Module 7 - Central Nervous System PDF

Module 7 Central Nervous System T e Central· System e NervousModule 7 *Note only what we cover in class 1  Organization Structure : multipolar -cell...

Module 7 Central Nervous System T e Central· System e NervousModule 7 *Note only what we cover in class 1  Organization Structure : multipolar -cell / Association or interneurons form a network of communication from one area of the brain to another We will look at the brain one area at a time according to embryonic divisions of Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain 2 & 2  ⑳ Central Nervous System · Composed of the Brain and Spinal Cord & major regions Functions: - Cerebrum diencephalon - brainstem - - Cerebellum. Receives input from sensory neurons and directs activity of motor neurons ~ What to do Loading…. Association neurons integrate sensory information and help direct the appropriate response to maintain homeostasis and respond to the environment. - decision in line w/homeostasis. Humans are capable of learning and memory adding a layer of modification to our behaviors - individual across humans 3  Cerebrum : mass of the brain Forebrain-Cerebrum: Higher over the cerebrum Cerebral Cortex : layer mental functions gyridsuki Largest portion of the Consists of: temporal parietal frontal , synapsing , , of occipital insula brain a lot Cerebral hemispheres , Cerebral cortex: outer each divided in lobes gray matter of Players around cerebrum cerebrum Corpus callosum: Bundle of nerves that connects the cortex layers of the left and right hemispheres Corpus callosum : connects L/R cerebral cortex a communication 4  Cerebral Cortex Limbic Cortex : part of Limbic system: Emotions - emotion memory - - behavior Emotions controlled by the Physically linked system: Cerebral cortex : higher functioning limbic : emotions to thalamus & few connections so hypothalamus Aggression: areas in the - concious control of emotions are limited amygdala and hypothalamus - sex drive Fear: amygdala and hypothalamus Loading… Hunger/satiety: hypothalamus Sex drive: the whole system - agression , fear sex driv Goal-directed behavior: , reward/punishment system Few connections between cerebral cortex and limbic system, limiting - - aggression fear hunger satiety conscious control over emotion - , - sex drive Hypothalamus and limbic system endocrine a nervous cooperate in neural basis of control systems - connect here emotion 5 Hippocampus - medial- lo be structure Amygdala - medial- lo be structure Formation and retrieval of Combines different sensory memory input Helps form cognitive maps that Memory and emotion help make mental models of combine if strong enough our world - physical/emotional Stress and emotion (via the limbic system) can affect memory Contain Cortisol receptors - molecule binds & inhibits Short term memory 6  Forebrain: Diencephalon - includes any region w/ -connects cerebrum to rest of NS I smell connects to cerebrum directly "thalamus" in name ___________: THALAMUS Relay center for sensory info (except smell) &traffic direction Helps the flow of information, allowing you to prioritize what is received brain relay info between Cerebral cortext phs, Spinal cord , or Stem to thalamus-motor commands Cerebrum sends info ~ includes pineal gland Epithalamus: regulates circadian epithalamus al ↑rhythms and choroid plexus ⑧ Includes the pineal gland gaba-inhibitory here to limit senses - can we so sleep 7  of some part * limbi system& connects cusdendocrine L diencephalon region Forebrain: Hypothalamus - major ↳ ommand for endovive C Influenced by higher brain centers regulate pituitary gland ANS Master command center for neural and endocrine in charge of coordination, regulates pituitary gland Key to homeostasis regulation - Why? Controls what you need to survive: eating, drinking, regulation of body temp, etc. Produces two hormones makes& releases : Antidiuretic & Oxytocin - ADH 8  cerebrum & cerebellum Midbrain - connects ↳ between thalamus & pons & Functions: Motor control, maintains connections from cerebrum to cerebellum forebrain Dopaminergic neurons project to basal nuclei and - limbic system ↳releases dopamine to 2 Those neurons leading to areas of the- limbic system, hippocampus, amygdala and areas linking to the - reward system are key areas for drug addiction studies. stronggood feeling Dopamine (a neurotransmitter and hormones associated with ‘good feelings’) is released in the - nucleus accumbens (collection of neurons) after 9 consumption of certain addictive drugs.adaptation receptors of Discuss: Explain what the relationship is between emotions, memory and actions using what you have learned from the & nervous system. Consider the relationship between i int emotions, memory and actions to - why certain drugs binding to ↳ heart rate receptors can excite or inhibit the out flow of that information and alter going your perceptions and movements. memory is stored in CNS of hippocampus your emotional experiences The hippocampus (which forms memory) is part of the limbic system (emotions). This is also the location for receptors for certain drugs 10  neurotransmitter Opioid neurotransmitters: ~ - β-endorphin acts on Addiction & reward system multiple opioid Opioids bind to Opioid receptors receptors in the Receptors are activated by stress to brain, namely the block the transmission of pain mu-opioid receptor (MOR) and delta- Loading… Endogenous: polypeptides produced by the brain and pituitary gland opioid receptor (DOR). Exogenous: Drugs such as opium and morphine fit these same receptors, resulting in pain relief. What do they do? Opioids also produce euphoria so they may mediate reward endorphins pathways; for example release of Hindbrain: Cerebellum & pons __________: sensory and motor tracts from the spinal cord, respiratory control centers ____________: Controls complex motor skills and coordinates movements, motor learning Receives info from areas of the body involved in movement: muscles & joints (proprioceptors), skin, eyes 12  Medulla oblongata Autonomic nervous center functions: cardio and respiratory rates All ascending and descending tracts between the brain and spinal cord pass through the medulla. 13 Neurotransmitters 14  PNS Nerves: Spinal Nerves All separate near the spinal cord into a dorsal root carrying sensory fibers and a ventral root carrying motor fibers. 31 pairs of spinal nerves 8 C- cervical 12 T- thoracic 5 L-lumbar 5 S-sacral 1 Coccygeal 15 Reflex Arc Reflex responses to stimuli is a multi-step process. A stimulus occurs at the receptor of a sensory neuron. This is sent along the afferent neuron as a nervous impulse and is received by the central nervous system The interneuron makes connections to the motor neuron. The motor neuron transmits the impulse to the effector organ. 16  Types of Reflex Arcs Some reflexes require many association areas and interneurons in the brain Ex. crossed extensor reflex Muscle Stretch Reflex: link afferent & efferent neurons directly together Ex. Knee-jerk reflex 17