EDGE V3 Technical Online Workshop Module 5 PDF

Dror Karni Module 5 - EDGE V3 Technical Online Workshop Module 5 of the EDGE Technical Online Workshop covers the following topics: Energy Efficiency Measures Water Efficiency Measures Materials Efficiency Measures 5.1 ENER GY EFFIC IENC Y MEAS UR ES Energy Efficiency Me...

Dror Karni Module 5 - EDGE V3 Technical Online Workshop Module 5 of the EDGE Technical Online Workshop covers the following topics: Energy Efficiency Measures Water Efficiency Measures Materials Efficiency Measures 5.1 ENER GY EFFIC IENC Y MEAS UR ES Energy Efficiency Measures - Part 1 (EEM1 - EEM17) Energy Efficiency Measures - Part 2 (EEM 18 - EEM 37) 5.2 WATER EFFIC IENC Y MEAS UR ES Water Efficiency Measures 5.3 MATER IALS EFFIC IENC Y MEAS UR ES  Materials Efficiency Measures DOWNLOAD PDF OF MODULE 5 C ONTENT DOWNLOAD PDF OF MODULE 5 CONTENT Lesson 1 of 5 Energy Efficiency Measures - Part 1 (EEM1 - EEM17) Dror Karni EEM01* - WINDOW-TO-WALL RATIO The sun is a powerful light source but is also a source of significant heat gain. Therefore, it is important to balance lighting and ventilation benefits of glazing with the impacts of heat gain on cooling needs and/or passive heating. Finding the correct balance between the transparent (glass) and the opaque surfaces in the external façades helps to maximize daylight while minimizing unwanted heat transfer, resulting in reduced energy consumption. The design goal should be to meet minimum illumination levels without significantly exceeding the solar heat gains in temperate and warm climates, as well as to make the most of passive heating in cold climates in wintertime.  Most cases show that buildings with less than 30% Window to Wall Ratio (WWR) perform better from an energy efficiency and materials usage standpoint. Windows generally transmit heat into the building at a higher rate than walls do. In fact, windows are usually the weakest link in the building envelope as glass has much lower resistance to heat flow than other building materials. Heat flows out through a glazed window more than 10 times faster than it does through a well-insulated wall. While glazed areas are desirable to admit solar radiation in cold climates during the day, windows in warmer climates can significantly increase the building’s cooling loads. This measure uses the Window to Wall Ratio (WWR), which is defined as the ratio of the total area of the window or other glazing area (including mullions and frames) divided by the gross exterior wall area. The WWR is calculated with the following equation:     Glazing Area Glazing area is the area of glass (including mullions and frames) on all façades regardless of orientation.   Gross exterior wall area Gross exterior wall area is the sum of the area of the exterior façades in all orientations, which includes walls, windows and doors. To calculate the exterior wall area, the interior surface of the exterior wall must be used to determine the lengths. Click to enlarge. CO N T IN U E The actual WWR for the design case must be entered in the EDGE App. While a higher WWR may have a negative impact on energy savings, it can be compensated for by other energy-saving measures. The improved case WWR must be calculated and entered for each façade separately, i.e. for the north façade the % WWR of the north façade only should be entered. This will impact the solar gain in each façade and impact the cooling and heating load. Let's take a look at a short video demonstrating how to calculate WWR within the EDGE App. Note the video was recorded in EDGE V2, however, the process is very similar to EDGE V3. The video will be updated later this year. You may need to change the settings to view the video in high resolution. Select the gear icon for settings in the lower right corner, then quality and 1080p HD. YOUTUBE How to Calculate the WWR with the EDGE App (best viewed at 10… 10… How to Calculate the WWR with the EDGE App (best viewed at 1080p) This video is best viewed at 1080p by adjusting the video's settings. Watch this demo to learn how to calculate the window-to-wall ratio (WWR) using the EDGE software. https://www.edgebuildings.com An innovation of IFC, EDGE is a software, a standard, and a certification system for more than 170 countries that proves that everyone wins financially by building green.  VIEW ON YOUTUBE  CO N T IN U E EEM02 - REFLECTIVE ROOF EEM03 – REFLECTIVE EXTERIOR WALLS These measures can be claimed if the solar reflectance index (SRI) of the roof and/or external wall is greater than the local base case. EDGE will calculate the impact of any improvement beyond the base case. This measure is an advantage in warm climates. Specifying a higher reflectance finish for the roof/walls can reduce the cooling load in air- conditioned spaces and improve thermal comfort in non-air-conditioned spaces. Due to the reduction in surface temperature, the service life of the finish also improves, and the impact on the urban heat island effect can be reduced. EDGE uses the SRI of the roof/wall finish as the indicator of performance. SRI represents a combination of the reflective properties of the surface when subject to incident solar radiation (total solar reflectivity), and the emittance properties of the surface (thermal emittance). Unlike visible solar reflectance, SRI includes the full solar spectrum. SRI is defined so that a standard black surface (solar reflectance 0.05, thermal emittance 0.90) is 0 and a standard white surface (solar reflectance 0.80, thermal emittance 0.90) is 100. SRI values for highly reflective surfaces have been engineered to go above 100. The SRI for a specific material and finish can be acquired from the product manufacturer. It is often indicated in the product data sheet or laboratory test results published on manufacturers’ websites. CO N T IN U E EEM04 – EXTERNAL SHADING DEVICES External shading devices are provided on the building façade to protect the glazed elements (glass windows and doors) from direct solar radiation to reduce glare and to reduce radiant solar heat gain in cooling dominated climates. This method is more effective than internal shading devices such as blinds. This is because radiant solar gain occurs in the form of short wavelengths that can pass through glass; however, radiation absorbed by surfaces in the room is emitted as long-wavelength radiation, which cannot escape back out through the glass because almost all window glass is opaque to long-wavelength radiation. This traps the radiant solar gain inside the room. This phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect.  