Nursing Fundamentals Module 3: Human Development PDF

BNUR1900 Nursing Fundamentals Module 3: Human Development Karin Zekveld Thursday September 26, 2024  During this module, students will: Develop an understanding of human development across the lifespan Discuss t...

BNUR1900 Nursing Fundamentals Module 3: Human Development Karin Zekveld Thursday September 26, 2024  During this module, students will: Develop an understanding of human development across the lifespan Discuss the categories of developmental Learning theories, with comprehensive discussion of several key developmental theorists Objectives Discuss the application of developmental theories to the older adult Analyze Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory and apply the core concepts to nursing practice Entry to Practice Competencies 1.22 Incorporates knowledge from nursing science, social sciences, humanities, and health-related research into plans of care.  Discuss several developmental theories Plan Break Perpetual case study Human Development “…changes that all human beings face across their lifespan. Such changes result from increasing age as well as one’s experiences in life, one’s genetic potential, and the interactions of all three factors at any given time. Therefore, development is an interactional process that leads to changes in behavior over the lifespan.” (Motor Development Task Force, 1995) Growth and Development (G&D) Growth: “the quantitative, or Development: “the (qualitative) measurable, aspect of an progressive and continuous individual’s increase in physical process of change leading to measurements” increased skill and capacity to (Astle & Duggleby, 2024, p. 345) function… the result of complex interactions between biological and environmental influences” (Astle & Duggleby, 2024, p. 345)  Growth and Development Individuals progress through phases of growth and development at individualized rates (not predictable) Nurses should understand ‘typical’ phases identify any changes from expected patterns develop plans of care accordingly Developmental theories Natural Biomedical Social Behavioural help us understanding the impact of early experience on development throughout the lifespan  Factors Affecting Growth and Development Heredity Living Temperament environment Family Political and policy Peer group environment Health Life experiences environment Prenatal health Nutrition State of Rest, sleep, individual health exercise Review from last week – What is a theory? An organized, often observable, logical set of statements about a subject A way to try to make sense of the world Developmental Theories Human developmental theories are models intended to account for how and why people develop the way they do Mechanisms of development are the explanatory components of each theory They identify the developmental tasks  Biophysical Developmental Theories How the physical body grows and changes with age/in various stages of life Changes can be compared against standardized norms Gessell’s Theory of Maturational Development: G&D is directed by the activity of genes fixed sequence; critical periods  presence/absence of experiences make a person functional/nonfunctional Chess and Thomas’s Theory of Temperament Development: biologically derived temperament characteristics influence how children interact with others and their environment Knowledge of temperament helps parents have a clearer perspective of their child and enables health care providers to guide them appropriately. Cognitive Developmental Theories Focus on reasoning and thinking operations How people learn and understand the world they live in Emphasis on the interaction between the person and the environment The person has an active role in the developmental processes  Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years of age) Preoperational (2 to 7 years of age) Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Concrete operations (7 to 11 years of age) Development Formal operations (11 years to adulthood) Moral Developmental Theories Morality is a code of conduct that guides our actions and thoughts based on our background, experiences, culture, religion, or philosophy Moral development is a gradual change in the understanding of morality As a child develops, and evolves, they apply their knowledge and understanding to making the ’right’ decisions (even when it’s inconvenient for them)  Stage Description Premoral Stage Child feels no obligation to follow rules Conventional Child follows the rules set up by people Stage in authority Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development Autonomous Moral judgements based on mutual Stage respect for the rules and considers the consequences of a moral decision. Starts to consider information related to subjective intent. Moral maturity is the internalization of principles: the desire to weigh tall of the relationships and circumstances before acting or making a decision.  Expanded on Piaget’s moral Critique: development theory Is this applicable beyond Kohlberg’s Moral Series of moral dilemmas that were adolescent boys in Development presented to boys at age 10, 13, 16 western society? Theory which identified a link between moral Not transferrable to development and Piaget’s cognitive people from different development cultures Age and gender biases She believed that men and women develop in parallel ways. Gilligan’s Developmental difference between men and women lie in Theory of relationships and issues of dependency, focus is on logic, justice Moral and social organization Development Separation From mother is essential for boys to develop masculinity, Not necessary for girls to achieve identity, as moral development focuses on interpersonal relationships Psychosocial Theories of Development The development of personality, thinking, behaviour, and emotions Development occurs with influence from both internal and external factors  Sigmund Freud Psychosexual theory is a formal, structured theory of personality development. The id, ego, and superego regulate behaviour. Freud’s goal was to promote successful participation in society through the development of balance between pleasure-seeking drives and societal pressures.  2 internal biological forces drive psychological change in a child – sexual energy (libido) and aggressive energy Freud’s Five Five stages of psychosexual development: Stages of Psychosexual Development  The psychosocial model covered the whole lifespan, not just childhood and adolescence. Erikson’s Theory of Eight Stages Development occurs in eight stages. of Life Each stage builds upon the successful resolution of the previous developmental conflict.  