Module 3 PPT_Clary.pptx

MODULE 3: EXEMPLAR PRINTS – INTRODUCTION AND COLLECTION STUDY GUIDE 40 Hours; 11 Objectives (2024 Edition)  OBJECTIVE 1 WHAT DID YOU DO? OBJECTIVE 2 O...

MODULE 3: EXEMPLAR PRINTS – INTRODUCTION AND COLLECTION STUDY GUIDE 40 Hours; 11 Objectives (2024 Edition)  OBJECTIVE 1 WHAT DID YOU DO? OBJECTIVE 2 OBJECTIVE 7 T hi s modul e c ov ere d the purpo se, t ec hni ques, a nd OBJECTIVE 3 OBJECTIVE 8 i m porta nc e o f exem pl a r c ol l ec t i on f or li v ing a nd de c ease d i ndi v i dua l s. T hi s modul e a l so c ov ered t he OBJECTIVE 4 OBJECTIVE 9 c ha l l enges/ l i mi t a t i ons of exe mpl a r c ol l ec t i on a nd t hei r re spe c t i ve t ec hni que s. OBJECTIVE 5 OBJECTIVE 10 OBJECTIVE 6 T hroughout t hi s modul e, I rev i ew ed 5 i ndepe nde nt re adi ngs, a t t ended 2 l ec t ures, a nd pa rt i c i pa t ed i n OBJECTIVE se v era l exem pl a r pra ct i c e exerc i ses f or ha nds a nd fe et 11 to mee t l ea rni ng obj ec t i v e ex pec t a t i o ns. OBJECTIVE 1 Explain why friction ridge exemplars are obtained. Describe the purpose, content, and organization of typical ten-print and palm print cards. What are friction ridge exemplars? Fr i c t i o n r i d g e e xe m p l a r s a r e k n o w n p r i n t s c o l l e c t e d o n e i t h e r a standardized print card or unstandardized (labeled) blank paper f o r c o m p a r i s o n , i d e n t i fi c a t i o n , a n d / o r d a t a b a s i n g p u r p o s e s Examples : Suspect Prints at Booking, Victim Prints at Morgue, O ffi c e r P r i n t s ( f o r E l i m i n a t i o n ) , O c c u p a t i o n a l I - 9 / B a c k g r o u n d Investigation When and why do we collect exemplars? When? Any time prints are required in connection to a crime scene, previous record search, association between people/items/environments of interests, or for automated input (AFIS) W h y ? To c o n fi r m i d e n t i t y , e l i m i n a t e i n d i v i d u a l s , a n d t o c o m p a r e unknowns (latent) I n t h e c a s e o f t h e d e c e a s e d , i t w o u l d b e a p p ro p r i a t e t o o b t a i n e x e m p l a r s t o c o n fi r m t h e i d e n t i t y o f re m a i n s , p r e s e r v e f r i c t i o n ridge detail , or to compare the identity to previous records. Identifying Information HOW ARE Rolled Right Hand (1-5) FINGERPRINT EXEMPLARS Rolled Left Hand (6-10) ARRANGED? Plain/ Simultaneous Prints Rolled Rolled Writer’s Thumb Palm HOW ARE PALM Plain Palm EXEMPLARS ARRANGED? What is the purpose of plain impressions on a fingerprint exemplar?  To rid distortion caused by rolling prints  To increase opportunities for obtaining ridge detail  To verify the sequence of the rolled impressions OBJECTIVE 2 Explain the importance of taking clear and complete recordings of the friction ridge skin. What is meant by a complete recording of the friction ridge skin? A c o m p l e t e r e c o r d i n g i n c l u d e s a s m u c h d e t a i l a s p o s s i b l e f ro m t h e fi n g e r s , t h u m b s , p a l m s , a n d t h e i r re s p e c t i v e e x t r e m i t i e s H o w ? Fi n g e r p r i n t s a re r o l l e d f r o m e d g e t o e d g e t o o b t a i n d e t a i l t h a t i s n o t re a d i l y o b t a i n e d d u r i n g s t a n d a r d 1 0 - p r i n t collection Yo u c a n a v o i d p o o r i n ke d i m p r e s s i o n s b y h a n d l i n g t h e p ro c e s s w i t h p a t i e n c e a n d c a re , e n s u r i n g fi n g e r s a re c l e a n e d and dry (yet, moisturized enough), and applying adequate p re s s u re a n d c o n t ro l d u r i n g t h e re c o rd i n g p ro c e s s What issues or problem areas may occur in the recording of friction ridge skin and why? Issues in recording may occur when there is excessive/scarce ink, improper technician handling, lack of adequate equipment, and/or poor cooperation from the participant Problem areas where ridge detail does not occur may include the creases b e t w e e n t h u m b / i n d e x , t h e c e n t e r p a l m , a n d t h e fi n g e r t i p s Te m p o r a r y / p e r m a n e n t d i s a b i l i t i e s a n d d e f o r m i t i e s m a y a l s o c a u s e r e c o r d i n g i s s u e s Why? These areas do not regularly come in to contact with surfaces without awkward mobility and/or discomfort. Additionally, disabilities can result in odd distortions (depending on movements or joined appendages) and/or inability to record (such as with certain genetic disorders or missing limbs) What methods can be used to capture friction ridge skin from diffi cult areas?  