Module 4 Reviewer PDF

MODULE 4-REVIEWER Lesson 1: Morality and Its Foundational Moral Principles Morality: A code of conduct based on a group's or society's values, often synonymous with "goodness" and "rightness." Foundational Moral Principles: Universal norms that form the basis of right and wrong, often rooted in n...

MODULE 4-REVIEWER Lesson 1: Morality and Its Foundational Moral Principles Morality: A code of conduct based on a group's or society's values, often synonymous with "goodness" and "rightness." Foundational Moral Principles: Universal norms that form the basis of right and wrong, often rooted in natural law. 1. The Golden Rule: "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you." 2. The Two Great Commandments: "Love God with all your heart, soul, and might" and "Love your neighbor as yourself." 3. Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative: "Act in such a way that your maxim can be the maxim of all." 4. Buddhist Principle: "Hatred does cease by hatred, but hatred ceases only by love." 5. Islamic Qur'an: Forbids lying, stealing, adultery, and murder. Perspective of Morality Christianity: Based on the Bible (Old and New Testaments) and the Ten Commandments. Islam: Rooted in the Qur'an and the Five Pillars of Islam. Five Pillars of Islam 1. Prayer 2. Self-purification by fasting 3. Fasting 4. Alms-giving 5. Pilgrimage to Mecca Buddhism: Focuses on the Eightfold Path and five moral principles. Areas of Morality: Religion: Relationship between humans and God. Nature: Relationship between humans and the environment. Individuality: Relationship between humans and themselves. Society: Relationship between humans and their community. Lesson 2: Teachers as Persons of Good Moral Character and Values  Teacher as a Person of Good Moral Character: An ideal state of beliefs and values considered beneficial to society. Values: Principles or qualities held dearly by individuals, groups, or society. Value Formation: The process of developing values, which can be both "caught" (through observation) and "taught" (through instruction). Teacher's Moral Character: - Defined by the Ethical Standards for Teachers (Code of Ethics) - Includes virtues like honesty, diligence, respect, integrity, and trustworthiness. - Teachers should strive to be fully human, loving, virtuous, and morally mature. Value Formation: - Values can originate from supernatural beings, nature, or human beings. - Values are formed in the cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects of a person. - Value formation involves training of the intellect and will to make sound judgments and resist impulses. Hierarchy of Values (Max Scheler): - Values of the Holy: Absolute values like belief, bliss, and adoration. - Spiritual Values: Values of loving vs. hating, right vs. wrong, and pure knowledge. - Vital Values: Values related to health, vitality, and capability. - Pleasure Values: Values based on sensual feelings like pleasant vs. unpleasant. Lesson 3: Universal Declaration of Human Rights Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UN-UDHR): A document adopted in 1948 by the United Nations to declare equal human rights for all. Human Rights: Fundamental rights and freedoms inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or any other status. Important Rights: - Right to equality and freedom from discrimination. - Right to life, liberty, and personal security. - Freedom from slavery and torture. - Right to recognition as a person before the law. - Right to a fair public hearing and to be considered innocent until proven guilty. - Freedom of movement, asylum, and nationality. - Right to marriage and family, own property, and freedom of belief and religion. - Right to freedom of opinion and information, peaceful assembly, and association. - Right to participate in government and free elections. - Right to social security, work, rest, and leisure. - Right to an adequate living standard, education, and participation in cultural life. Teacher's Role: Teachers should be aware of human rights and obligations to promote responsible citizenship and respect for others.