Click to enlarge. Shades offset from the window or louvers can also be modeled in EDGE by projecting the sun rays to a horizontal or vertical plane next to the window. If this measure is selected, EDGE uses a default shading factor equivalent to that of a shading device that is 1/3 of the height of the window and 1/3 of the width of the window on all windows of the building. However, if shading devices are provided that are different from EDGE assumptions, then a different shading factor should be used. The shading factor varies according to the latitude and the orientation of the windows, as well as the size of the shading device, and can be calculated using the built-in calculator. Click to enlarge. This measure is assessed using an Annual Average Shading Factor (AASF), which is represented by one minus the ratio of solar radiation transmitted by a protected window (with external shading devices), compared to that transmitted by an unprotected window. Annual Average Shading Factor is defined by the following equation: The shading factor is expressed as a decimal value between 0 and 1. The higher the shading factor, the greater the shading capability of the shading device.  Click to enlarge. An AASF calculator is available within the EDGE App by selecting the EEM04 measure and clicking on the 3 vertical dots on the right. Measurements for shading devices are entered for each orientation and type. CO N T IN U E EEM05* – INSULATION OF ROOF EEM06* – INSULATION OF GROUND/RAISED FLOOR SLAB EEM08* – INSULATION OF EXTERIOR WALLS This measure refers to the U-value or thermal conductivity of materials as the indicator of performance, in which the use of insulation improves the U-value. The user must select the insulation measures in the Energy tab when the measure is marked with an asterisk. Note that the matching building element measure for insulation must also be selected in the Materials tab, and the actual insulation type and thickness entered. Savings from these measures can be claimed if the U-value of the building element insulation is lower than the base case U-value. Insulation is used to prevent heat transmission from the external environment to the internal space (for warm climates) and from the internal space to the external environment (for cold climates). Insulation aids in the reduction of heat transmission by conduction, so more insulation implies a lower U-value and better performance. A well-insulated building has lower cooling and/or heating energy requirements. Click to enlarge. This measure uses U-value, which is defined as the quantity of heat that flows through a unit area in unit time, per unit difference in temperature; it is expressed in Watts per square meter Kelvin (W/m²K). U-value is an indication of how much thermal energy (heat) is transmitted through a material (thermal transmittance). The U-value, which is the performance indicator of this measure, is the reciprocal of the total thermal resistance (1/ΣR) of the building element, which is calculated from the individual thermal resistance of each component/layer of the element. Insulation is typically rated by its R-value, that is, the resistance to heat flow. Windows are typically rated with a U-factor. U-value is the inverse of R-value.  It is important to look at the units (imperial versus metric) when comparing products or converting from U to R-value. U-Value may be obtained from the manufacturer of the insulation or by using the calculation methods below depending on how the materials are arranged. S TAC K E D T O HE AT F L O W ADJ AC E NT T O HE AT F L O W For materials stacked in the direction of heat flow: R-value of layers of materials that are stacked in the direction of heat flow can be added together. Note that (1) U-values cannot be added and (2) R-values of materials not similar to each other cannot be added. S TAC K E D T O HE AT F L O W ADJ AC E NT T O HE AT F L O W For materials adjacent in the direction of heat flow: A weighted average calculation (commonly referred to as a UA calculation) must be performed. For most simple layered (stacked) construction, you can use the calculator that is embedded in the EDGE App. Let's take a look at a short video summarizing the important concepts described and demonstrating the calculator. Note the video was recorded in EDGE V2, however, the process is very similar to EDGE V3. The video will be updated later this year. You may need to change the settings to view the video in high resolution. Select the gear icon for settings in the lower right corner, then quality and 1080p HD. YOUTUBE  How to Calculate the U-value with the EDGE App (best viewed at 1… 1… How to Calculate the U-value with the EDGE App (best viewed at 1080p) This video is best viewed at 1080p by adjusting the video's settings. Watch this demo to learn how to calculate the U-value using the EDGE software. The U-value calculates how effective a material is as a thermal insulator. VIEW ON YOUTUBE  CO N T IN U E EEM07 – GREEN ROOF To claim this measure, the project must have a roof covered on top with a layer of growing media and vegetation. Artificial turf does not qualify. The soil and vegetation insulate and shade a roof, thus reducing heat transfer through the roof. Transpiration from the vegetation also provides a cooling effect. Green roofs also improve stormwater retention, reducing surface water runoff.  CO N T IN U E EEM09* – EFFICIENCY OF GLASS This measure can be claimed if the glass is multi-paned (double or triple), or if Low Emissivity (Low-E) coated glass is used and has a superior thermal performance. Even if the U-value of the actual glass in the building is worse (higher) than the base case value, the measure must be selected, and the U-value entered when the measure is required (marked with an asterisk). For example, this could happen in countries where double glazing is the norm for office buildings, making the base case values quite good. The same principle is applicable to the Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC), i.e., if the SHGC is different from the base case assumption, whether better or worse, the measure must be selected and the actual SHGC must be entered. The addition of a Low-E coating to glazing reduces the transference of heat from one side to the other by reflecting thermal energy. Low-E coatings are microscopically thin metal or metallic oxide layers that are deposited on a glass surface to help keep heat on the same side of the glass from which it originated. In warm climates, the intention is to reduce heat gain, and in cold climates, the intention is to reflect interior warmth back indoors. Low-E coating reduces the Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) and thermal resistance (U Value) of the glazing. This measure assumes a U Value of 3W/m²K and an SHGC of 0.45 for glazing. The SHGC is expressed as a number between 0 and 1 and indicates the proportion of infrared radiation (heat) that is permitted to pass through the glazing. All Low-E glass will have a reduced U Value, however, it is the product’s solar heat gain performance that determines whether it is appropriate for a certain climate. For warm climates, Low-E glass with a low SHGC helps reduce unwanted solar gains but in cold climates, Low-E glazing that has minimal impact on solar gains is required. Glazing with spectrally selective coatings allows in daylight but “reflects” heat. A