Origins Of Pharmacognosy And Plant Chemistry PDF

Part I: Plants in Medicine: the Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry References: 1. Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy 16th edition 2. Tyler, V. E., L.R. Brady and J. E. Robbers. Pharmacognosy. 9th ed. 3. Origins of Pharmacognosy by Milan Nagy Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry...

Part I: Plants in Medicine: the Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry References: 1. Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy 16th edition 2. Tyler, V. E., L.R. Brady and J. E. Robbers. Pharmacognosy. 9th ed. 3. Origins of Pharmacognosy by Milan Nagy Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry is regarded as the “mother of all science”. Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry They acquired knowledge of medicinal properties of plants in the following ways: a) by guess work or by trial and error; b) while searching for food; c) Signature of Nature; d) by observing other animals instinctive discrimination between toxic and palatable plants; and e) by accidental discovery. Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry The medicine men monopolized the knowledge of drugs and hide that knowledge in some incantations. Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Pre-Historic Evidence of Pharmacognosy ▫ 60,000 B.C, Shanidar, Iraq: 7 out 8 species of pollen grains.  Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry New Stone Age (8,000 – 5,000 B.C.) to ▫ In the history of herbalism (phytotherapy):  Women prepared food and healing potions, while  Men compiled the remedies and wrote them down.  Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Early Arabic and European Records (3,300 B.C.) ▫ SN: Piptoporus betulinus or Fomitopsis betulina ▫ AC: Agaric acid ▫ Uses: strong purgative/anti- mycobacteria, toxic Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Ancient Mesopotamia (baked clay tablets) is the dominant system of writing in Mesopotamia. ▫ “Treatise of Medical Diagnosis and Prognosis” (1,600 B.C).  Consist of 40 tablets, it was collected and studied by Jean Baptiste Labat.  Example includes the management of excessive bleeding.  Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Ancient Mesopotamia (c. 3000 B.C): provides the earliest known record of practice of the art of the apothecary. ▫ Text on clay tablet includes the record of first symptoms of illness, the prescription and directions for compounding, then an invocation to the gods. Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry sometimes called as “sorcerer” = Diagnose the ailment = Specialist in herbal remedies  Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Ancient China ▫ Emperor Sheng Nung (c. 2700 B.C) ▫ Investigated the medicinal value of herbs by tasting herbs to discover their qualities. ▫ Written the first which is a recording of 365 drugs. ▫ He was able to study podophyllum, rhubarb, ginseng, stramonium, cinnamon bark and ephedra. Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Ancient China written by  Companion book of Shang Hang Lun  Historical origin of the most important classical herbal formulas that have became the basis of Chinese and Chinese-Japanese herbalism “ ” written by  730 herbs, described and classified into 6 categories. Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Kampo ▫ traditional Japanese medicine, is sometimes referred to as low-dose Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). , the compendium of Japanese medicine. ▫ in 984 the court physician compiled the , which consisted of 30 scrolls detailing the medical knowledge of the Sui and T’ang dynasties.  Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Sui Dynasty (598 – Sung Dynasty (960 618) – 1276) ▫ Bibliography of the ▫ Standard History of Sui (Sui Shu pharmaceutical system Jing Ji Zhi) has been established ▫ How to Cultivate Herbs throughout China (Zhong Zhi Yue Fa) ▫ The preparation differs ▫ How to Collect Herbs according to the needs in the Forest (Ru Lin for the treatment of Cai Yue Fa) disease. Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Later Ming Dynasty ▫ Herbal with Commentary ( ). Written by Li Shi Zhen.  With 3 revisions, the book contains 1892 drugs 376 described for the first time with 1,160 drawings. It also contains more than 11,000 prescriptions.  Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Ancient Egypt (1550 B.C)  The medical document, the and the most important medical papyri of ancient Egypt;  It is a collection of 800 prescriptions, mentioning 700 drugs;  Is a 110-page scroll, which is about 20 meters long. Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Ancient Egypt (1600 B.C) ▫ contains surgical instructions and formulas for cosmetics. (1900 B.C) ▫ is the oldest and deals with health of women, including birthing instructions  Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry mentioned medicines from plants like ricinus, pepper, lily, valerian etc. Three main parts Three minor parts ▫ Caraka Samhita – most ▫ Sarngadhara Samhita important ▫ Bhava Prakasa Samhita ▫ Susruta Samhita (760 ▫ Madhava Nidanam herbs in 7 groups based on Samhita their common properties ▫ Astanga Hrdayam Samhita  Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry OTHER ASIAN Traditional Medicine Jamu (800 - 900 CE) ▫ Indonesian traditional Two of the most important medicine manuscripts – Serat kawruh ▫ Carvings at the temple of bab jampi-jampi (‘A Borobudur, depict the use treatise on all manner of of kalpataruh leaves cures’) and Serat Centhini (‘the tree that never dies’) (‘Book of Centhini’) – are to make medicines in the Surakarta Palace library.  Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Jamu Remedies from Indonesia such as: Clove (Syzygium aromaticum), Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans), Java tea [Orthosiphon stamineaus =O. aristatus) and Orthosiphon spp.], Jambul (Eugenia jambolana) and Galangal (Alpinia galanga) are still used around the world as medicines or culinary spices. Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry (668-626 B.C) Suggest that around 2500 B.C, Sumerians already had commerce of crude drugs. Assyrians 660 B.C 250 drugs were recognized, discovered and cultivated by them. Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Ancient Greece and Rome Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Ancient Greece and Rome (384 – 322 BC) ▫ A student of great philosopher Plato listed more than 500 plants of medicinal importance with their description and uses.  Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Ancient Greece and Rome (370 – 287 B.C)  Wrote the De Historia Plantarum and De Causis Plantarum.  These book contains many kinds of plants and how they are used in De Historia Plantarum medicine, how to grow them. Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Ancient Greece and Rome (c. 100 B.C)  First herbalist who produced an illustrated work on medicinal plants Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Pedanios Dioscorides (40-80 AD) “De Materia Medica” (500 medicinal plants)  Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry  De Materia Medica (500 medicinal plants)  Is an organized pharmaceutical and medical knowledge;  Gives information pertaining to drug and their usage;  De materia medica libri quinque in Latin, concerning medical matter in five volumes.  Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Format of De Materia Medica 1. Plant Name, 6. Harmful Side Effects Synonyms and Picture 7. Quantities and Dosages 2. Habitats 8. Harvesting, Preparation 3. Botanical Description and Storage 4. Drug Instructions Action/Properties 9. Adulteration and 5. Medicinal Use methods of detection 10. Veterinary Use Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Ancient Greece and Rome (23 - 70 A.D) – largest collection on plants from the Roman Period. Serves as a valuable resource for the medicinal uses of plants in ancient medicine.  He reports from writings of many authors whose work does not survive. Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Ancient Greece and Rome  a 3rd Century AD Greek physician, who codified the preparation of drugs using multiple ingredients by mechanical means called. Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry ▫ Medicinal materials ▫ Substances and products derived from natural sources and was employed by the physician during the Ancient Greece and Rome Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Middle Ages (980 – 1037): one of the brilliant contributors to Pharmacy and Medicine. ▫ He wrote Book of Healing (Kitab Al-Shifa) and the Canon of Medicine. Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Middle Ages Ibn Altabari Ibn Albitar (770850) (1148-1197) Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Separation of Pharmacy and Medicine ▫ Apothecary is _____________ Sicily and southern Italy: Pharmacy was separated from Medicine : he presented subject Pharmacists with the first European edict completely separating their responsibilities from those of Medicine, and prescribing regulations for their professional practice. Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Anglo – Saxon Leechcraft – one of the most copied herbal manuscripts, contains over 100 herbs. – contains many formulas and herbal remedies in a fairly sophisticated system of therapeutics. – practiced herbalism in a highly artful degree, their work is written in Physicians of Myddvai. Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry ▫ During the Middle Ages, remnants of Western knowledge of Pharmacy and Medicine were preserved in the monasteries ( 5th – 12th centuries). ▫ Manuscripts were translated or copied for monastery libraries. ▫ Monks cultivate herbs in the garden, herbs were prepared based on the art of apothecary. Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry The Renaissance ▫ Otto Brunfels Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry The Renaissance ▫ Hiernonymus Bock Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry The First Official Pharmacopoeia  First pharmacopoeia with official status originated in Florence, Italy.  