Fi rm a n d c o n tro ll ed h a n d li n g  Pro p e r tr a i n i n g  C y l in d er ro ll i n g  U s a g e o f d ire c t c on ta c t a d h e s i v e s ( H a n d iPr i n t ® ) / p o wd er i n g  U s a g e o f s p o on s / s p a tu la s  Ph ot og r a p h y What about major case prints? Explain the importance of recording the extreme edges of the fi ngers and palms, to include the writer ’s palm, wrist bracelet, joints, extreme sides of the fi ngers and tips. To Repeat, recording extreme edges allow for the recording of detail that doesn’t get recorded with standard 10-print cards. Example: When people write, their ‘writer’s palm’ comes in to contact with the surface. This may be benefi cial in a print comparison to a letter, check, or suicide note. Name some advantages and disadvantages of Livescan fi ngerprinting for friction ridge analysis. Advantages  Pre ven ts Overlapp in g  P r o d u c e s H i g h Re s o l u t i o n S c a n s  Occurs in Seconds  Re p l a c e s M e s s y I n k i n g P r o c e s s Disadvantages  S t i t c h i n g ( i n a c c u r a c y o f i m a g e d u e t o a u t o m a t e d fi x i n g ; u s u a l l y o c c u r s t o w a r d s t h e t i p o f t h e fi n g e r a b o v e bone placement)  Gho stin g ( collectio n of resid u al p at tern s)  Digital Noise OBJECTIVE 3 Explain the diff erences between standard recordings of the fi ngers and palms and completed recordings (major case prints). Compare and contrast the standard recordings of fi n g e r s a n d p a l m s t o t h e c o m p l e t e r e c o r d i n g s o f major case prints. Standard recordings have limited space for extremities of the fi n g e r s / t h u m b s a n d d o n o t t r a d i t i o n a l l y i n c l u d e p a l m p r i n t s. M a j o r c a s e p r i n t s i n c l u d e e x t r e m i t i e s / t i p s o f e a c h fi n g e r / t h u m b , t h e p a l m , writer’s palm, and the joint segment of the wrist to obtain as much ridge detail as possible. Major prints are necessary in violent crimes and by request. They m ay a l so b e asked f o r i f th e i nd i vi d ua l i s su spected to c om mi t a no th er crime in the future. F o r t h e d e c e a s e d , t h e fi n a l o p p o r t u n i t y t o c o l l e c t p r i n t s o c c u r s w i t h major case prints! OBJECTIVE 4 Evaluate exemplar prints for completeness and clarity. What factors can impact the clarity of rolled prints? T he clar ity in th e in kin g/rec ord ing p roc ess relies o n th e c ollect or’s kno wled ge /skill and t h e re corde r’s cleanliness/cooperation. Lack on either behalf can lead to: - Distortion - Smearing - Excessive/Minute Ink - In accu rat e Pre ssure - Exce ssive Mo ist ure /Dryn ess - Slippage - Sweat Identify diff erent types of substrates for recording and discuss/evaluate their potential impacts on clarity. Substrates include: - Paper and Ink/Dusting; Inking amount and porosity of the paper - Adhesive; reversal of image - Clay; photography must be clear (may require oblique lighting) - Livescan; accuracy in algorithm OBJECTIVE 5 Determine when exemplar prints should not be used for comparison (e.g. poor resolution). Articulate what is meant when exemplar prints are said to be incomplete. Incomplete: Lacks suffi cient ridge detail Inadequate: Poor quality of ridge detail Diff erent types of distortion that can impact the quality of exemplars: Pressure, movement, force, an d the contact su rface can impact exemplar quality. They can cause low resolution