayal of suicide National Mental Health Program WHO mhGAP o DOH, WHO launch Philippine Council for o Mental Health Gap Action Programme Mental Health Strategic Framework 2024 – o Aims at scaling up services for countries 2028 especially with low and middle income on the ff: October 12, 2023  Mental  Neurological o Launched the 2024 –2028 Philippine Council  Substance use disorder for Mental Health (PCMH) Strategic Framework Goal of mhGAP o To guide the development of and implementation of mental health policies, o Aims to provide criteria to identify the countries programs and services with low and lower middle incomes which have o To address the significant burden of mental the largest burdens of MNS disorders and the illness and improve mental health and well- highest resource gap, and to provide them with being in the country intensified support Ginhawa ng Isip at Damdamin o The initiative aims to create sustainable mental MNS Disorders health policies; increase access to quality o Mental, Neurological and Substance Disorders services; and strengthen mental health o Encompasses a wide range of condition of the research and information systems. brain from the ff o In line with “Ginhawa ng Isip at Damdamin”  Depression one of the Health Sector’s 8-Point Agenda  Epilepsy Para sa Healthy Pilipinas officially adopted  Alcohol use through DOH administrative order o These and the many other MNS disorders No. 2023-0115 found throughout the world are often linked in o Various government agencies and key a complex way with other health conditions stakeholders worked together in formulating (WHO, 2008) the five-year strategic plan GAP in Mental Health National Mental Health Program Aims o In an 2020 article in Focus: the journal of 1. Reduce premature mortality lifelong learning in psychiatry Page 2 of 7  ANNDY LIANIL SUAREZ BSN YEAR 3 - 2ND SEMESTER o Researchers define a treatment gap as the: o Molecular biology, anaphysio and human  Difference between the number of people behavior and even cognition to map out, trace with a condition and the number of people or study the brain at a metacystic level being treated for it Neuroanatomy o Articles estimates the global mental health treatment gap is over 50% across all countries o Study of the structure and organization of the nervous system GAP Initiative Aims Neurophysiology 1. Promote early detection 2. Timely intervention for borderline personality o Study of the nerve cells or neurons disorder 3. Across the health, education, welfare, justice Neurons and other relevant systems o Its role is to transmit and receive information o Chemical messengers in the brain o Communicate each other through electrical Anatomy in Psychiatric impulses Nursing Common Forms of Mental Illness Anxiety disorder 19.1% Major depression 8.3% Post-traumatic stress 3.6% disorder (PTSD) Bipolar disorder 2.8% Borderline personality 1.4% disorder (BPD) Overview of the Nervous System Eating disorder 1.2% Obsessive-compulsive 1.2% 1. Central Nervous System disorder (OCD) made up of the brain and the spinal cord Brain – controls how we think, learn, move and feel Spinal Cord – carries messages back and 5 Common Mental Health Issues forth between the brain and the nerves The central nervous system works by 1. Depression sending and receiving messages to 2. Anxiety disorder various parts of the body 3. Post traumatic stress disorder 2. Peripheral Nervous System 4. Bipolar disorder Lies outside the brain and the spinal cord 5. Psychosis A network of nerves that run through the Psychological Bases of Behavior head, neck and body It plays a key role in both sending o Neuroscience: biology and behavior information from different areas of your o Neuroanatomy and neuro physiology body back to your brain, as well as Neuroscience carrying out commands from your brain to various parts of your body. o Examines the structure and function of the brain and the nervous system The Brain Neuroscientist o The brain is a complex organ that controls thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision, breathing, temperature, hunger and every process that regulates our body. Page 3 of 7  ANNDY LIANIL SUAREZ BSN YEAR 3 - 2ND SEMESTER Together, the brain and spinal cord that → Gray Matter – a type of tissue in your extends from it make up the central nervous brain and spinal cord (central nervous system, or CNS. system) that plays a crucial role in allowing o Weighing about 3 pounds in the average adult, you to function normally from day to day. It the brain is about 60% fat. The remaining 40% consists of high concentrations of neuronal is a combination of water, protein, bodies, axon terminals (endings) and carbohydrates and salts. dendrites o The brain itself is a not a muscle. It contains Mainly involved in consciousness blood vessels and nerves, including neurons Has 4 lobes and glial cells. o The brain sends and receives chemical and Frontal lobe Highest and most electrical signals throughout the body. Different complex aspect of cortical function signals control different processes, and your brain interprets each. Some make you feel Personality and mood tired, for example, while others make you feel pain.  Insight Alterations can  Judgement Cerebrum cause decrease  Reasoning or deteriorate  Concept Largest part of the brain changes in formation Control voluntary muscular movements of the mood  Problem solving body skills Is divided into 2 hemispheres  Abstraction  Self evaluation Left Hemisphere  Verbal language function Parietal lobe Contains primary  Receptive and sensory areas involved expressive in processing speech information about  Order in sequencing  Taste  Ability to  Touch understand  Temperature numeric symbols  Movement  Verbal learning  Language and memory processing (reading) Right Hemisphere  Input into receptive non- Temporal Lobe Primary auditory and verbal olfactory areas communication  Intonation of Wernicke area – speech receptive to speech,  Aspects of posterior aspect of music temporal  Facial recognition Sensory and visual  Facial information – control expression of our written and verbal emotion language; recognize  Non-verbal vision learning and memory Hippocampus – contributes to memory Cerebral Cortex Occipital lobe Primary visual area Outermost surface of the cerebrum Damage can  Visual Made