Module 3: Exemplar Prints - Introduction and Collection
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What are friction ridge exemplars?

Friction ridge exemplars are known prints collected on standardized print cards or unstandardized labeled paper for comparison, identification, and data basing purposes.

When and why do we collect exemplars?

  • Any time prints are required in connection to a crime scene
  • For comparison between people/items/environments
  • For preserving friction ridge detail
  • All of the above (correct)

    • Exemplar prints should always be complete and clear for effective analysis.

    True (A)

    Pressure, movement, force, and the contact surface can impact exemplar __________.

    <p>quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of distortion with the impact on exemplar quality:

    <p>Pressure = Low resolution images and increased noise Movement = Stretching and missed detail Force = Smearing and pixelation Contact Surface = Increased density and blurring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some advantages of Livescan fingerprinting for friction ridge analysis?

    <p>Prevents overlapping, produces high-resolution scans, occurs quickly, and eliminates messy ink processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is expected to be recorded in major case prints that is not recorded in standard recorded exemplars?

    <p>Complete friction ridge exemplars (major case prints) of the fingers, palms, and feet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What parts of the palms and fingers should be recorded in major case prints?

    <p>All parts of the palms and fingers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it considered more difficult to obtain major case prints when compared to standard case prints?

    <p>Major case prints are comprehensive, take longer to obtain, require more awkward/uncomfortable movements, and have varying card sizes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some methods used to obtain exemplar prints from newly deceased individuals?

    <p>Standard Techniques, Breaking rigor to flatten palms and fingers, Photography, Spatula/Spoon method.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the deep wrinkled skin of the deceased cause distortion in exemplar prints?

    <p>Wrinkled skin results in larger voids, decreasing ridge detail. It can be circumvented by flattening or inflating the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What biological factors are associated with the mummification of the hand that could make collecting exemplars difficult?

    <p>Microbial involvement, dehydration, environmental exposure, and putrefaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the top layers of the skin are too decomposed to record discernible friction ridge detail, what method can be used to obtain these areas?

    <p>Trimming/scraping/cutting the underside (dermis) to create an epidermal glove or placing it between glass pieces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes macerated fingers, and what techniques can be used to record friction ridge detail of macerated fingers?

    <p>Maceration occurs when fingers are immersed in water for an extended period. Techniques include cleaning damaged skin, pulling wrinkled skin, injecting tissue builder, degloving, and photography.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain how refrigeration can aid in the recording of charred friction ridge skin.

    <p>Refrigeration helps complete the separation process of epidermis from dermis, producing a latex-like product that can be used as an epidermal glove for recording ridge detail.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can macerated friction ridge skin vary in size when recording?

    <p>Macerated skin may appear as swollen ridges, with larger/stretched skin and enlarged features in general.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do mummified/dry hands play a role in distortion of the friction ridge exemplars?

    <p>Mummified/dry hands may have distorted ridge detail due to skin splits (dryness) resulting in shrunken ridges that may not appear at all.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would you expect to see on the exemplars of decomposed individuals?

    <p>Exemplars of decomposed individuals may have cracks, wide/thin ridges, and/or flattened surfaces with no detail.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it considered more difficult to obtain major case prints when compared to standard case prints?

    <p>Because it requires more awkward/uncomfortable movements and takes a longer time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hands should not be cleaned and dried in preparation for recording.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size of a standard ten-print card?

    <p>8”x8”</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thumbs are rolled inward towards the __________.

    <p>body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is expected to be recorded in major case prints that is not recorded in standard recorded exemplars?

    <p>Fingers, palms, and feet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Major case print cards are always the same size as standard ten-print cards.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following with their corresponding actions:

    <p>Right thumb = Rolled inward towards the body Fingers = Rolled outward away from the body Left thumb = Rolled outward away from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the objective of collecting major case prints?

    <p>To collect complete friction ridge exemplars of the fingers, palms, and feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of taking clear and complete recordings of the friction ridge skin?

    <p>To confirm identity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rolled impressions on a fingerprint exemplar can cause distortion.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a complete recording of the friction ridge skin include?

    <p>A complete recording includes as much detail as possible from the fingers, thumbs, palms, and their respective extremities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plain impressions on a fingerprint exemplar are used to _____________.

    <p>rid distortion caused by rolling prints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of prints with their respective characteristics:

    <p>Rolled Right Hand = Plain Palm = Simultaneous Prints =</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Macerated friction ridge skin can vary in size when recording because of _____________.

