Module 4: Enlightenment & Revolution Review Sheet PDF

Module 4: Enlightenment & Revolution Review Sheet Review the below list of items based upon information from your Notes, the Textbook, Journal entries, and Classroom Discussions in order to best prepare for the Module Exam Lesson 1: The Scientific Revolution Geocentric vs Heliocentric theory- G...

Module 4: Enlightenment & Revolution Review Sheet Review the below list of items based upon information from your Notes, the Textbook, Journal entries, and Classroom Discussions in order to best prepare for the Module Exam Lesson 1: The Scientific Revolution Geocentric vs Heliocentric theory- Geocentric theory was where everything in the planetary system revolved around Earth, while the heliocentric theory meant that the planets revolved around the sun (Copernicus) Scientific Revolutionaries ○ Copernicus- develops heliocentric theory; ○ Bacon- approach of experimentation ○ Descartes- relied on mathematical processes and logic ○ Newton- collected Copernicus, kepler, and galileo’s ideas to make 1 law of motion Explain why there are disagreements between the Church & Scientific Revolutionaries ○ Galileo Galilei- the church fears that Galileo’s heliocentric ideas will prove the church wrong and weaken people’s faith so they order him to declare that he was lying Why is the Scientific Method relevant?- The scientific method is the most known form of discovering how and why the world works and is a logical question and testing process that we still use today without being affected by our personal beliefs (avoid bias) Lesson 2: The Enlightenment Thinkers What are the ideals of each of the below thinkers? ○ Thomas Hobbes- distrusts humans, favors strong gov, LEVIATHAN, challenges divine right ○ John Locke- people are good, people have duty to overthrow tyranny, NATURAL RIGHTS ○ Rousseau- favors individual freedoms; nobility should be removed; social contract = agreement to form a government amongst free people; DIRECT DEMOCRACY ○ Montesquieu- separation of powers; CHECKS AND BALANCES ○ Voltaire- tolerance; FREE SPEECH Lesson 3: The Enlightenment Spreads What are ‘salons’ and why were they important?- events held by women for inkers to share enlightenment ideas; led to the distribution of ideas and spread of enlightenment Value of the printing press- allowed new info and books like encyclopedias to be printed and distributed in numbers unlike before; PAMELA is the first American novel  Women in the Enlightenment- Mary Wollstonecraft (female writer) urges for women’s educ. and work in medicine and politics; women aren’t naturally inferior they just aren’t given same opportunities Legacy of the Enlightenment ○ Belief in Progress- shows that humans can improve ○ A Secular Outlook- new knowledge leads to questioning religious ideas; Voltaire criticizes church ○ Individualism- more importance is placed on individual rights; reason becomes central concept Diderot’s Encyclopedia ○ Funded by Maria Therese Geoffrin ○ Angered french gov ○ Spreads enlightenment throughout europe Baroque vs neoclassical ○ Baroque; grand, ornate ○ Neoclassical; simple, boxy, based off of roman and greek Lesson 4: The American Revolution Relationship of Taxes and Revolution ○ Navigation Act- restriction on trade for the colonies (only trade with Britain) ○ Stamp Act- because of high war costs, colonists were forced to pay taxes on printed things like paper and such to cover costs; they weren’t represented in gov. tho Why an initial weak national government? ○ Articles of Confederation- gov. Plan for new republic; weak to create only legislature; but could not tax or trade Enlightenment influences on America ○ Thomas Jefferson - Declaration of Independence- constitutional convention meant to revise by rewrote Constitution; contains enlightenment ideas ○ Ideals (thinkers) impact the Constitution - Locke: power from people, Montesquieu: separation of powers, Rousseau: direct democracy, Voltaire: free speech, tolerance, Beccaria: accused have rights Federal System- 3 branches Checks & Balances (Separation of Power)- share power evenly, no one branch can take full control Bill of Rights- 10 amendments to the constitution that protect freedoms