Mental Health and Mental Illness PDF

Chapter 1 Mental Health and Mental Illness  Objectives  Define mental health and mental illness.  Describe the continuum of mental health and mental illness.  Discuss risk and protective factors for mental illness and mental health.  Objectives ...

Chapter 1 Mental Health and Mental Illness  Objectives  Define mental health and mental illness.  Describe the continuum of mental health and mental illness.  Discuss risk and protective factors for mental illness and mental health.  Objectives  Explore the role of resilience in the prevention of and recovery from mental illness, and consider resilience in response to stress.  Identify how culture influences the view of mental illnesses and behaviors associated with them. Mental Health and Mental Illness  Mental health State of well-being in which individuals reach their own potential, cope with the normal stresses of life, work productively, and contribute to the community Traits of Mental Health  Capacity for… Rational thinking Communication skills Learning Emotional growth Resilience Self-esteem  Mental Illness  Psychiatric disorders with definable diagnoses  Significant dysfunction in mental functioning related to Developmental Biological Physiological disturbances  Culturally defined  Mental Health Continuum  Mental Health versus Mental Illness A real middle ground exists: Stress and discomfort from everyday life Conceptualized as points along a mental health continuum  Case Study Mrs. M comes to the clinic reporting a feeling of hopelessness. She works full time and is dealing with a troubled teenage son and her elderly parents. She confides in you that she “can’t deal with her life right now.” Discuss attributes you might screen for to quickly assess her overall mental health.  Objectives  Discuss the nature/nurture origins of psychiatric disorders.  Summarize the social influences of mental health care in the United States.  Discuss the role of public policy on mental health funding.  Explain how epidemiological knowledge supports mental healthcare. Risk and Protective Factors Individual Attributes and Behaviors  Resilience Ability and capacity to secure resources needed to support well-being Characterized by Ability to secure needed resources Capacity for regulating one’s own emotions and overcoming negative, self-defeating thoughts Essential to recovery Risk and Protective Factors (Cont.)  Social and economic circumstances Family Schools and peer groups Socioeconomic status Educational advancement  Environmental factors Political climate & cultural considerations Social & economic policies  Perceptions of Mental Health and Mental Illness  Mental illness versus physical illness Root of most mental disorders lies in intercellular abnormalities  Nature versus nurture Diathesis-stress model  Diathesis-Stress Model  Diathesis—biological predisposition  Stress—environmental stress or trauma  Most accepted explanation for mental illness  Combination of genetic vulnerability and negative environmental stressors  Assertion: Most psychiatric disorders result from a combination of genetic vulnerability and negative environmental stressors  Case Study: Discussion Mrs. M has a history of major depressive disorder. “Do we have to deal with that?” she says. “Can’t we just focus on my insomnia? If I could just get something to help me sleep at night, I think I’d cope better right away. Besides— insomnia would be covered by my health insurance. It’s an uphill battle getting compensated for any treatment for the other. Fighting with insurance people is not going to help anything!”  Social Influences on Mental Health Care  Consumer movement & mental health recovery  National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI)  Decade of the Brain  Surgeon General’s Report On Mental Health  Human Genome Project  President’s New Freedom Commission on Mental Health  Institute of Medicine  Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative  Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Initiative  Legislation and Mental Health Funding  Mental Health Parity Act Parity = Equivalence Required insurance companies to provide equal treatment coverage for psychiatric disorders  Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Coverage for most uninsured Americans through expanded Medicaid eligibility (for very poor) Created health insurance exchanges to offer more choices “Insurance mandate” for coverage  Epidemiology of Mental Disorders  Study of the distribution of mental disorders Identify high-risk groups Identify high-risk factors  Incidence = number of new cases in a given time  Prevalence = number of cases regardless of when they began  Lifetime risk = risk that one will develop a disease in the course of a lifetime  Clinical Epidemiology  Groups treated for specific mental disorders studied for Natural history of illness Diagnostic screening tests Interventions  Results used to describe frequency of Mental disorders Symptoms appearing together  Audience Response Question One of Mrs. M’s complaints is about insurance. Which of the following does the Mental Health Parity Act provide? A. Coverage for most uninsured Americans through expanded Medicaid eligibility B. Health insurance exchanges C. “Insurance mandate” for coverage D. Equal coverage for mental health disorders  Objectives  Identify how the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 5th Edition (DSM-5) is used for diagnosing psychiatric conditions.  Describe the specialty of psychiatric mental health nursing.  Classification of Mental Disorders  The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition Official medical guidelines of the American Psychiatric Association for diagnosing psychiatric disorders Based on specific criteria influenced by multiprofessional clinical field trials  ICD-10-CM  International Classification of Diseases, 10e  Clinical descriptions of mental and behavior disorders 2 broad classifications Subclassifications  Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing  Promoting mental health through assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of behavioral and mental disorders  Use nursing, psychosocial, neurobiological theories and research  Work with people throughout the life span  Employed in a variety of settings and among varied populations Classification of Nursing Diagnoses  International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP) Developed by the International Council of Nurses (ICN) Provides standardized nursing diagnoses  Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurse Education Levels  Basic Level Psychiatric mental health registered nurse (PMH-RN) 2 years full-time work, 2000 clinical hours, 30 hours continuing education, followed by certification exam to add “BC” to the RN title (RN-BC)  Advanced Practice  Psychiatric-mental health advanced practice registered nurse (PMH-APRN)  Master of Science (MSN) or Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP)  Objective  Discuss future challenges and opportunities for mental health care in the United States.  Trends Affecting the Future  Educational challenges  Demand for mental health professionals  Aging population  Cultural diversity  Science, technology, and electronic healthcare  Advocacy & legislative involvement