8 stages: Erikson’s Theory of Eight Stages of Life John Bowlby Attachment and separation theory Attachment refers to the tie or relationship between an individual and another person, such as a parent or caregiver. Extensions to Bowlby’s Theory Patricia Crittenden’s dynamic maturational model of attachment is one extension. Behavioural and psychiatric developmental disorders are considered within the context of family attachment relationships. Robert Havighurst’s Developmental Tasks Series of age-specific essential developmental tasks arising from predictable internal and external pressures Cultural pressure: creates the conditions necessary to learn social behaviours and ethical norms Mechanistic Tradition The organism is similar to a machine. Development depends on the level of stimulation the kind of stimulation and the history of stimulation from the environment. The environment activates human development, and behaviour is responsive to environmental forces rather than driven by internal causes. Social learning theory follows from this tradition. Contextualism Bioecological theory  Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory  Stresses the importance of interaction between the developing individual and the surrounding social environments Microsystem Mesosystem Exosystem Macrosystem Bronfenbrenn er’s Bioecological Theory What is Bronfen brenner's Ecolo  All developmental theories are considered mutually interactive. Dialecticis A key element of the dialectic tradition is the ability to incorporate multiple contexts. m Keating and Hertzman’s population health theory Resilience theory  Keating and Hertzman’s population health theory: Strong association between the health of a Dialecticis population, developmental outcomes, and the social and economic forces affecting the m larger society Developmental health: the physical and mental health, well-being, coping, and competence of human populations  Resilience theory  The maintenance of positive adjustment under challenging life conditions  Focuses on the interaction between protective processes and vulnerability processes Vulnerability processes (physical Dialecticis illness, psychological stresses, social risk) m Protective processes (self-efficacy, good parenting and problem solving, social support acquisition and maintenance) Developmental Theories and Nursing Why do I need to know this? Who cares?  No single theory successfully Developmen describes all aspects of growth and development. tal Theories Nurses need to consider an and Nursing individual’s development within the context of families, social Why do I relationships, communities, and the larger society. need to Developmental theories help the know this? nurse use critical thinking skills to Who cares? consider how and why people respond as they do. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs People are motivated to meet certain needs Generally, people need to meet the lower needs before they can attend to the higher needs However, the needs/levels are not rigid The most basic need is physical survival Original hierarchy included 5 levels of needs, but has been updated to include 8 levels Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Nk6a2h4qvY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-4ithG_07Q  Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Who Cares? Why is this important for me as a nurse? Developmental Theories and Nursing Understanding the process of human development can: Help us to plan patient/client care Help us to assess and treat a person’s response to illness Provide a framework for examining, describing, and appreciating human development Understand growth and development and processes in which sociocultural, biological, and physiological forces interact with each other over time  Perpetual Case Study Jenny and Robert spend a lot of time interacting with Joshua. He is an energetic and loving 2.5-year-old boy. When they take Joshua to the park, they notice that other children will play together, but Joshua often plays next to another child without speaking to them. He seems happy around other children but doesn’t actively play with them. Jenny is concerned about how Joshua will react once the new baby arrives. Robert hasn’t noticed any concerns with Joshua at the park, however, his mind has been pre-occupied by work. Robert works for a construction company as a roofer. While his job provides him with full time hours, it does not provide any benefit plan, or paid vacation. He has been with the company for 1 year but remains the last person hired by the company. He overheard the foreman talking to the site supervisor last week; they were talking about how the economy is impacting their business and speculated that they may not need as many employees over the next few months. Robert is worried about how he will pay rent and feed his family, especially with a new baby on the way. They had intended on having Jenny stay home with the kids, as daycare is so expensive. Jenny works part-time at pharmacy as a pharmacy assistant, but she hasn’t accumulated enough hours to qualify for parental leave benefits from the government. Perpetual Case Study 1. Apply Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs to this family. Consider each level and how each component applies to the current situation for the Brant-Lu family. 2. Based on what you have learned today, develop a response to Jenny’s concern about Joshua at the park. 3. Apply one developmental theory to Joshua. Use this as a tool to develop a response to Jenny’s concern about how Joshua may respond to the arrival of the new baby. Consider what you could suggest to Jenny to help prepare Joshua for the baby. 4. Consider Erikson’s Theory; apply the stages to each member of the family: David/Sandra, Jay, Robert/Jenny/Joshua.  Key Points Humans and human behaviour are very complex No one theory is sufficient to explain the complexities of humans and their behaviours Developmental theories help you to use your critical thinking skills when you consider how and why people respond the way they do Theories provide us framework to compare an individual’s development to standardized norms Can help us to predict responses to health and illness and recognize unhealthy responses and adaptations Can helps us to assess individual’s needs and appropriate strategies  Checking in Reflective Assignment Due last night Turnaround time for grading is 2-3 weeks Mid-Term Exam Oct 10, 2024 During class time Those with accommodations will write in the test centre and don’t need to come to classroom You need to bring your laptop You need to ensure that respondus is set up and working on your laptop Do the practice test to make sure Questions