common measure of the performance of spectrally-selective glazing units is the light-to-solar ratio (LSR). This is the ratio of visible light transmission divided by the solar heat gain coefficient for the glazing system. The highest possible ratio is approximately 2. Clear glazing units have a value close to 1.0, while a good spectrally-selective glazing system would have a value greater than 1.7. In both warm and cold climates, the lower U-Value of Low-E glazing and or increased layers of glazing is an advantage. Manufacturers often provide separate U Values for summer and winter (or the heating and cooling seasons). A simple approach is to calculate the average of these two values. If an alternative approach is used to calculate the seasonal average then this must be clearly justified. One example of an acceptable justification is if there is no heating season where the building is located. Even if the U-value of the actual glass in the building is worse (higher) than the base case value, the measure must be selected, and the U-value entered when the measure is required (marked with an asterisk). For example, this could happen in countries where double glazing is the norm for office buildings, making the base case values quite good. The same principle is applicable to the Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC), i.e., if the SHGC is different from the base case assumption, whether better or worse, the measure must be selected and the actual SHGC must be entered. CO N T IN U E EEM10 – AIR INFILTRATION OF ENVELOPE This measure can be claimed if the air infiltration of the building envelope is reduced below the baseline. By reducing air infiltration, the load on the air conditioning system can be reduced significantly. This reduction can be demonstrated either through the results of a blower door test or through improved construction details. Air infiltration in a building can be represented in an energy model by air changes per hour (ACH) of the entire air volume in a building. Alternatively, it can be represented by average leakage through the envelope measured in volume per unit time per unit surface area. EDGE uses the latter, expressed in Liters/second-square meter(L/s-m2). This air leakage rate puts a load on the air conditioning system. It can increase cooling loads during hot weather, but it has a larger impact on heating loads in cold climates where the temperature difference between the inside and outside can be very high.  CO N T IN U E EEM11 – NATURAL VENTILATION A well-designed natural ventilation strategy can improve occupant comfort by providing both access to fresh air as well as reducing the temperature. This results in a reduction of the cooling load, which lowers initial capital and maintenance costs. This measure can be claimed when two conditions are met: 1. Room geometry conditions must be met. These include the ‘room depth to ceiling height ratio’ and the ‘minimum area of opening.’ 2. If the rooms are air-conditioned, the air-conditioning system in the rooms must be provided with an auto-shut off control that switches the air-conditioning off while the room is being naturally ventilated. Learn more about common types of natural ventilation below. Single-sided ventilation relies on the pressure differences between different openings within a single space. It is more predictable and effective than if there is only a single opening, and can therefore be used for spaces with greater depth. For spaces that only have a single opening the ventilation is driven by turbulence. This turbulence creates a pumping action on the single opening, causing small inflows and outflows. As this is a less predictable method, the room depth for single opening, single-sided ventilation is reduced. Cross ventilation of single spaces is the simplest and most effective approach. Cross-ventilation is driven by pressure differences between the windward and leeward sides of the space.  Cross-ventilation with banked rooms can be achieved by creating openings in the corridor partition. It is only acceptable where a room has ownership of both windward and leeward sides of the building, as the ventilation of the leeward space relies on the occupant of the windward space. The openings also provide a route for noise to travel between spaces. One potential solution is to provide a channel that bypasses the windward space, allowing the occupant of the leeward space complete control of air flow. Stack ventilation takes advantage of the temperature stratification and associated pressure differentials of the air. Warm air becomes less dense and rises and the cooler air replaces the air that has risen. This type of ventilation requires atriums or height differences. CO N T IN U E EEM12 – CEILING FANS Ceiling fans increase air movement, aiding human comfort by promoting the evaporation of perspiration (evaporative cooling). The measure can be claimed if ceiling fans have been installed in all the required rooms for a project in line with the User Guide guidance. The assumption is that the efficiency of the ceiling fans installed is 60W/fan. The EDGE base case assumes that no ceiling fans are specified.  Click to enlarge. A calculator is available within the EDGE App by selecting the EEM12 measure and clicking on the 3 vertical dots on the right. Select whether a functional area (as defined per Design tab) has a ceiling fan and enter the % of floor area coverage for the ceiling fan. CO N T IN U E EEM13* – COOLING SYSTEM EFFICIENCY If the project includes a cooling system, the actual Coefficient of Performance (COP) of a system must be entered into the EDGE App (even if the COP is lower than Base Case). Savings can be achieved if the air conditioning system provides a COP greater than the Base Case. In many cases, a cooling system will not be fitted as part of the original build, which increases the risk that future occupants will deal with any insufficient cooling later by installing air- conditioning units that may be inefficient and are poorly sized and installed. By carefully designing the installation of an efficient cooling system into the project, the energy needed to deliver the required cooling can be reduced in the longer term. EDGE uses the Coefficient of Performance (COP) to measure the efficiency of air conditioning systems. The COP is the total output of cooling energy per electricity input. The COP for cooling is defined as the ratio of the rate of heating energy removal to the rate of electrical energy input, in consistent units, for a complete air conditioning system or some specific portion of that system under designated operating conditions. Sample COP calculation BTU/h can be transformed into Q out: BTU to watts = BTU * 0.293 12,000 * 0.293 = 3,517 W Energy consumption corresponds to W in W in = 1,000 W Q out (3,517 W) / W in (1,000 W) = 3.52 COP = 3.52 Click to enlarge. Remember that if air conditioning is not specified, any cooling load will be displayed as virtual energy.  