Energy Efficiency_IGL2024 PDF

Water Conservation ❖Present challenges Efforts to address the challenges through the IGBC rating systems Water Management ❑ 3.7% of worlds water Recharge: Rainwater Reduce :...

Water Conservation ❖Present challenges Efforts to address the challenges through the IGBC rating systems Water Management ❑ 3.7% of worlds water Recharge: Rainwater Reduce : Low Flow resources, 17% of Harvesting Fixtures worlds population Depleting Ground Recycle: Waste Water Treatment Rainwater Harvesting Pits Rainwater Harvesting Ponds water Overall approach ❑ 21 Cities in India may run out of ground water by 2022 Stress on Municipalities Water Efficient Plumbing Fixtures with Aerators Waterless Urinals Dual Flush system with Low Flush rates ❑ Rapid Urbanisation leading to stress on water supply ❑ Treatment of waste water Water Meters Phytoremediation : Biological Efficient Landscape design treatment of Wastewater with Native Species  Introduction to Building Energy Efficiency and Net Zero © Confederation of Indian Industry  Approach 1) Building Envelope 2) Lighting & Equipment Fundamentals 3) HVAC Systems 4) Compliance Approach Eco-friendly Refrigerants Energy Efficiency Approach Compliance for Green Buildings Energy Metering Renewable Energy 5) Net Zero Energy © Confederation of Indian Industry Breakdown of Building Energy Consumption HVAC © Confederation of Indian Industry  Orientation Minimal Sun Exposure West Intense Heat Early Morning Sun All Day Sun Exposure Saving potential : 1-2%, by changing orientation © Confederation of Indian Industry Building Orientation & Energy Consumption Orientation Energy Existing Orientation, 72,750 N-E or 180o Rotation 90o, 270o 74,040 Rotation 90o, 360o 73,840 Rotation 90o, 90o 73,530 1.74 % when WWR is 17% only © Confederation of Indian Industry  Envelope Measures ❖ Glass & glazing How much glazing ? ❖ High glazing Tremendous daylighting Heat ingress ❑ Need to balance ❖ High performance glass & glazing Low U-value Low Shading Coefficient High VLT (Visual Light Transmittance) © Confederation of Indian Industry  Heat Flows Through Windows ❖ U Value –Heat transfer due to temperature difference (conduction) Single glazed glass (6mm) : 5-6 High Performance glass (DGU) : 1.7 – 3.0 ❖ Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) Indicates direct heat gain Also know as Solar factor Single glazed 6mm glass : 0.5 – 0.8 High performance glass : 0.1 – 0.4 © Confederation of Indian Industry  Significance of Glazing Properties ❖ Which one is more important ? ❖ U-value ? ❖ Shading coefficient ? ❖ Both ? © Confederation of Indian Industry  Relative Heat Gain ❖ RHG= Direct heat gain + Conductive heat gain = SC (600) + U (34-24) ❖ Direct heat gain : 90 % ❖ Conductive heat gain : 10 % © Confederation of Indian Industry  Walls & Roofs ❖ RCC Walls U-value : 1.95 W/m2 deg K Heat Storage higher  Due to high mass ❖ Concrete Roof U value 2.5 – 3.0 W/m2 deg K Efficient roof in a flat building Efficient wall in multi-storied building © Confederation of Indian Industry  Wall options ❖ Brick wall with insulation Extruded polystyrene, Expanded polystyrene (thermocol), Glass wool etc., ❖ Brick wall with air cavity ❖ Hollow blocks ❖ Flyash bricks ❖ Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Blocks Savings Potential : 3-8 % © Confederation of Indian Industry  Insulation Materials-Relative U-values (75 mm thick) ❖ Glass wool stuffed U value : 0.53 W/m2 deg K ❖ Thermocol U-Value : 0.47 W/m2 deg K ❖ Extruded Polysterene U-Value : 0.37 W/m2 deg K ❖ Polyurethane U-Value : 0.35 W/m2 deg K © Confederation of Indian Industry  Envelope measures : Typical saving potential ❖ Orientation :0.5-1 % ❖ AAC wall : 3-8 % ❖ Brick wall with 75mm : 3-8 % extruded polysterene insulation ❖ High Albedo roofing material : 2-3 % ❖ Roof garden : 1-2 % ❖ Low-U glass & glazing : 6-8 % ❖ Thermal break : 1-2 % ❖ Roof insulation (extr.polyst) : 