images and increase noise. Meaning, if n ot don e with patience and care, stretching, missed detail, smearing, pixelation, in creased density, and/or blurring can occur. Describe diff erent types of digital distortions that may alter an exemplars appearance. Poor Resolution Digital Noise Digital Artifacts – Adding additional detail that does not exist Livescan Errors – Digital noise and stitching Ghosting – An added background to the original print OBJECTIVE 6 Collect standard exemplar prints of the fi ngers, palms, and feet. What tools are needed to collect standard exemplar prints? What tool can be used to help capture extreme edges of the palms? To o l s n e e d e d : I n k , I n k P l a t e , I n k Ro l l e r , 8 x 8 Pr i n t C a rd , C a r d H o l d e r A c y l i n d e r c a n b e u s e d t o c a p t u re t h e ex t re m e e d g e s o f t h e p a l m s. I f a n e r r o r i s m a d e i n t h e re c o rd i n g o f a n i n d i v i d u a l fi n g e r p r i n t , a t a b p i e c e c a n b e u s e d t o re re c o rd t h e p r i n t b e f o re a d d i n g i t t o t h e o r i g i n a l c a rd t o p re s e r v e t h e exe m p l a r ( a m a x o f 2 t a b s can be used). The proper amount of ink includes a dot at the top/middle/bottom of the ink plate that is ro l l e d i n a c o n s i s t e n t , e v e n c o a t i n g ( j u s t e n o u g h ). Describe the proper technique when recording friction ridge skin. 1. C o m p l e t e t h e i d e n t i f y i n g i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e t o p p o r t i o n o f t h e I n k C a r d ( N a m e , A d d r e s s , G e n d e r, D O B ) 2. C o n t a i n Yo u r I n k C a r d i n Yo u r C a r d H o l d e r 3. C r e a t e Yo u r I n k P l a t e 4. Ensure Participant’s Hands are Clean and Dry 5. Roll Each of the Participant’s Fingers with the Ink Roller 6. I n A p p r o p r i a t e S p a c e s , R o l l [ E d g e t o E d g e ] R i g h t T h u m b ( 1 ) To w a r d s P a r t i c i p a n t ’ s B o d y a n d A l l F i n g e r s ( 2 - 5 ) A w a y f r o m Body 7. Repeat for Left Hand(6-10) 8. Reroll Participant’s Fingers 9. Collect Plain Prints of Each Hand 10. Reroll Participant’s Thumbs 11. Collect Plain Prints of Each Thumb 12. O b t a i n S i g n a t u r e s o f t h e Te c h n i c i a n a n d P a r t i c i p a n t Be sure to: Obtain as much detail, Apply appropriate pressure, avoid overlapping/half moon shadowing Describing the proper technique when recording friction ridge skin (paragraph form). I d e n t i fy i n g i n f o rm a t i o n o f t h e p a r ti c i p an t i s c o m p l e te d a t t h e to p o f th e 8 x 8 exe m p l a r c a rd. T h e c a rd i s th en p l a c e d i n s i d e t h e c a rd h o l d e r a n d th e i n k p l a te i s p re p a re d. To p re p a re t h e i n k p l a te , th re e d o ts a re e v e n l y p l ac e d a t th e to p , m i d d l e , a n d b o tt om t o b e rol l e d to a th i n e , e v e n l a y e r u s i n g an i n k ro l l e r. W h i l e th i s i s d o n e , t h e p a r ti c i p a n t ’s h a n d s s h o u l d b e c l e a n e d / d r i e d i n p rep ar at i on f o r re c o rd i n g. To re c o rd , e a c h fi n g e r i s ro l l e d o n th e p l a te a n d re c o rd e d i n th e a p p ro p r i a t e s p a c e (r i g h t th u m b to l i ttl e fi n g e r; 1 - 5 an d l e ft th u m b to l i t tl e fi n g e r ; 6 - 1 0 ). T h u m b s a re ro l l e d i n w a rd to w a rd s th e b od y w h i l e fi n g e r s a re ro l l ed o u tw a rd a w a y f ro m th e b o d y , ta k i n g c are t o a p p l y a p p ro p r i a te p re s s u re i n o n e m o ti o n to l i m i t d i s to r ti o n s an d o b t a i n a s m u c h r i d g e d et ai l a s p o s s i b l e. T h e h a n d i s th e n re ro l l e d to o b ta i n p l a i n p r i n t s o f e a c h h a n d ( 4 fi n g e rs ) a n d ea c h t h u m b t o e n s u re a c c u r ac y i n s e q u e n c e a n d e l i m i n a te d i st o r ti o n f ro m ro l l ed p r i n t s. H a n d s s h ou l d b e c l e a n e d a n d s i g n at u res of