Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are friction ridge exemplars?
What are friction ridge exemplars?
Friction ridge exemplars are known prints collected on standardized print cards or unstandardized labeled paper for comparison, identification, and data basing purposes.
When and why do we collect exemplars?
When and why do we collect exemplars?
- Any time prints are required in connection to a crime scene
- For comparison between people/items/environments
- For preserving friction ridge detail
- All of the above (correct)
Exemplar prints should always be complete and clear for effective analysis.
Exemplar prints should always be complete and clear for effective analysis.
True (A)
Pressure, movement, force, and the contact surface can impact exemplar __________.
Pressure, movement, force, and the contact surface can impact exemplar __________.
Match the type of distortion with the impact on exemplar quality:
Match the type of distortion with the impact on exemplar quality:
What are some advantages of Livescan fingerprinting for friction ridge analysis?
What are some advantages of Livescan fingerprinting for friction ridge analysis?
What is expected to be recorded in major case prints that is not recorded in standard recorded exemplars?
What is expected to be recorded in major case prints that is not recorded in standard recorded exemplars?
What parts of the palms and fingers should be recorded in major case prints?
What parts of the palms and fingers should be recorded in major case prints?
Why is it considered more difficult to obtain major case prints when compared to standard case prints?
Why is it considered more difficult to obtain major case prints when compared to standard case prints?
What are some methods used to obtain exemplar prints from newly deceased individuals?
What are some methods used to obtain exemplar prints from newly deceased individuals?
How can the deep wrinkled skin of the deceased cause distortion in exemplar prints?
How can the deep wrinkled skin of the deceased cause distortion in exemplar prints?
What biological factors are associated with the mummification of the hand that could make collecting exemplars difficult?
What biological factors are associated with the mummification of the hand that could make collecting exemplars difficult?
If the top layers of the skin are too decomposed to record discernible friction ridge detail, what method can be used to obtain these areas?
If the top layers of the skin are too decomposed to record discernible friction ridge detail, what method can be used to obtain these areas?
What causes macerated fingers, and what techniques can be used to record friction ridge detail of macerated fingers?
What causes macerated fingers, and what techniques can be used to record friction ridge detail of macerated fingers?
Explain how refrigeration can aid in the recording of charred friction ridge skin.
Explain how refrigeration can aid in the recording of charred friction ridge skin.
How can macerated friction ridge skin vary in size when recording?
How can macerated friction ridge skin vary in size when recording?
How do mummified/dry hands play a role in distortion of the friction ridge exemplars?
How do mummified/dry hands play a role in distortion of the friction ridge exemplars?
What would you expect to see on the exemplars of decomposed individuals?
What would you expect to see on the exemplars of decomposed individuals?
Why is it considered more difficult to obtain major case prints when compared to standard case prints?
Why is it considered more difficult to obtain major case prints when compared to standard case prints?
The hands should not be cleaned and dried in preparation for recording.
The hands should not be cleaned and dried in preparation for recording.
What is the size of a standard ten-print card?
What is the size of a standard ten-print card?
Thumbs are rolled inward towards the __________.
Thumbs are rolled inward towards the __________.
What is expected to be recorded in major case prints that is not recorded in standard recorded exemplars?
What is expected to be recorded in major case prints that is not recorded in standard recorded exemplars?
Major case print cards are always the same size as standard ten-print cards.
Major case print cards are always the same size as standard ten-print cards.
Match the following with their corresponding actions:
Match the following with their corresponding actions:
What is the objective of collecting major case prints?
What is the objective of collecting major case prints?
What is the primary purpose of taking clear and complete recordings of the friction ridge skin?
What is the primary purpose of taking clear and complete recordings of the friction ridge skin?
Rolled impressions on a fingerprint exemplar can cause distortion.
Rolled impressions on a fingerprint exemplar can cause distortion.
What does a complete recording of the friction ridge skin include?
What does a complete recording of the friction ridge skin include?
Plain impressions on a fingerprint exemplar are used to _____________.
Plain impressions on a fingerprint exemplar are used to _____________.
Match the following types of prints with their respective characteristics:
Match the following types of prints with their respective characteristics:
Macerated friction ridge skin can vary in size when recording because of _____________.
Macerated friction ridge skin can vary in size when recording because of _____________.
What can lead to distortion in the recording process?
What can lead to distortion in the recording process?
Poor quality of ridge detail in an exemplar print is considered inadequate.
Poor quality of ridge detail in an exemplar print is considered inadequate.