5-6 % © Confederation of Indian Industry Urban Heat-Island Mitigation TANDOOR TILES @ 50+° C LANDSCAPE @ 40+° C © Confederation of Indian Industry Lighting & Equipment © Confederation of Indian Industry Recommendation for Efficient Lighting System ❖ ASHRAE / ECBC requirement Overall lighting density:< 1.0 W/sq.ft Building Area Method: Total Lighting Power (W)/ Built up Area(sqm) Space Function Method: Total Lighting for the zone or space / Zone or space area ❖ Maximum daylighting ❖ Daylight-cum- dimmer controls ❖ Occupancy sensors (toilets) © Confederation of Indian Industry  Lighting Power Density Building Area Method Space Function Method © Confederation of Indian Industry  Exterior Lighting Power Density Table 6.76 Exterior Building Lighting Power for ECBC Buildings Exterior lighting application Power limits Building entrance (with canopy) 10 W/m2 of canopied area Building entrance (w/o canopy) 90 W/ linear m of door width Building exit 60 W/lin m of door width Building façade 5.0 W/m2 of vertical façade area Emergency signs, ATM kiosks, Security areas façade 1.0 W/m2 Driveways and parking (open/ external) 1.6 W/m2 Pedestrian walkways 2.0 W/m2 Stairways 10.0 W/m2 Landscaping 0.5 W/m2 Outdoor sales area 9.0 W/m2 © Confederation of Indian Industry  Standard & Labelling (S&L) Evolve minimum energy consumption and performance standards for notified equipment and appliances. Prohibit manufacture, sale and import of such equipment, which does not conform to the standards. Introduce a mandatory labelling scheme for notified appliances to enable consumers to make informed choices Disseminate information on the benefits to consumers © Confederation of Indian Industry  HVAC System © Confederation of Indian Industry  HVAC System H:Heating, V: Ventilating, AC: Air-Conditioning ❖ HVAC system is a environmental control system which controls Temperature, Humidity, Air Flow, Fresh Air to provide the comfort conditioning and desirable indoor air quality to occupants. © Confederation of Indian Industry  Refrigeration – Basic Principle Hot Space (T2) QHeating Win R Qcooling Cold Space (T1) © Confederation of Indian Industry  HVAC Terminology Ton of Refrigeration (TR): Rate of heat transfer required to make 1 ton of ICE per day from water at 0 oC. 1 TR of refrigeration = 3024 kCal/hr or 3.516 kW /12000 btu/hr kW/TR Rating: Ratio of compressor power to cooling produced in TR (kW/TR). Lower the kW/TR better the efficiency of the chiller or system. COP and kW/TR: 3.516 /COP = kW/ TR © Confederation of Indian Industry  ASHRAE 90.1 Efficiency Requirements Path A: Buildings with consistent occupancy. Eg: Office buildings, etc.,; Applicable for all types of Chillers; Path B: Buildings with variable occupancy. Eg: Hotels, Malls, etc; Applicable for Screw Chiller & Centrifugal Chiller with VFD; © Confederation of Indian Industry ECBC 2017 – Chiller Efficiency Requirements © Confederation of Indian Industry Low Energy Cooling Technologies © Confederation of Indian Industry Low Energy Cooling Technology Energy Recovery Wheel © Confederation of Indian Industry  Eeconomizer An air-side economizer is a duct and damper arrangement with a control system that enables the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system to use outdoor air to meet the cooling load when outdoor conditions are favorable. © Confederation of Indian Industry Demand Control Ventilation © Confederation of Indian Industry Principle of Variable Speed Control © Confederation of Indian Industry Low Energy Cooling Technology Radiant Cooling System © Confederation of Indian Industry  Low Energy Cooling Technology Geo Thermal System Refrigerant flow Refrigerant flow while heating while cooling Comp Heat flow during cooling Bldg Ground Heat flow during heating ❖ Refrigerant : Water / Environmentally safe Anti-freeze liquid ❖ HDPE pipes underground, Life 50 years ❖ Length of pipes depends on area conditioned