Click to enlarge. An embedded calculator is available for EEM13 in the EDGE APP by clicking the 3 vertical dots to the right of the measure. CO N T IN U E EEM14 – VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES This measure can be claimed if the fans and pumps in the cooling system use Variable Speed Drive (VSD) motors, which modulate the motor speed of fans based on actual demand. These are typically variable-frequency drive (VFD) or adjustable-frequency drive motors, although other VSD technologies are available. The aim is to encourage the project team to specify VSDs, as energy consumption will be reduced, and therefore the utility costs. VSD fans offer improved system reliability and process control. The lifetime of system components is increased because of lesser use at full capacity leading to lesser wear and tear with less maintenance needed. VSDs are not typically part of the baseline. This measure will show savings only if an air conditioning system is selected, and it is a type that can use VSDs on fans or motors or pumps. The HVAC system must require fans and pumps, such as air or water-cooled chillers, heat pumps or absorption chillers, which must be previously selected. If selected, the assumption for the Improved Case is that all fans or motors or pumps in the system will be provided with VSDs. CO N T IN U E EEM15 – FRESH AIR PRE-CONDITIONING SYSTEM This measure can be claimed if a device has been installed in the ventilation system to pre- condition the fresh air entering the system to reduce the temperature difference between the outside air and the inside conditioned air. Reducing the temperature difference between the outside air entering the building and the inside conditioned air helps to reduce the load on the space conditioning system. This helps to reduce fossil fuel consumption, and lower operating costs. Buildings that use energy for heating or cooling the fresh air supply have the potential to benefit from the application of devices that pre-condition ventilation air. CO N T IN U E EEM16* – SPACE HEATING SYSTEM EFFICIENCY This measure can be claimed if the space heating system has an efficiency greater than the Base Case. The base case assumes a gas-fired hot water boiler with 78% efficiency by default if gas is selected as the heating fuel. Globally, space heating is one of the largest energy uses in buildings and often it is provided with fossil fuels. The specification of an efficient space heating system will reduce the energy required to satisfy the heating load for a building, and the resulting emissions. To qualify, the space heating system must be able to demonstrate an efficiency level greater than the base case. Different metrics can be used to specify the efficiency of a system, for example, manufacturers might quote the gross efficiency, net efficiency, seasonal efficiency, or the annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE), each of which uses a different methodology to calculate the percentage. A user can enter either a percentage efficiency or a COP or Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) in EDGE. The user must select the appropriate space heating fuel type on the Design tab and input the space heating system type and its efficiency rating on the Energy tab. The default efficiency for the improved case appears when a system type is selected but can be overwritten. For example, the default efficiency of a condensing boiler is 95%. Actual efficiency must be inputted for the selected equipment if this measure is selected. Where multiple systems with different efficiency ratings are specified, the dominant fuel type must be selected; the weighted average efficiency must be calculated accounting for capacity and the expected run time. Efficient systems can range from 97% efficient in the case of condensing boilers to more than 200% efficient in the case of heat pumps. CO N T IN U E EEM17 – ROOM HEATING CONTROLS WITH THERMOSTATIC VALVES This measure can be claimed if the radiators for space heating are fitted with thermostatic valves to control the room temperature. The intent of this measure is to reduce space heating demand. Space heating with radiators is typically provided in buildings with a central heating plant or district heating supply. When these radiators are not fitted with thermostatic valves, a common problem is that some spaces get uncomfortably hot even in winter and the occupants need to manually control radiators or open windows to regulate the room temperature. This results in significant wasted heat. The use of thermostatic valves will reduce this wasted heat.  CO N T IN U E Let's make sure you understand these important concepts with some knowledge check questions! Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) represents: the reflective properties of a surface when subject to incident solar radiation (total solar reflectivity). the emittance properties of a surface (thermal emittance). a combination of the reflective properties of the surface when subject to incident solar radiation (total solar reflectivity), and the emittance properties of the surface (thermal emittance). SUBMIT True or False? The U-value of layers of materials that are stacked in the direction of heat flow can be added together. True False SUBMIT What does AFUE stand for? Annual Fuel Utilization Equation Annual Fuel Unit Efficiency Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency SUBMIT Lesson 2 of 5 Energy Efficiency Measures - Part 2 (EEM 18 - EEM 37) Dror Karni EEM18 – DOMESTIC HOT WATER (DHW) SYSTEM EFFICIENCY Providing hot water with high efficiency will reduce fuel consumption and related carbon emissions from water heating. This measure can be claimed if the hot water system has an efficiency greater than the Base Case. Note that the baseline assumes electricity as the fuel and a standard instantaneous electric water heater as the system, which has a nearly 100% efficiency. So, a standard electric water heater will not generate savings. If this measure is selected, the actual fuel type must be inputted into the Design tab for the selected equipment. For example, natural gas would be inputted into the Design tab for a boiler. The actual system type and efficiency must be inputted into the Energy tab. HE AT PUM P WAT E R HE AT E R B OIL ER S S O L AR HO T WAT E R Heat pump water heaters use electricity to take the heat from surrounding air and transfer it to the water in an enclosed tank. This process is like the heat transfer process in a refrigerator but in reverse. Heat pump water heaters can be used with dual functionality in hotels for example to cool the kitchen, laundry, or ironing area and to generate hot water. Because they move heat rather than generate heat, heat pumps can provide efficiencies greater than 100%. The efficiency of a heat pump is indicated by the Coefficient of Performance (COP). It is determined by dividing the energy output of the heat pump by the electrical energy  needed to run the heat pump, at a specific