    <p>the decomposition process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to distortion in the recording process?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Poor quality of ridge detail in an exemplar print is considered inadequate.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by an incomplete exemplar print?

    <p>An incomplete exemplar print lacks sufficient ridge detail.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One type of digital distortion that can alter an exemplar's appearance is _______________________, which adds additional detail that does not exist.

    <p>Digital Artifacts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the substrate with its potential impact on clarity in recording.

    <p>Paper = Inking amount and porosity of the paper affect clarity Adhesive = Reversal of image Clay = Photography must be clear (may require oblique lighting)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tool can be used to help capture extreme edges of the palms when collecting standard exemplar prints?

    <p>Cylinder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ghosting is a type of digital distortion that adds an original background to the print.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is needed to collect standard exemplar prints of the fingers, palms, and feet?

    <p>Ink, Ink Plate, Ink Roller, 8 x 8 Print Card, Card Holder, and Cylinder (for extreme edges of palms)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be done to smooth out the pattern on wrinkled skin when recording friction ridge detail?

    <p>Pull the skin from the back (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using Mikrosil products is a potentially chemically destructive rehydration method.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does refrigeration aid in the recording of charred friction ridge skin?

    <p>Refrigeration completes the separation process of the epidermis from the dermis, producing a milky-white latex-like product that can be removed and used as an epidermal glove for recording ridge detail.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the epidermis is missing or destroyed, skin can be rehydrated by submerging it in just below __________ water for 10-30 seconds.

    <p>boiled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of distortion with the condition of the friction ridge skin:

    <p>Decomposed = Shrinking Macerated = Expansion Desiccated = Wrinkling Charred = Fragmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be used to record friction ridge detail on macerated fingers if the skin is loose?

    <p>De-gloving (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mummified hands always cause distortion in exemplar prints.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would you expect to see on the exemplars of decomposed individuals?

    <p>Distortion and degradation of the friction ridge pattern due to decomposition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proper amount of ink on the ink plate?

    <p>A dot at the top, middle, and bottom of the ink plate that is rolled in a consistent, even coating (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The participant's hands should be dirty and wet when recording friction ridge skin.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information should be completed on the top portion of the Ink Card?

    <p>Name, Address, Gender, D.O.B.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Roll each of the participant's fingers with the ink roller from ______________________ to ______________________.

    <p>edge to edge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be obtained at the end of the process?

    <p>All of the above (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is not necessary to apply appropriate pressure when recording friction ridge skin.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the steps in the process of recording friction ridge skin:

    <p>Complete identifying information = 1 Create ink plate = 3 Ensure participant's hands are clean and dry = 4 Roll each of the participant's fingers = 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to avoid overlapping/half moon shadowing when recording friction ridge skin?

    <p>To obtain detailed and clear prints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Exemplar Prints - Introduction and Collection

    • Exemplar prints are obtained for identification, elimination, and automated input (AFIS)
    • Types of exemplar prints: suspect prints, victim prints, officer prints (for elimination), occupational I-9/background investigation

    Importance of Clear Recordings

    • A complete recording includes as much detail as possible from fingers, thumbs, palms, and their respective extremities
    • Rolled finger and thumb prints are obtained from edge to edge, and plain prints are also taken
    • Methods to capture extreme edges of palms: cylinder rolling, direct contact adhesives, and spoons/spatulas

    Factors Affecting Clarity

    • Factors impacting clarity of rolled prints: distortion, smearing, excessive/minute ink, inaccurate pressure, excessive moisture/dryness, and slippage
    • Substrates for recording: paper and ink/dusting, adhesive, clay, and Livescan
    • Incomplete: lacks sufficient ridge detail; inadequate: poor quality of ridge detail

    Digital Distortions

    • Types of digital distortions: poor resolution, digital noise, digital artifacts, Livescan errors, and ghosting

    Collecting Standard Exemplar Prints

    • Tools needed: ink, ink plate, ink roller, 8x8 print card, and card holder
    • Proper technique: ensure participant's hands are clean and dry, roll each finger, and record plain prints

    Collecting Major Case Prints (Exemplars)

    • Tools needed: cylinder rolling, direct contact adhesives, spoons/spatulas, and Livescan
    • Major case prints are comprehensive and require more awkward/uncomfortable movements
    • Parts of palms and fingers to be recorded: writer's palm, wrist bracelet, joints, extreme sides of fingers and tips