th e p a r t i c i p a n t a n d te c h n i c i a n a re g i v en. OBJECTIVE 7 Collect complete friction ridge exemplars (major case prints) of the fi ngers, palms, and feet. What is expected to be recorded in major case prints that is not recorded in standard recorded exemplars? What parts of the palms and fi ngers should be recorded in major case prints? SEE OBJECTIVE 3 Why is it considered more diffi cult to obtain major case prints when compared to standard case prints? Major case prints are comprehensive and take a much longer time to obtain. They also require more awkward/uncomfortable movements. The size of a standard ten-print card is 8”x8”. Major case print cards vary. OBJECTIVE 8 Describe the basic process for each method of collecting exemplar prints from deceased subjects with intact friction ridge skin. What are some methods used to obtain exemplar prints from newly deceased individuals?  Standard Techniques  Breaking rigor to fl atten the palms and fi ngers for easier manipulation  This is done by pressing on the knuckle of each finger to cause finger extension or cutting through the tendons as State Law allows with respect to handling human remains.  Photography  Spatula/Spoon method  This is done by applying ink directly to the finger using a spatula. The standard card is then cut in to manageable strips or squares and placed in/on a strip roller or spoon. Either is pressed onto the inked finger to record the print. OBJECTIVE 9 Describe the types of distortion expected in exemplar prints from deceased subjects with intact friction ridge skin. How can the deep wrinkled skin of the deceased cause distortion in exemplar prints? Wr in k le d s k i n p ro d u c e s l a rg e r v o i d s w i t h i n t h e p r i n t c o l l e c ti o n w h ic h re s u l ts i n l a rg e r c re a s i n g a n d l e s s r i d g e d e ta il. Wr i n k le d s k i n c a n b e c i rc u m v e n te d b y:  F l a t te n i n g t h e s k in b y p i n c h i n g t h e b a c k si d e o f th e fi n ge r to c re a te re v e r s e d tension  I n fl a t i n g th e s k i n u s i n g a h y p o d e rm i c s y r i n g e fi ll e d w i th t is s u e bu i l de r (t h e s a m e s ti ff e n i n g a g e n t u s e d b y u n d e r t a ke r s ), g ly c e r i n , o r w a te r  This can be done when the skin is still reasonably manipulatable (recently deceased) OBJECTIVE 10 Describe the basic process for collecting exemplar prints from friction ridge skin in the following conditions: decomposed, macerated, desiccated, and charred. What biological factors are associated with the mummifi cation of the hand that could make collecting exemplars diffi cult? During the decay process, the body undergoes biological changes due to microbial involvement, dehydration ( s h r i v e l i n g / w r i n k l i n g ) f r o m e l e m e n t s / e n v i r o n m e n t a l e x p o s u r e , a n d o v e r a l l p u t r e f a c t i o n. T h e s e f a c t o r s i n fl u e n c e c h a n g e o n t h e f r i c t i o n r i d g e s k i n , m a k i n g c o l l e c t i o n d i ffi c u l t T h e re f o r e , i t i s i m p o r t a n t t o e x e r c i s e c a u t i o n w h e n d e c i d i n g t h e c o l l e c t i o n m e t h o d a s t h i s w i l l b e t h e L A S T O P P O RT U N I T Y t o obtai n ridge de ta il; be ing cons cientious of:  The limited time due to decay process  the necessity to provide courteous closure to families  the destructive nature of collection methods  the respectful care towards handling human remains Additionally, alw ays photograph the conditions of the hands prior to destructive treatment to provide a digital preservation of the prints that may be enhanced. Oblique lighting is often used to capture 3-D detail. Fi n g e r s s h o u l d o n l y b e s e v e r e d w h e n t h e re i s n o o t h e r o p t i o n t o p r o d u c e v i a b l e p r i n t s. Methods for recording mummified hands  Monitored Rehydration (Soaking)  Tissu e Bu ilder  Osmotic Rehydration (Boiling)  Limb Removal  Harsh