up of gray matter (compromises of cause blindness integration bodies and dendrites  Color vision Page 4 of 7  ANNDY LIANIL SUAREZ BSN YEAR 3 - 2ND SEMESTER  Object and facial  Also involved in release of stress recognition hormones called cortisol  Ability to  Along with pituitary gland function as one perceive objects of the primary regulators of the many in motion aspects of the endocrine system Amygdala Limbic System Emotional responses Involved in memory and emotional behavior Emotional aspects into memory Changes in limbic system can lead to Sense of smell disorders such as : schizophrenia, depression Modulation, aggression and sexuality and anxiety Aggression due to dysregulation Basic emotions, needs, drives Erratic firing or alterations in nerve cells Where instinct begins and are modulated involve bipolar mood disorders Hate, love, anger, aggression and caring emotions Cerebrum Memory Latin for little brain Hippocampus Has 2 hemispheres Gray and white matter Storing information expecially emotions attached to a memory Gray Matter 40% of the brain Central to the creation and fling away of memories Contains most of the Plays important roles in the consolidation of brains neuronal cell bodies information from short term memory to long term memory Fully develops once Deterioration of nerves will produce hallmark a person reaches symptoms of memory dysfunction ; his/her 20s Alzheimer's Conducts, Thalamus processes and sends information to Regulatory structure too relays sensory various parts of the information body Relay switching center of the brain Sensory processing White Matter 60% of the brain Movement Made up of bundles Emotion which connect Memory various gray matter Damage to small area may produce deficits in cortical functioning causing behavioral Develops throughout the 20s and peaks in abnormalities middle age Hypothalamus interprets sensory information from Bodily regulation (basic human activities) various parts of the body Body temperature Movement Sleep and wakefulness Learning physical tasks Release of stress hormones Balance and posture Physical drive such as hunger and sex Pituitary gland connected to ventral aspects of The Brain Stem hypothalamus 1. Midbrain Produce hormones due to:  Highest part of the brain stem  Pituitary gland connected to ventral  Responsible for certain reflexes, aspects of hypothalamus  Visual and auditory information Page 5 of 7  ANNDY LIANIL SUAREZ BSN YEAR 3 - 2ND SEMESTER  Contributes to control of eye movement system and to fight or 2. Pons flight response  Serves as breach because its a base for connections from different parts of the Dopamine Helps regulate reward behavior and mood as brain including the cerebrum and cerebral well as in the control or cortex body movements 3. Medulla Oblongata  Control basic involuntary function Loss could result to or  Breathing, heart rate, blinking, digestion, be seen in Parkinsons blood pressure and certain involuntary disease reflex such as coughing, sneezing, and Serotonin Plays a role in the gag reflexes initiation of sleep, appetite, mood, Neurons temperature and other Or a nerve cell functions The brains fundamental building block for the Glutamate The most common transmission of in formation excitatory Approximately 10 billion neurotransmitter in the Function to recieve, organize, and transmit nervous system Composed of the soma or cell body which hold Involved in a wide the nucleus that contains the genetic variety of functions information GABA Gamma aminobutyric How do Neurons Connects acid They have branch like dendrites that receive The most widespread signals from thousands of neurons inhibitory Before they can communicate with one neurotransmitter another each neuron should be fully activated in order to transmit information The Autonomic Nervous System The outgoing signals are transmitted through axon terminals 1. Sympathetic Nervous System Neurons connect using electrical signals called  Your sympathetic nervous system is action potential best known for its role in responding to dangerous or stressful situations. Neurotransmitters  In these situations, your sympathetic Chemical molecules that pass in between the nervous system activates to speed up neurons and allow neurons to transmit your heart rate, deliver more blood to information areas of your body that need more Excitatory – promote activation of the brain oxygen or other responses to help Inhibitory – reduces activation of a your get out of danger. neurotransmitter  The preganglionic neurons, sympathetic ganglia and Acetylcholine Important for the control postganglionic neurons of muscles and the 2. Parasympathetic Nervous System secretion of hormones  The parasympathetic nervous system as well as for cognitive function is part of the body's autonomic nervous system. Loss may be seen or  Its partner is the sympathetic nervous result to Alzheimer's system, which control's the body's disease fight or flight response.  The parasympathetic nervous system Norepinephrine Noradrenaline controls the body's ability to relax. Key function of the  Cranial and sacral spinal nerves sympathetic nervous Page 6 of 7  ANNDY LIANIL SUAREZ BSN YEAR 3 - 2ND SEMESTER Sensory System o Perceives stimuli from the environment, including touch, taste, smell, sight and hearing Motor System o Initiates and controls voluntary movements o Allows us to interact with our surroundings The Endocrine System and Its Role 1. Hormone Chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream, influencing various bodily functions and influencing mood, sleep and energy levels 2. Glands Specialized organs that produce and secret hormones Includes pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands and pancreas 3. Brain Hormone Interaction The brain and the endocrine system are intricately connected The brain regulates hormone production and hormones influence brain function Implications for Psychiatric Nursing Care o By understanding the anatomical basis of mental health conditions, psychiatric nurses can provide more informed and targeted care o This knowledge helps them recognize the signs and symptoms of various disorders, understand the mechanisms of medications and develop individualized care plans that address both the psychological and biological aspects of mental health Page 7 of 7