    Collecting Exemplars from Deceased Subjects

    • Methods: standard techniques, breaking rigor, photography, spatula/spoon method, and tissue builder
    • Considerations: deep wrinkled skin can cause distortion, and handling human remains requires respect and care

    Types of Distortion in Exemplar Prints

    • Decomposed: microbial involvement, dehydrating, and putrefaction
    • Macerated: immersion in water, skin becomes soft and wrinkled
    • Desiccated: skin becomes dry and shriveled
    • Charred: separation of epidermis and dermis, refrigeration can aid in recording
    • Methods to record friction ridge detail: monitored rehydration, tissue builder, osmotic rehydration, and photography

    Epidermal Gloves

    • Obtaining epidermal gloves: de-gloving, trimming/cutting to place between glass, and powdering under epidermis
    • Important to note: furrows/ridges are reversed, and digital contrast can be adjusted to compensate

    Fingerprint Exemplars

    • Fingerprint exemplars are used to confirm identity, eliminate individuals, compare unknowns, and associate people/items/environments of interest
    • Exemplars are also used for automated input (AFIS)

    Importance of Clear and Complete Recordings

    • A complete recording of friction ridge skin includes as much detail as possible from fingers, thumbs, palms, and their respective extremities
    • Clarity in the inking/recording process relies on the collector's knowledge/skill and the recorder's cleanliness/cooperation
    • Lack of clarity can lead to distortion, smearing, excessive/minute ink, inaccurate pressure, excessive moisture/dryness, slippage, and sweat

    Substrates for Recording

    • Substrates include:
      • Paper and ink/dusting (inking amount and porosity of the paper affect clarity)
      • Adhesive (reversal of image)
      • Clay (photography must be clear, may require oblique lighting)
      • Livescan (accuracy in algorithm)

    Incomplete and Inadequate Exemplars

    • Incomplete: lacks sufficient ridge detail
    • Inadequate: poor quality of ridge detail
    • Types of distortion that can impact exemplar quality:
      • Pressure, movement, force, and contact surface
      • Causes low-resolution images and increases noise
      • Can result in stretching, missed detail, smearing, pixelation, increased density, and/or blurring

    Digital Distortions

    • Poor resolution
    • Digital noise
    • Digital artifacts (adding additional detail that does not exist)
    • Livescan errors (digital noise and stitching)
    • Ghosting (added background to the original print)

    Collecting Standard Exemplar Prints

    • Tools needed:
      • Ink
      • Ink plate
      • Ink roller
      • 8x8 print card
      • Card holder
    • A cylinder can be used to capture extreme edges of palms
    • If an error is made, a tab piece can be used to re-record the print before adding it to the original card to preserve the exemplar

    Proper Technique for Recording Friction Ridge Skin

    • Complete identifying information on top of the ink card
    • Contain the ink card in the card holder
    • Create the ink plate
    • Ensure participant's hands are clean and dry
    • Roll each of the participant's fingers with the ink roller
    • Record in appropriate spaces (right thumb to little finger; 1-5, and left thumb to little finger; 6-10)
    • Repeat for left hand
    • Reroll participant's fingers
    • Collect plain prints of each hand
    • Reroll participant's thumbs
    • Collect plain prints of each thumb
    • Obtain signatures of the technician and participant

    Major Case Prints

    • Expected to record more detail than standard recorded exemplars
    • Requires more time and awkward/uncomfortable movements
    • Techniques to record friction ridge detail of macerated fingers include:
      • Cleaning and treating skin as recently deceased
      • Pulling skin from the back to smooth out the pattern
      • Injecting tissue builder to round out the pattern
      • De-gloving loose skin
      • Photography
      • Osmotic rehydration (submerging skin in just below boiled water for 10-30 seconds)

    Comparing Rehydration Methods

    • Traditional rehydration is chemically destructive and involves removal of hands/feet and subjecting to many hours of rehydration
    • Mikrosil is less destructive, requires less harsh chemical manipulation, and takes 15 minutes

    Recording Charred Friction Ridge Skin

    • Refrigeration aids in recording by completing the separation process of the epidermis from the dermis
    • Produces a milky-white latex-like product that can be removed and used as an epidermal glove for recording ridge detail

    Distortion in Exemplar Prints

    • Decomposed: varying sizes, distorted patterns, and reduced quality
    • Macerated: varying sizes, skin may be wrinkled or loose
    • Desiccated: skin may be dry and cracked, reduced quality
    • Charred: skin may be brittle, reduced quality, and require special processing

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