temperature. The higher the COP, the more efficient the heat pump. Typical heat pump water heaters are two to three times more efficient than standard electric water heaters. HE AT PUM P WAT E R HE AT E R B OIL ER S S O L AR HO T WAT E R Even the most efficient boilers have a maximum efficiency around 98%, because some energy (heat) is lost via the flue gases and through the main body of the boiler itself; also, lack of maintenance can reduce a boiler’s efficiency. Types of hot water boilers include condensing boilers, combi boilers, low temperature hot water boilers, high-efficiency boilers. HE AT PUM P WAT E R HE AT E R B OIL ER S S O L AR HO T WAT E R A solar thermal collector collects heat by absorbing solar radiation to heat carrier fluid (i.e., water). The two types of solar thermal hot water collectors are flat plate and evacuated tube. Both types of solar collectors should ideally be installed at a tilt angle that takes advantage of the most useful altitude angles of the sun to maximize the solar heat available. This angle is approximately equal to the building location’s latitude. The collectors should be angled towards the equator (towards the south in the northern hemisphere, and towards the north in the southern hemisphere). Solar collectors can also be installed horizontal to the ground. This is optimal in locations where the sun’s azimuth (angle of the sun from the horizon) is vertically overhead at the desired peak production times. Where the sun is at other angles, the efficiency is adversely affected.  CO N T IN U E EEM19 – DOMESTIC HOT WATER PREHEATING SYSTEM This measure can be claimed if a heat recovery device is installed to capture and reuse waste heat with at least 30% efficiency. If this measure is selected, the assumptions for fuel type and system type must also be verified. Recovering waste heat to preheat the water supplied to the hot water system helps buildings to reduce the design capacity of water heaters, and lower associated fossil fuel consumption, operating costs, and pollutant emissions. For example, hospitals that use a power generator as a significant source of electricity and energy for hot water can reap benefits from the use of heat recovery systems such as lower maintenance, quieter operation, and higher availability of hot water, as well as reducing energy costs and carbon emissions from lower fuel consumption. CO N T IN U E EEM20 – ECONOMIZERS This measure can be claimed if the HVAC system includes economizers. Economizers reduce the need for mechanical cooling. The base case system and default improved case do not include economizers. Cooling energy use can be reduced in buildings when outside air conditions are suitable to cool the building with little or no need for mechanical cooling. Critical areas with special needs for indoor air quality, such as Operation Theatres (OT) and/or the Intensive Care Units (ICU) in hospitals, are exempt from the requirement of air-side economizers. Water-side economizers can still be used in these areas. CO N T IN U E EEM21 – DEMAND CONTROL VENTILATION USING CO2 SENSORS Mechanical ventilation in principal areas of the building can be controlled by CO2 sensors. At least 50% of the building ventilation system should be controlled by CO2 sensors to claim this measure. Mechanical ventilation introduces fresh air into the space. By installing CO2 sensors in the principal areas and covering at least 50% of the building, mechanical ventilation can be switched off when it is not required, thus consuming less energy. While the primary benefit of the CO2 sensors is the reduction of energy bills, the following are the other associated benefits: Improved and consistent indoor air quality Occupant comfort Reduced greenhouse gas emissions Extended equipment life due to less demand on the HVAC system It is recommended that the control system take frequent measurements of CO2 levels to adjust the ventilation supply to maintain proper indoor air quality. CO N T IN U E EEM22 – EFFICIENT LIGHTING FOR INTERNAL AREAS EEM23 – EFFICIENT LIGHTING FOR EXTERNAL AREAS These measures can be claimed if the light bulbs used in the project are high-efficiency LED. Certain linear fluorescent lamps (T8 or T5) or compact fluorescent (CFL) may also qualify for some building types. The User Guide lists the indoor spaces that are required to have at least 90% of the lamps be the efficient type, by building typology. Efficient lamps, that produce more light with less power compared to standard incandescent bulbs, reduce the building’s energy use for lighting. Due to the reduction in waste heat from efficient lamps, heat gains to the space are also lowered, which in turn reduces cooling requirements. Maintenance costs are also reduced as the service life of these types of bulbs is longer than that of incandescent bulbs. Lighting efficiency at the building level can be expressed in one of two ways in EDGE, either as lighting power density (watts/square meter) or as luminous efficacy (lumens/watt). Here, watts/square meter (W/m2 ) is the amount of power draw per square meter (lower is better), while lumens per watt (lm/W) is the measure of lighting efficacy to produce visible light output measured in lumens per watt of power draw (higher is better). For example, if a 40W light bulb has a power draw of 40W and produces about 450 lumens, the efficacy of this 40W lamp would be 450/40 or 11.25 lm/W. Click to enlarge. Space-by-space input can also be entered into EDGE using the Calculator accessed from the options menu (3 vertical dots on the right of the measure), if the project team needs to differentiate between space types in a building. If detailed inputs are not used, at least 90% of the lamps must be of the efficient type. Documentation must be provided to demonstrate that the light fixtures achieve performance better than baseline. Click to enlarge. CO N T IN U E EEM24 – LIGHTING CONTROLS This measure can be claimed if lighting in all the required rooms are controlled using technologies such as occupancy sensors, timer controls, or daylight sensors. By installing lighting controls in rooms, lighting usage is reduced. Lighting use may be reduced by using occupancy sensors to reduce the possibility for lights to be left on when the room is unoccupied, or by using photoelectric sensors when sufficient natural light is available. Reduced lighting use leads to a reduction in energy consumption. Click to enlarge. CO N T IN U E EEM25 – SKYLIGHTS This measure can be claimed if a building utilizes natural daylight from skylight(s) to light up the interior, reducing the use of artificial lighting during daytime hours. This measure is not available for all building types. The intent of this measure is to reduce the use of electricity for artificial lighting by using natural daylight. The use of daylight for lighting interior spaces requires only a part of the roof to be transparent and can save significant amounts of electricity usage for lighting, especially in spaces that are used mostly in the daytime. The skylight(s) must be well distributed to provide maximum daylight penetration in the building. The skylight(s) may be horizontal or vertical (also called roof monitor). To claim this measure, the design team must demonstrate that transparent elements in the roof allow sufficient daylight to achieve the required lighting level in the interior of the space of the top floor area, and that the lights in this area are equipped with dimming or shut-off controls such as daylight-responsive controls.  