Food/Fisheries Biotechnology Module 9 – Fish 154 PDF

Food/Fisheries Biotechnology Module 9 – Fish 154 Rhoda Mae C. Simora, PhD.  Fish Biotechnology A genetically engineered AquAdvantage salmon (background) alongside an Atlantic salmon of the same age (foreground).  WHAT IS BIOTECHNOLOGY? … use of living...

Food/Fisheries Biotechnology Module 9 – Fish 154 Rhoda Mae C. Simora, PhD.  Fish Biotechnology A genetically engineered AquAdvantage salmon (background) alongside an Atlantic salmon of the same age (foreground).  WHAT IS BIOTECHNOLOGY? … use of living organisms or their parts to make or modify products, or improve plants, animals and microorganisms  Definition of Biotechnology based on the use of techniques and methods ✓ Traditional Biotechnology (Before 1970) - Broad definition of Biotech : Using a biological system to make products - Food processing : Fermented foods, Brewery, Dairy products, etc. The process of brewing beer : conversion of starch to sugar followed by addition of specific yeast - Agriculture : Modifications of living plants for improved yield of food crops via artificial selection and hybridization ex) Crops with reduced vulnerability to frost, draught, and the cold ✓ Simple process - Direct use of or isolation from original biological sources - Fermentation Modern Biotechnology (After 1970s) Use of recombinant DNA technology since 1973 - Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer perfect techniques to cut and paste DNA (using restriction enzymes and ligases) and reproduce the new DNA in bacteria. Combined use of different disciplines: -Biology-based knowledge : Cell biology, genetics, molecular biology, etc -Knowledge linked with practical applications :Biochemical Eng, Bioinformatics, computational design, etc. Use of genetically altered organisms - Enabling the production of existing medicines or products easily and cheaply (ex: insulin - price between recombinant human insulin and synthetic pig insulin) Traditional Biotechnology industries : adopts new approaches and modern techniques to improve the quality and productivity of their products  Scope of Biotechnology GE of animals GE of Plants GE to improve GE to develop microorganisms animal vaccines Recombinant DNA for disease GE of biocontrol diagnostics agents against pests Monoclonal anti and diseases body production Plant protoplast Plant tissue fusion culture Embryo transfer fermentation, biofertilizers  Why go for Biotech? Global population and food demand Microbial Biotechnology – manipulation of microorganisms such as yeast and bacteria – Create better enzymes – More efficient decontamination processes for industrial waste product removal – Used to clone and produce large amounts of important proteins used in human medicine  Prokaryotes in Research It is relatively easy to make mutant strains of bacteria that can be used for molecular and genetic studies. They can be created by exposure to: X-rays UV light Mutagens  Fungi Produce 1o and 2o metabolites of industrial importance 1o metabolites: end products of metabolic pathways ex. ethanol, citric acid 2o metabolites: production often occurs after growth has stopped ex. Penicillin, Cephalosporin, mycotoxin Relatively easy to grow in mass culture (alcoholic beverage industry - beer making) Saccharomyces cerevisiae Commonly studied strain of yeast Microorganism behind the most common form of fermentation 1st eukaryotic organism to have its complete genome sequenced 16 linear chromosomes 12 million base pairs ~ 6,300 genes Pichia pastoris Similar to S. cerevisiae Grows to a high biomass in liquid culture Valued for high growth rate and ability to grow on simple, inexpensive media Frequently used as an expression system for protein production Can be used in batch processes to produce large numbers of cells Using Microbes for a Variety of Everyday Applications Food Products – Rennin used to make curds (solid) and whey in production of cheese – Recombinant rennin is known as chymosin (first recombinant food product approved by FDA) Therapeutic proteins – Recombinant insulin in bacteria Ice-minus bacteria - remove ice protein producing genes from P. syringae P. fluorescens containing the gene that codes for the bacterial toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (kills insects) Bt toxin!  Some Applications of Microbial Biotechnology in Food Processing Microbial Biocolors - fermentative food-grade pigments are on the market: Monascus pigments, astaxanthin from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, Arpink red from Penicillium oxalicum, riboflavin from Ashbya gossypii, and β-carotene from Blakeslea trispora Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous  Microbial Bioflavors -commercial production of microbial bioflavors can be increased by the use of genetically modified microorganisms  Antioxidants of microbial origin -Glucose oxidase: The only commercial enzyme used as antioxidant for the removal of oxygen in conjunction with catalase. The enzyme combination is extracted from Aspergillus niger. It has been shown to be effective in preventing off-flavor development in various food products such as fruit juices, mayonnaise and salad dressings. Microbial polysaccharides as stabilizers and thickeners Aureobasidium pullulans -Bacterial: Alginates (Azotobacter vinelandii), gellan (Pseudomonas elodea), and xanthan (Xanthomonas campestris) -Fungal: Pullulan (Aureobasidium pullulans) –as a low- calorie food additive  Marine Microbes in Various Biotechnological Applications  Marine microbes as a rich source of antibiotics Pseudomonas putida  Natural peptides and compounds with antimicrobial activity from marine bacteria Lopez et al. 2018 Biotechnology in Fish – Aquaculture – raising finfish or shellfish in controlled conditions for use as food sources 30% of all fish consumed by humans worldwide – Genetic engineering Disease-resistant strains of oysters Vaccines against viruses that infect salmon and other finfish – Rich and valuable sources of new genes, proteins and metabolic processes with important applications for human benefits Marine plankton and snails found to be rich sources of antitumor and anticancer molecules The first FDA-approved genetically modified fish for human consumption Microorganisms as Tools Microbial Enzymes – Taq (DNA polymerase), cellulases, proteases, amylases Bacterial Transformation – The ability of bacteria to take in DNA from their surrounding environment – Cells must be made competent (to take up DNA) Example: Bacterial strain that produces human insulin The insulin gene from humans was inserted into a plasmid. This recombinant DNA plasmid was then inserted into bacteria. As a result, these transgenic microbes are able to produce and secrete human insulin. Molecular Cloning Molecular cloning is a set of methods used to construct recombinant DNA and incorporate it into a host organism; it makes use of a number of molecular tools that are derived from microorganisms. SNUPPY – the first cloned dog in the world (Seoul National University Puppy Breed: Afghan hound CRISPR microinjection in Channel Catfish - END OF MODULE 9 -