Saving Potential : 30 – 50 % © Confederation of Indian Industry PRINCIPLE AND CONCEPT GEOTHERMAL AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 °C © Confederation of Indian Industry  Earth Tunnel Air Conditioning ❖ Concrete hume pipes laid below 4m ❖ Length of Pipe  Building area ❖ Room conditions Temperature ❑ Summer - 21-23oC ❑ Winter – 20 - 22oC RH - 50% ❖ Running equipment (2 HP blower) © Confederation of Indian Industry  Controls and BMS ❖ Why BMS ? Variations inevitable ❑ Load ❑ Occupancy schedule ❑ Climatic conditions Human interface minimized On-line corrections BMS – An effective tool © Confederation of Indian Industry  Capability of BMS ❖ Centralized Control ❖ Monitor ❖ On-line interaction Chillers Pumps Fans Lighting ❖ Measurement & Verification IPMVP protocols ❖ Data generation & updating © Confederation of Indian Industry BMS Screen for HVAC System © Confederation of Indian Industry  Definitions - Net Zero/ Net Zero Energy Net Zero Energy buildings are those that are Net Zero designed to have the lowest energy demand, high Energy energy efficiency during its operation and thereafter Building its energy requirements are met through renewable energy sources. Net[Electricity Zero Energypurchased Building (NZEB) and generated (excl. generated from on-site RE resources)] ÷ [Built Up Area excluding Basement parking, lawn, roads, etc. (in m2.)] A net-zero energy building is one that relies on renewable sources to produce as much energy as it uses, usually as measured over the course of a year. Shunya Label Shunya+ Label Net Positive Energy (For Net ZeroBuildings En ergy (NPEB) Buildings) (For Net Positive E nergy Buildings) A net-positive energy building is one that relies on renewable sources to produce as much energy as 10 ≤ EPI ≤ 0 kWh/m2/year EPI < 0 kWh/m2/year it uses and supplies excess generated electricity to grid, usually as measured over the course of a year Net Zero (UN) Net zero means cutting greenhouse gas emissions to as close to zero as possible, with any remaining emissions re-absorbed from the atmosphere, by oceans and forests for instance. © Confederation of Indian Industry  NZEB Ensures Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy ❖ Reduce energy demand - new & existing buildings ❖ Support Govt’s policies such as ❑ Energy Conservation Act 2001 Energy Conservation Building Code ❑ National Action Plan on Climate Change National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency National Solar Mission © Confederation of Indian Industry  Net Zero Energy Rating Framework ❖ Net Zero Energy Building Rating is a voluntary & consensus-based ❖ Framework evaluates buildings on a performance-based approach ❖ Enable projects for the following ❑ Introduce passive design measures to reduce energy usages ❑ Energy Efficiency through active energy systems, to reduce Energy Demand. Projects can aspire higher energy efficiency Overall 75% weightage has given to Energy Efficiency Tap opportunities of deep retrofitting, for maximum tangible benefits ❑ 100% offsetting - grid energy use by RE Sources integration of systems and optimization © Confederation of Indian Industry  Approach for Achieving ‘Net Zero Energy’ Status Net Zero Energy Building Passiv Active e Energy Renewable Orientation Envelope Efficien Energy cy kWh/TR Air Conditionin Lighting Auxiliarie Appliance On-site Renewab Off-site Renewab h s s g le Energy le Energy © Confederation of Indian Industry Energy Efficiency – Graduation Approach © Confederation of Indian Industry  Achieving ‘Net Zero Energy’ Status 75 % weightage for Energy Efficiency NZEB 25 % weightage for Renewable Energy © Confederation of Indian Industry  Key Requirements to Aim for NZEB ❖ Meet Net Zero Performance: Off-set grid energy use by Renewable Energy Sources ❑ Annual Energy Use, kWh (Grid +DG) = RE Generation (kWh) ❖ Demonstrate Energy Performance ❑ Energy Performance Index Ratio