CO N T IN U E EEM26 – DEMAND CONTROL VENTILATION FOR PARKING USING CO SENSORS Mechanical ventilation in indoor parking areas can be controlled by CO sensors. At least 50% of the parking ventilation system should be controlled by CO sensors to claim this measure Mechanical ventilation introduces fresh air into the space. By installing CO sensors in at least 50% of the parking areas, mechanical ventilation can be switched off when it is not required, thus consuming less energy. While the primary benefit of the CO sensors is the reduction of energy bills, the following are the other associated benefits: Improved indoor air quality Occupant comfort Reduced greenhouse gas emissions Extended equipment life due to less demand on the HVAC system It is recommended that the control system take frequent measurements of CO levels to adjust the ventilation supply to maintain proper indoor air quality. CO N T IN U E EEM27* – INSULATION FOR COLD STORAGE ENVELOPE The actual U-values of the respective elements should be entered in the software in the Energy tab. For multiple element types with different U-values, use an area-weighted average. Note that for exterior walls or roofs with insulation, the measure for ‘Wall Insulation’ or ‘Roof Insulation’ should also be selected in the Materials tab, and the actual insulation type and thickness entered.  CO N T IN U E EEM28 – EFFICIENT REFRIGERATION FOR COLD STORAGE This measure can be claimed if the refrigerated cases, and any other fridge or refrigerator installed are energy efficient. This can be demonstrated by purchasing refrigerated cases, fridges and refrigerators that achieve recognized appliance ratings as described in the User Guide. The intention is to minimize the energy consumed by refrigeration equipment installed in buildings, such as supermarkets and small food retail. The measure also seeks to reduce retailer operational costs and increase their reputation.  CO N T IN U E EEM29 – EFFICIENT REFRIGERATORS AND CLOTHES WASHING MACHINES This measure can be claimed if the refrigerators and clothes washing machines installed are energy efficient. This can be demonstrated by purchasing refrigerators and clothes washing machines that achieve recognized appliance ratings. EDGE uses the following recognized appliance rating systems: Energy Star EU Energy Efficiency Labelling Scheme (minimum ‘A’ rating) Equivalent level in a comparable rating scheme to the ones above The base case assumes standard refrigerators and clothes washing machines, while the improved case is 5% to 10% more efficient. Click to enlarge. CO N T IN U E EEM30 – SUBMETERS FOR HEATING AND/OR COOLING SYSTEMS To claim this measure, the project must demonstrate that dedicated meters for the heating and cooling systems have been installed. The intent is to reduce the energy used for space conditioning by increasing the awareness of it. EDGE assumes that installing submeters reduces the associated heating or cooling system energy use by 1%.  CO N T IN U E EEM31 – SMART METERS FOR ENERGY This measure can be claimed when smart metering is provided in each unit of the building. The owners may subscribe to an online monitoring system or install a Home Electricity Management System (HEMS), which requires little additional equipment installation. Note that this measure cannot be claimed when 'prepaid meters' are installed as they are not considered smart meters under EDGE. The smart meter must be able to show readings of the last hour, last day, last 7 days and last 12 months of usage data, and the devices should be accessible within the home. Other objectives of the smart meters and / or HEMS are: Measure water use Analyze measurements Be relatively low price Be workable in offline households with no web dependency The intent is to reduce energy demand through increased awareness of energy consumption. With smart meters, end-users can appreciate, understand, and contribute to responsible use of energy in the building. Smart meters can display measurements and recommendations. When smart meters are installed in each unit of the building, end-users receive immediate feedback that can result in 10 to 20% energy savings, as they are able to identify consumption in more detail than with conventional meters. CO N T IN U E EEM32 – POWER FACTOR CORRECTIONS This measure can be claimed when power factor correction devices, such as voltage stabilizers, are installed on the incoming current into the building. The intent of this measure is to improve the quality of the power being delivered to the equipment, thus improving their efficiency and output. CO N T IN U E EEM33 – ONSITE RENEWABLE ENERGY This measure can be claimed if a renewable source — such as solar photovoltaic (PV) panels, Wind, or Biomass — is used to displace fossil-fuel-based energy and if the energy generated from it is used for operation of the building. The renewable energy source must be located on the project site — installed on the building or the site — to claim savings. The intent of this measure is to reduce the use of electricity generated from fossil fuels such as coal. The use of renewable energy reduces the combustion of fossil fuels to produce energy and the resulting emissions. For example, installing solar photovoltaic panels reduces the amount of electricity required from the grid. Because the renewable source replaces a proportion of the electricity generated from fossil fuels, renewable sources of electricity are considered an energy efficiency measure. Users will enter the % of base case energy that will be supplied from onsite renewable energy sources in EEM33. CO N T IN U E EEM34 – ADDITIONAL ENERGY SAVING MEASURES This measure can be used to claim energy savings from strategies and technologies that are not included in the list of EDGE measures. The project must file a Special Ruling Request to get approval to claim the savings. CO N T IN U E EEM35 – OFFSITE RENEWABLE ENERGY PROCUREMENT The measure can be claimed if a contract has been signed for the procurement of new off-site renewable energy that is specifically allocated to the building project. Renewable energy includes any carbon-free energy that is generated without the use of fossil fuels, such as that sourced from solar, wind, tidal, or biomass resources. This measure does not impact operational CO2 savings, but it reduces the total carbon footprint of the project. This measure can be claimed for EDGE Zero Carbon certification only once the project has achieved 40% or greater savings in Energy. Investment in off-site renewable energy supports the creation of new clean energy resources on the electrical grid. This allows projects to access renewable energy even if they are in a dense urban environment and do not have sufficient open space or solar access to generate energy on site. Supporting off-site renewable energy can accelerate the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions associated with the energy sector. Additionally, by increasing renewable energy capacity on the grid, these resources may become more accessible or affordable for a greater number of electricity consumers.  