Chemical Processing  Photography Methods for recording decomposed hands  De-glovin g  Firming with Formaldeh yde  Treatment as a Livin g Victim (if fresh)  Powdering under Epidermis  Photography  Trimming/Cutting to Place between Glass If the top layers of the skin are too decomposed to record discernable friction ridge detail, what method can be used to obtain these areas? What is an epidermal glove? I f t h e t o p l ay e r s o f t h e s k i n ( e p i d e r m i s ) a r e t o o d e c o m p o s e d , t h e u n d e r s i d e ( d e rm i s ) m a y b e o b t a i n e d t h ro u g h t r i m m i n g / s c r a p i n g / c u t t i n g t o b e u s e d a s a n e p i d e rm a l g l o v e ( t h e p ro c e s s o f d e g l o v i n g t h e s k i n t o b e p l a c e d o n t h e t e c h n i c i a n ’ s g l o v e f o r re c o rd i n g a s i f i t w e re t h e i r o w n fi n g e r ) o r t o b e p l a c e d b e t w e e n t w o g l a s s p i e c e s s i m i l a r t o a m i c ro s c o p e s l i d e I n t h i s p ro c e s s , t h e d e r m a l l ay e r c a n b e i n ke d a n d a p p e a r s d o u b l e e d g e d d u e t o t h e p e g s w h i c h h o l d d o w n t h e r i d g e s w e s e e o n t h e e p i d e rm i s I t i s i m p o r t a n t t o n o t e t h a t w h e n o b t a i n i n g t h e d e r m a l l ay e r , t h e f u rro w s / r i d g e s a re re v e r s e d a n d d i g i t a l c o n t r a s t i n g c a n b e a d j u s t e d t o c o m p e n s a t e f o r t h i s What causes macerated fi ngers? What techniques can be used to record friction ridge detail of macerated fi ngers? Fi n g e r s b e c o m e m a c e r a t e d w h e n t h e y a r e i m m e r s e d ( t y p i c a l l y i n w a t e r ) f o r a n e x t e n d e d p e r i o d o f t i m e. Te c h n i q u e s t o r e c o r d t h e f r i c t i o n r i d g e d e t a i l o f m a c e r a t e d fi n g e r s i n c l u d e :  If not badly damaged, skin can be cleaned and treated as recently deceased  I f wrinkled, ski n may b e pulled from the back to smooth out the p attern  The skin may be injected with tissue builder to round out the pattern  If loose, skin may be de-gloved  Photography is always a must  If the epidermis is missing/destroyed, osmotic rehydration can be done by submerging skin in just below boiled water for 10-30 seconds Compare and contrast the potentiall y chemically destructive rehydr ati on method of desiccated fri ction ridge skin and using sili cone products such as Mikrosil. Traditional rehydration involved removal of hands/feet and subjecting to many hours of destructive rehydration while Mikrosil is much less destructive and requires far less harsh chemical manipulation due to Mikrosil being more of a casting that takes 15 minutes and does not directly interfere with the skin. Explain how refrigeration can aid in the recording of charred friction ridge skin. When skin is burned, heat begins the separation process of the epidermis from the dermis. Refrigeration completes the separation process by producing a milky-white latex-like product that can be removed and used as an epidermal glove for recording ridge detail OBJECTIVE 11 Describe the types of distortion expected in exemplar prints from friction ridge skin in the following conditions: decomposed, macerated, desiccated, and charred. H o w c a n m a c e r a t e d f r i c t i o n r i d g e s k i n v a r y i n s i z e w h e n r e c o r d i n g ? H o w d oe s m u m m i fi e d / d r y h a n d s p l ay a r o l e i n d i s t o r t i o n o f t h e f r i c t i o n r i d g e e x e m p l a r s ? What would you expect to see on the exemplars of decomposed individuals? Macerated friction ridge skin may appear as swollen ridges, larger/stretched skin, and/or enlarged features in general Mummifi ed/dry friction ridge skin may appear distorted due to skin splits (dryness) with shrunken ridges that may/may not appear at all Therefore, the exemplars of decomposed individuals may have cracks, wide/thin ridges, and/or fl attened surfaces with no detail at all