It was published and became the legal standard for the city-state in 1498.  Guild of Apothecaries and Medical Society  Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry MEDICINE AT THE CENTRE OF THE AMERICAS – AZTECS AND OTHER CULTURES 1552 - first written document by Martín de la Cruz the Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis (Little Book of the Medicinal Herbs of the Indians). Quinine (from the bark of Cinchona officinalis L.) and D-tubocurarine (from arrow poisons) both derived from South American plants altered biomedicine and world history  Origins of Pharmacognosy AMRubenicia and Plant Chemistry PRINTED REPORTS IN THE EUROPEAN TRADITION (16th CENTURY) Theophrastus Bombastus of Hohenheim or Paracelsus (1493–1541). introduced minerals into medical practice and called for the extraction of the active principle from animals, plants or minerals. According to Paracelsus, healing was due to ‘the power of life, which is only supported by the medical doctor and the medicine’.  Origins of Pharmacognosy AMRubenicia and Plant Chemistry PRINTED REPORTS IN THE EUROPEAN TRADITION (16th CENTURY) 1617- the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries was founded in London 1673 - it formed its own garden of medicinal plants, known today as the Chelsea Physic Garden  Origins of Pharmacognosy AMRubenicia and Plant Chemistry PRINTED REPORTS IN THE EUROPEAN TRADITION (16th CENTURY) 1617- the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries was founded in London 1673 - it formed its own garden of medicinal plants, known today as the Chelsea Physic Garden Nicholas Culpeper (1616–1654),-One of the most well-known English apothecaries (and astrologers) of the 17th century. Known for ‘Culpeper’s herbal’. This is the only herbal that rivals in popularity John Gerard’s General historie of plantes Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry The era of European exploration overseas (16th and 17th century) Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry ▫ Johann Adam Schmidt(1759-1809) ▫ Carolus Linnaeus (naming and classifying plants) ▫ At the end of the 18th century, crude drugs were still being used as powders, simple extracts, or tinctures. Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry The era of pure compounds (In 1803, a new era in the history of medicine) ▫ Isolation of morphine from opium ▫ Strychnine (1817) ▫ Quinine and caffeine (1820) ▫ Nicotine (1828) ▫ Atropine (1833) ▫ Cocaine (1855)  Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry ▫ the chemical structures of many of the isolated compounds were determined. ▫ The progress achieved during 19th century in the field of botanical sciences had a direct influence in Pharmacognosy.  Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry EUROPEAN PHARMACOGNOSY AND NATURAL PRODUCT CHEMISTRY IN THE 18th AND 19th CENTURIES Early 19th century - led to the development of a field of research now called natural product chemistry or, specifically for plants, phytochemistry where pharmaceutical properties of plants are due to specific molecules that can be isolated and characterized.  Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry EUROPEAN PHARMACOGNOSY AND NATURAL PRODUCT CHEMISTRY IN THE 18th AND 19th CENTURIES Pure chemical entities were isolated and their structures elucidated: Morphine from opium poppy(Papaver somniferum L., Papaveraceae), which was first identified by Friedrich Wilhelm Sertürner of Germany 1804 and chemically characterized in 1817 as an alkaloid.  Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry EUROPEAN PHARMACOGNOSY AND NATURAL PRODUCT CHEMISTRY IN THE 18th AND 19th CENTURIES Pure chemical entities were isolated and their structures Salicin, from willow bark (Salix spp., Salicaceae), was first isolated elucidated: by Johannes Buchner in Germany. It was derivatized first (in 1838) by Rafaele Pirea (France) to yield salicylic acid, and later (1899) by the Bayer company, to yield acetylsalicylic acid, or aspirin  Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry EUROPEAN PHARMACOGNOSY AND NATURAL PRODUCT CHEMISTRY IN THE 18th AND 19th CENTURIES Pure chemical entities were isolated and their structures elucidated: Quinine, from cinchona bark (Cinchona succirubra Vahl and others), was first isolated by Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaime Caventou of France in 1820  Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry EUROPEAN PHARMACOGNOSY AND NATURAL PRODUCT CHEMISTRY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES Pure chemical entities were isolated and their structures elucidated: Atropine (1833), from belladonna (Atropa belladonna L., Solanaceae), was used at the time for asthma. Caffeine (1821), from the coffee shrub (Coffea arabica L. and C. canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner, Rubiaceae); its structure was elucidated in 1882.  Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry EUROPEAN PHARMACOGNOSY AND NATURAL PRODUCT CHEMISTRY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES Coniine, a highly poisonous natural product, was first isolated in 1826 from hemlock (Conium maculatum L., Apiaceae). Its properties had been known for years (Socrates used hemlock to commit suicide) and it was the first alkaloid to have its structure elucidated (1870). Some years later it was synthesized (1889).  Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry EUROPEAN PHARMACOGNOSY AND NATURAL PRODUCT CHEMISTRY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES Emetine (1817), from ipecacuanha (Carapichea ipecacuanha: Cephaelis ipecacuanha., Rubiaceae), was fully characterized as late as 1948 and used as an emetic as well as in cough medications. Strychnine (1817), from nux-vomica (Strychnos spp. (Loganiaceae), was used as a tonic and stimulant.  Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry EUROPEAN PHARMACOGNOSY AND NATURAL PRODUCT CHEMISTRY IN THE 18th AND 19th CENTURIES Claude Bernard (1813–1878), French physiologist - conducted detailed studies on the pharmacological effects of plant extracts, studied curare – a drug and arrow poison used by the American Indians of the Amazon He was also able to demonstrate that the main cause of death was by muscular paralysis, and that animals showed no signs of nervousness or pain.  Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry EUROPEAN PHARMACOGNOSY AND NATURAL PRODUCT CHEMISTRY IN THE 18th AND 19th CENTURIES 19th century- Claude Bernard (1813–1878), - the botanical source of curare was identified as Chondrodendrone tomentosum. It was found to be an alkaloid, and named D-tubocurarine because of its source, ‘tube curare’, Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry 20th Century: üAnimal kingdom; üMicroorganisms üTremendous work has been done in this field and phytochemistry as a distinct branch in science was evolved. üConstituents isolated from the plants were not only used as such, buy they were also used for semi-synthesis and also as model for the synthetic drugs. Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry 20th Century Discovery of the antibacterial properties of fungal metabolites such as benzylpenicillin, by Florey and Fleming Fungal metabolite from in 1928 at St Mary’s Penicillium notatum Hospital (London). Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Advent of synthetic chemistry in the field of pharmacy. Where Paul Ehrlich in Germany (1854–1915); used methylene blue (chemotherapeutic agent) in the treatment of mild forms of malaria in 1891.  Origins of Pharmacognosy AMRubenicia and Plant Chemistry Large number of natural products or their derivatives were introduced as medicinesincluding many anti-cancer agents Paclitaxel (Taxol vinca alkaloids; the antimalarial agent artemisinin (Artemisia annua, Youyou Tu), and the anti-dementia medication galanthamine, and so on... How drug information stored? Baked Clay Tablets (some 660 cuneiform tablets, c. 650 BC) from Ashurbanipal’s Library at Nineveh Parchments Manuscript Herbals Printed Herbals (invention of printing 1440 AD) Pharmacopeias (London Pharmacopeia , British Pharmacopeia , Philippine Pharmacopeia [2000’s] Electronic storage  British Pharmacognosy Jonathan Pereira (1804 – 1853) ▫ 1st British Pharmacognosist; gave Pharmacognosy its pharmaceutical basis and application; ▫ founder of British Pharmacognosy Daniel Hanbury (1825 – 1850) ▫ most outstanding applied pharmacognosist  British Pharmacognosy E. M Holmes (1843 – 1930) ▫ applied pharmacognosist who stand out both in quality and quantity. H. G. Greenish (1855 – 1933) and T. E. Wallis (1876 – 1973) ▫ transformed the old academic pharmacognosy by their contribution to the elimination of adulteration from powdered drugs. Philippine Pharmacognosy Magdalena C. Cantoria (1924 – 2008) ▫ researches dealt particularly on the morphology, physiology and biochemistry of drug plants. ▫ She has done studies on the pharmacognosy of agar (from Philippine seaweed), rauwolfia, datura, mint and piper species; these are considered pioneering research efforts in local pharmaceutical science.  Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry PHARMACOGNOSY Greek words: ▫ Pharmakon – a drug ▫ gignosco – to acquire a knowledge of (Evans) Johann Adam Schmidt (1759 – 1809) from Lehrbuch der Materia Medica, 1811 1815: work of Aenotheus Seydler, Analecta Pharmacognostica. Johann Adam Schmidt Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry ▫ Discovered the use of digitalis and published “An Account of The Foxglove and Some of Its Medicinal Uses”. ▫ In 1875, the first active part of foxglove was isolated and called digitoxin. William Withering Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry ▫ Isolated the first opium’s narcotic principle __________. ▫ He also recognize and prove the importance of alkaloids.  Origins of Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Joseph-Bieniamin Caventou and Pierre-Joseph Pelletier ▫ They isolated: – Ipecacuanha – Nux vomica – Cinchona barks