CO N T IN U E EEM36 – CARBON OFFSETS The measure can be claimed if a contract has been signed for investment in a carbon offset project. Carbon offsets represent funding for third-party action to reduce or recapture carbon emissions that would otherwise be emitted to the atmosphere. This measure does not impact operational CO2 savings, but it reduces the total carbon footprint of the project. This measure can be claimed for EDGE Zero Carbon certification only once the project has achieved EDGE Advanced certification (40% or greater savings in Energy). Investing in carbon offsets reduces the net impact of building construction and operations to the atmosphere. By putting a value on carbon emissions reduction, the market is incentivized to implement additional measures to mitigate carbon emissions impact.  CO N T IN U E EEM37 – LOW IMPACT REFRIGERANTS The measure can be claimed if a project is using refrigerants with low Global Warming Potential. Conventional refrigerants have high Global Warming Potential (GWP), and refrigerants that end up in the atmosphere through leakage or mismanagement at the end of life have a disproportionate impact on global warming. The intent of this measure is to reduce the amount of conventional refrigerants being used in buildings. GWP is measured using a 100-year value for comparison, where the 100-year GWP of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) is taken as 1. The GWP of the most common refrigerant used today, R-22, has almost 2,000 times the potency of carbon dioxide. So, just one pound (about half a kilogram) of R-22 is nearly as potent as a ton of carbon dioxide in its ability to cause global warming. CO N T IN U E Let's make sure you understand these important concepts with some knowledge check questions! Which of the following domestic hot water systems is LEAST likely to generate savings within EDGE? Heat Pump Water Heater Standard Electric Water Heater High-efficiency Boilers Solar Hot Water SUBMIT In addition to the primary benefit of reducing energy bills, demand- controlled ventilation using CO2 sensors delivers which of the following benefits? (Select all that apply) Improved and consistent indoor air quality Occupant comfort Reduced greenhouse gas emissions Extended equipment life due to less demand on the  HVAC system SUBMIT What are the two ways lighting efficiency can be expressed in EDGE? (Select two) Lighting power density Lumens Luminous efficacy Color rendering index Kelvin SUBMIT Lesson 3 of 5 Water Efficiency Measures Dror Karni Water efficiency is one of the three main resource categories that comprise the EDGE Standard. * Required EDGE measure. Note that required measures in EDGE do not necessarily mean that the improved case must meet or exceed the baseline case. Rather, it means that the actual performance of water fixtures is required to be entered in the EDGE App. EDGE now combines measures for public and private bathrooms (WEM03 and WEM05 have therefore been eliminated): WEM02 is for water-efficient faucets for all bathrooms WEM04 is for efficient water closets for all bathrooms If the final installed fixtures have variation in performance for any reason, a weighted average of the performance metric must be used. CO N T IN U E  CO N T IN U E Flow Rates Water efficient fixtures (WEM01 - 08) can be claimed if the actual flow rate is entered and is lower than the Base Case. As the flow rate of a faucet is dependent on the water pressure, manufacturers often provide a chart that plots the flow rate at different pressures. For consistency, the flow rate used for the EDGE assessment in the design/pre-construction phase must be that quoted for the operating pressure of 3 bar (43.5 psi). At the post-construction stage, actual flow rates must be used. Let's take a look at a simple example of how an Auditor will test flow rates during a site audit. YOUTUBE  How to calculate your flow rate with the bucket test How to calculate your flow rate with the bucket test It's really very easy to do, and is important to know how much water you have access to as sprinklers have their own individual flow rates. The total flow rate from your total number of sprinklers can't exceed your household's water flow rate. VIEW ON YOUTUBE  If the pressure and flow rates of the fixtures vary across a project after construction, a weighted average at full flow must be used. Multiple measurements must be made across a variety of locations and floors to come up with a weighted average. CO N T IN U E WEM17 – Smart Meters for Water Click the "+" to learn more about this water efficiency measure.      Requirement This measure can be claimed when smart metering is provided for each owner or tenant of the building. The owners may subscribe to an online monitoring system. Note that this measure cannot be claimed when 'prepaid meters' are installed as they are not considered smart meters under EDGE. The smart meter must be able to show readings of the last hour, last day, last 7 days and last 12 months of usage data, and the devices should be accessible within the home. Other objectives of the smart meters are: Measure water use Analyze measurements Be relatively low price Be workable in offline households with no web dependency   Intention The intent is to reduce demand through increased awareness of consumption. With smart meters, end- users can appreciate, understand, and contribute to responsible use of water in the building. Smart meters can display measurements and recommendations.   ​Approach/Methodologies When smart meters are installed, end-users receive immediate feedback that can result in 10 to 20% water savings, as they are able to identify consumption in more detail than with conventional meters. The base case assumes conventional meters, while the improved case assumes smart meters to be installed for each tenant or household. WEM18 – Additional Water Saving Measure This measure can be used to claim water savings from strategies and technologies that are not included in the list of EDGE measures. The project must file a Special Ruling Request to get approval to claim the savings.  