Motivation PDF

MOTIVATION The word motivation is derived from the Latin term 'movere', which means 'to move'. Motivation is the process of initiating a conscious and purposeful action. Motivation means movement or motion, an inner state that energizes, activates or moves and directs human behaviour towards...

MOTIVATION The word motivation is derived from the Latin term 'movere', which means 'to move'. Motivation is the process of initiating a conscious and purposeful action. Motivation means movement or motion, an inner state that energizes, activates or moves and directs human behaviour towards goals. It is a need satisfying and goal seeking behaviour of human being. Motivation can be defined as stimulating, inspiring, and inducing the employees to perform to their best capacity. It explains why people do the things they do. It influences a person to do a thing in a certain way. Motive is something (a need or desire) that causes a person to act. Definitions: "Motivation may be defined as goal seeking or goal directed behaviour or activity of the human being." Behaviour is a function of the person, which is interaction within a situation. There are two types of motivation, Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation. 1. Intrinsic Motivation The act of being motivated by internal factors to perform certain actions and behaviour is called Intrinsic Motivation. Intrinsic motivation means that the individual's motivational stimuli are coming from within. The individual has the desire to perform a specific task, because its results are in accordance with his belief system or fulfils a desire and therefore importance is attached to it. Our deep-rooted desires have the highest motivational power. Below are some examples: Acceptance: We all need to feel that we, as well as our decisions, are accepted by our co-workers. Curiosity: We all have the desire to be in the know. Honors: We all need to respect the rules and to be ethical. Independence: We all need to feel we are unique. Order: We all need to be organized. Power: We all have the desire to be able to have influence. Social contact: We all need to have some social interactions. Social Status: We all have the desire to feel important 2. Extrinsic Motivation Extrinsic motivation means that the individual's motivational stimuli are coming from outside. In other words, our desires to perform a task are controlled by an outside source. Note that even though the stimuli are coming from outside, the result of performing the task will still be rewarding for the individual performing the task. Extrinsic motivation is external in nature. The most well-known and the most debated motivation is money. Below are some other examples: Employee of the month award Benefit package Bonuses Organized activities Importance of motivation Motivation is an important factor in determining the efficiency of an organization; it develops a desire in the minds of the employees to achieve successfully the objectives of the enterprise. An enterprise may have the best of material, machines and other means of production but all these resources are meaningless so long as they are not utilized by properly motivated people. There was a time when the human resource of production was treated like other non- human resources and was not given any special importance. The old concept has lost all importance in this competitive age. Motivation leads to high enthusiasm among employees. Enthusiastic workers productivity is miraculously increased. The importance or need of motivation is stressed as; High level of performance. Organizational changes. High employee's turnover and reduction in absenteeism. Good image of organization. Good human relations. Increase in morale. Proper use of human resources. Helpful in achieving goals. The above review makes it clear that motivation is an important tool for the attainment of objectives of the economically and effectively. Motivation qualities of subordinates and control on wastages. Process of motivation The study of motivation primarily means an attempt to know from where it starts and where it ends. Koontz and O'Donnell have shown the process of motivation as 'Needs-Gap- Satisfaction' chain way:  Ø Need Ø Desire Ø Tension Ø Action Ø Satisfaction In the first stage a man feels the need of something; a desire is born in his mind. When a need becomes powerful it gets changed into a want which means that he starts feeling that it should be satisfied. When thoughts come to his mind, tension is created which makes him dissatisfied. The only way to get rid of tension is to do some work. Hence, the situation of action is created. When a man acts to remove the tension created by his needs, he feels satisfaction. Employees are made to realize their needs through motivation and a feeling to achieve them is born in their mind. The managers make available all the facilities for work performance and, finally, the employees achieve their objective by satisfying their needs. After one need is satisfied, the other is born and the chain continues. It must be made clear that the objective of motivation is not only to satisfy the needs of the employees but to achieve successfully the objectives of the organization. Motivation in general is an important determinant for entrepreneurial growth and development in society. However, under the broad spectrum of motivation, certain social motives have been found to be significantly related to entrepreneurial behaviour such as the need for achievement, power, affiliation, dependency, personal achievement, social achievement, influence etc. Among all these motives, three categories of social motives seem to be extensively explored. These are the need for (a) achievement, (c) power and (c) affiliation. People create enterprises in order to grow and fulfil themselves i.e., for self-fulfilment. Abraham Maslow has referred to this need as 'self- actualization', a need to maximize one's potential, whatever it may be. It is a desire to become what one is capable of becoming. A person normally does not become an entrepreneur for affiliation or recognition, but to achieve what he thinks he is capable of. This urge to self- actualization is common to all human beings. Maslow went further and distinguished between 'special talent creativeness and 'self- actualizing creativeness. While special talent creativeness might be focused on, say, musical or artistic activities, self- actualizing creativeness can just as easily be displayed in innovative and entrepreneurial pursuits. Human beings are naturally creative and innovative. However, all successful innovators have to learn to overcome the emotional, perceptual and cultural barriers, which prevent them from testing and implementing their ideas. Achievement motivation Achievement refers to competence (a condition or quality of effectiveness, ability, sufficiency, or success). Motivation refers to the energization (instigation) and direction (aim) of behavior. Thus, achievement motivation may be defined as the energization and direction of competence-relevant behavior or why and how people strive toward competence (success) and away from incompetence (failure). McClelland identified several motivating needs 1. Need for achievement 2. Need for Affiliation 3. Need for power Need for achievement: The need to excel, known as achievement, is a critical factor in the personality of an entrepreneur. People with high need for achievement have desire for success in competition with others, or with a self- imposed standard of excellence. They try to accomplish challenging tasks. Entrepreneurs have been found tobe people with a high drive, high activity level and goal orientation. They take external help whenever needed and feel happy on accomplishment of the task. Need for independence: Studies conducted on entrepreneurs indicate that their need for independence is the prime characteristic that has driven them to start their own business. The entrepreneurs do not conform to routine jobs and practices. They set their own challenging goals and make efforts to achieve these goals. The entrepreneurs do not wait for directions from others and choose their own course of action. They are masters of their own activities and take full responsibility for the outcome of their actions. The independence provides opportunity for trying out new ideas and helping them to achieve their life goals. Need for power: High need for achievement leads one into launching an enterprise but it may not be adequate to contribute to its success. Once an entrepreneur starts an enterprise and wants to manage successfully, he/she also needs to influence people, a drive which sells them his/her ideas and leads them in the process of establishing and expanding the organization. Ideas drive to influence people and to lead them to implement his/her ideas may be called as need for power. It implies controlling the actions and activities of other people. The entrepreneurs, especially in the initial stages, reflect moderate need for power. This helps them to become successful enterprise builders. However, they do not develop emotional bonds with people they work with; and their need for affiliation is low. MASLOW'S CLASSIFICATION OF NEEDS: According to the famous psychologist Abraham Maslow (1954), the needs in order of importance to individuals i.e., the fulfilment of needs starts from the first order and if first order needs are fulfilled the individual thinks of second order and so on as given below 1. Physiological needs: These are called first order needs. These needs are necessary for survival of the individual e.g., food, clothing, shelter, etc. these are most important, if these needs are fulfilled then only the individual steps in to second order needs. 2. Safety needs: These are second order needs. These needs are for the security of the individual from physical, physiological, economic and social viewpoints e.g., protection from danger, threatening etc. 3. Social needs: These are third order needs. Man is a social animal and has an inherent desire to be with others in some form e.g., friendship, company etc. These are also called response needs. 4. Esteem needs: These are fourth order needs. The individual likes to get appreciation and recognition from others in the society e.g., power, status, prestige etc. 5. Self-actualization: These are called last order or fifth order or highest order needs. It is self-realization and knowing self or the ultimate purpose of human being e.g., what is human being, how he should live, what is his purpose of living etc. Motivating factors for entrepreneurship development The common man thinks that people go into business and become entrepreneurs solely to make money. The desire to earn money is no doubt an important motivating force. But entrepreneurs are not moved by profits alone. Many other factors inspire entrepreneurs to perform their job successfully. Several research studies have been conducted in India to identify the motivating factors that inspire entrepreneurs. Sharma (1987) identified the following internal and external motivating factors. 1. Educational background: Education equips an individual for solving problems of life. The educational background helps him in understanding the problems and finding solution to it. Education helps in doing thing in better way. 2. Occupational experience: Experiences help an individual by going through the situation. It provides him the learning experience. 3. Desire to work independently: This helps an individual in taking independent decisions and gain control over the situation. Success gives him confidence in performing the job in future. 4. Desire to branch out to manufacturing: The desire to do something new makes an individual to think differently. He may start a branch or section which is altogether different from the main firm. But mostly a complimentary branch is helpful to the main branch. Out of experience and study one can take such steps. 5. Family background: An entrepreneur born in an industrialist family inherits certain social and cultural background which is conducive to his work. 6. Assistance from government: There are a large number of schemes to help the entrepreneurs in developing their enterprise. These helps motivate him to expand or start new business. 7. Assistance from financial institutions: The banks and other financial agencies provide assistance for the enterprise. These institutions give fund as per the project proposal submitted by the entrepreneur, which itself acts as a motivating force. 8. Availability of technology and raw material: The new technology is being evolved every day. Sometimes the raw material is available for the enterprise but there is no one to take advantage of this situation. The entrepreneur should organize the things in such a way that it will develop his enterprise. He is motivated by the opportunities in front of him. 9. Other factors of production: There may be many other factors of production like heavy demand for particular product, utilization of excess money earned from  contractual estate business, started manufacturing to facilitate trading /distribution business, no chance for further promotion of present enterprise which may motivate an individual to start new enterprise. The above nine factors are grouped into two major categories internal and external. The first five factors are termed as internal and the last four factors as external. The internal motivating factors like education, occupational experience, family background, the desire to do something independently together make the personality of the entrepreneur. These factors generate an inclination to start entrepreneurial activities. The internal factors are important but they need to be supported by external factors like favourable governmental policies, financial assistance, technology and raw material and infrastructural facilities These facilities or assistance are the external motivating factors and serve as a spark in the lightening of the entrepreneurial idea. These factors also provide a momentum to the entrepreneurial activities.