CO N T IN U E Let's make sure you understand these important concepts with a knowledge check question! True or False? Your project has washbasin faucets with a flow rate of 12 lt./min, which is higher than the base case of 8 lt./min. You must still select the measure and report the actual flow rate. True False SUBMIT Lesson 4 of 5 Materials Efficiency Measures Dror Karni Building elements included in EDGE The Materials section includes Efficiency Measures for the following building elements: floor slabs, roof construction, external walls, internal walls, flooring, window frames, roof insulation and wall insulation.  Click to enlarge CO N T IN U E The building elements covered in the Materials Tab of EDGE are listed in the illustration below.  Click to enlarge Structural elements (e.g., foundation, beams, columns, and shear walls) are not included because the structure should be designed as per safety and other engineering considerations and will not be altered. Structural engineers might consider lower embodied energy structures; however, EDGE excludes the structure from all embodied energy calculations. The main reason is to avoid any potential impact on the integrity of structural design considerations. CO N T IN U E It's important to remember that we are evaluating each material's efficiency based on its embodied energy. Embodied energy is the environmental impact of a material product or assembly expressed in the form of energy that is consumed in the production of that material product or assembly in its journey from the original source to the final product. The environmental impacts due to the extraction, refining, processing, transportation, and fabrication of construction products count towards their embodied energy. Expand each section below to learn about important aspects of EDGE Material efficiency measures. Thickness of materials – In addition to the selection of materials, the thickness can be specified for some building elements. However, changing these thickness values does not influence the building size or internal floor areas. For example, if the floor slab thickness is changed from 200mm to 500mm, the default volume and height of the room will be maintained in the calculations for other aspects, such as energy. Mandatory measures – All materials measures marked with an asterisk (*) on the measure name such as MEM01* must be specified as per actual building conditions. Using more than one material – For building elements where more than one material may be selected, a second predominant material that covers more than 25% of the area can optionally be indicated and marked with its percentage (%) area in the total project. Any additional materials beyond the first two must be represented by one of the two selected materials that is nearest to it in embodied energy. For projects being modeled with multiple EDGE models, the preferred method is to calculate the average distribution of materials over the entire project and use the same selections and percentage (%) figures across all models. Embodied energy values – EDGE provides default embodied energy values for the materials based on the EDGE Emerging Economies Construction Dataset (EDGE Materials Embodied Energy Methodology Report). Embodied energy values can vary widely based on the assumptions made; using a standardized dataset ensures that each material is evaluated following the same methodology for a fair comparison in EDGE. To ensure consistency, EDGE does not allow the addition of custom materials.  CO N T IN U E Rank each material listed by how "green" you think it is. (Drag the arrows to connect the left with the right sides) All have a similar U-value of 0.7 W/m2oK when combined with insulation.  Concrete blocks 1 (most green) Stainless steel cladding 2 Brick 3 (least green) SUBMIT EDGE Materials Reference Guide The EDGE Materials Reference Guide is a companion volume to the EDGE User Guide. The document contains the complete list of materials available in the EDGE App, and details on their respective embodied energy. Click on each "+" to learn about each component of the guide.        Material assembly description Description of the material or construction technique supported with a visual swatch.   Embodied energy of the material or construction assembly Embodied Energy at the default thickness (MJ/m2 ) allows comparison between materials.   Characteristics of default material Characteristics of default material, including constraints such as minimum and maximum thickness, and the default thickness.   Components List of components considered by the EDGE App in the calculation of embodied energy. CO N T IN U E  CO N T IN U E  Remember to review the EDGE User Guide, where you can find detailed information on all of the efficiency measures. The Materials Reference Guide contains the complete list of material options found in EDGE and their respective embodied energy. The document is a companion to the User Guide.  MEM01-04 : FLOOR SLABS & ROOF 1. A project uses in-situ concrete for floor slabs. 1 Commonly used material (in-situ slab) EE: 667 MJ/m2 How can I find better alternatives?  MEM01-04 : FLOOR SLABS & ROOF 2. What if I use additives to concrete like GGBS (ground-granulated blast-furnace slag)? 2 1 Find Alternative Commonly used (e.g. aggreg. GGBS) material (in-situ EE: 619 MJ/m2 slab) EE: 667 MJ/m2 Yes: lower embodied energy ~7%  MEM01-04 : FLOOR SLABS & ROOF 3. What if I use filler slab with polystyrene? 2 1 3 Find Alternative Commonly used Find Alternative (e.g. aggreg. GGBS) material (in-situ EE: 527 MJ/m2 EE: 619 MJ/m2 slab) EE: 667 MJ/m2 Yes: lower embodied energy ~21%  MEM01-04 : FLOOR SLABS & ROOF 4. What if I use filler slab with concrete blocks? 2 1 3 4 Find Alternative Commonly used Find Alternative Find Alternative (e.g. aggreg. GGBS) material (in-situ EE: 527 MJ/m2 EE: 471 MJ/m2 EE: 619 MJ/m2 slab) EE: 667 MJ/m2 Yes: lower embodied energy ~29%  MEM01-04: FLOOR SLABS & ROOF 5. What if I reduce the quantity by using a thinner slab? 2 1 3 4 5 Find Alternative Commonly used Find Alternative Find Alternative Reduce quantity (e.g. aggreg. GGBS) material (in-situ EE: 527 MJ/m2 EE: 471 MJ/m2 EE: 405 MJ/m2 EE: 619 MJ/m2 slab) EE: 667 MJ/m2 Yes: even lower embodied energy ~39% This is how EDGE helps to find better alternatives to all building materials.  MEM04: ROOF CONSTRUCTION Insulation measures only appear in the App when roof U-value measures are selected in the Energy tab Common used material Reduce quantity EE: 83 MJ/m2 (cavity) EE: 0 MJ/m2 Find Alternative Find Alternative Find Alternative EE: 30 MJ/m2 EE: 30 MJ/m2 EE: 7 MJ/m2  MEM 05 & 06: EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR WALLS Common used material EE: 1616 MJ/m2 Reduce quantity Reduce quantity Find Alternative Find Alternative EE: 814 MJ/m2 EE: 994 MJ/m2 EE:407 MJ/m2 EE:118 MJ/m2 EDGE helps to save embodied energy in the external walls by either reducing the quantity of materials and/or finding alternatives.  MEM07 & 08: WINDOW FRAMES AND WINDOW GLAZING External wall selection only represents the opaque panels of the façade Window frames and glazing are automatically calculated based on the WWR indicated in the Energy tab MEM09 - 11: INSULATION  CO N T IN U E You've completed Module 5!