What is meant by an incomplete exemplar print?
What is meant by an incomplete exemplar print?
One type of digital distortion that can alter an exemplar's appearance is _______________________, which adds additional detail that does not exist.
One type of digital distortion that can alter an exemplar's appearance is _______________________, which adds additional detail that does not exist.
Match the substrate with its potential impact on clarity in recording.
Match the substrate with its potential impact on clarity in recording.
What tool can be used to help capture extreme edges of the palms when collecting standard exemplar prints?
What tool can be used to help capture extreme edges of the palms when collecting standard exemplar prints?
Ghosting is a type of digital distortion that adds an original background to the print.
Ghosting is a type of digital distortion that adds an original background to the print.
What is needed to collect standard exemplar prints of the fingers, palms, and feet?
What is needed to collect standard exemplar prints of the fingers, palms, and feet?
What can be done to smooth out the pattern on wrinkled skin when recording friction ridge detail?
What can be done to smooth out the pattern on wrinkled skin when recording friction ridge detail?
Using Mikrosil products is a potentially chemically destructive rehydration method.
Using Mikrosil products is a potentially chemically destructive rehydration method.
How does refrigeration aid in the recording of charred friction ridge skin?
How does refrigeration aid in the recording of charred friction ridge skin?
If the epidermis is missing or destroyed, skin can be rehydrated by submerging it in just below __________ water for 10-30 seconds.
If the epidermis is missing or destroyed, skin can be rehydrated by submerging it in just below __________ water for 10-30 seconds.
Match the type of distortion with the condition of the friction ridge skin:
Match the type of distortion with the condition of the friction ridge skin:
What can be used to record friction ridge detail on macerated fingers if the skin is loose?
What can be used to record friction ridge detail on macerated fingers if the skin is loose?
Mummified hands always cause distortion in exemplar prints.
Mummified hands always cause distortion in exemplar prints.
What would you expect to see on the exemplars of decomposed individuals?
What would you expect to see on the exemplars of decomposed individuals?
What is the proper amount of ink on the ink plate?
What is the proper amount of ink on the ink plate?
The participant's hands should be dirty and wet when recording friction ridge skin.
The participant's hands should be dirty and wet when recording friction ridge skin.
What information should be completed on the top portion of the Ink Card?
What information should be completed on the top portion of the Ink Card?
Roll each of the participant's fingers with the ink roller from ______________________ to ______________________.
Roll each of the participant's fingers with the ink roller from ______________________ to ______________________.
What should be obtained at the end of the process?
What should be obtained at the end of the process?
It is not necessary to apply appropriate pressure when recording friction ridge skin.
It is not necessary to apply appropriate pressure when recording friction ridge skin.
Match the steps in the process of recording friction ridge skin:
Match the steps in the process of recording friction ridge skin:
Why is it important to avoid overlapping/half moon shadowing when recording friction ridge skin?
Why is it important to avoid overlapping/half moon shadowing when recording friction ridge skin?
Study Notes
Exemplar Prints - Introduction and Collection
- Exemplar prints are obtained for identification, elimination, and automated input (AFIS)
- Types of exemplar prints: suspect prints, victim prints, officer prints (for elimination), occupational I-9/background investigation
Importance of Clear Recordings
- A complete recording includes as much detail as possible from fingers, thumbs, palms, and their respective extremities
- Rolled finger and thumb prints are obtained from edge to edge, and plain prints are also taken
- Methods to capture extreme edges of palms: cylinder rolling, direct contact adhesives, and spoons/spatulas
Factors Affecting Clarity
- Factors impacting clarity of rolled prints: distortion, smearing, excessive/minute ink, inaccurate pressure, excessive moisture/dryness, and slippage
- Substrates for recording: paper and ink/dusting, adhesive, clay, and Livescan
- Incomplete: lacks sufficient ridge detail; inadequate: poor quality of ridge detail
Digital Distortions
- Types of digital distortions: poor resolution, digital noise, digital artifacts, Livescan errors, and ghosting
Collecting Standard Exemplar Prints
- Tools needed: ink, ink plate, ink roller, 8x8 print card, and card holder
- Proper technique: ensure participant's hands are clean and dry, roll each finger, and record plain prints
Collecting Major Case Prints (Exemplars)
- Tools needed: cylinder rolling, direct contact adhesives, spoons/spatulas, and Livescan
- Major case prints are comprehensive and require more awkward/uncomfortable movements
- Parts of palms and fingers to be recorded: writer's palm, wrist bracelet, joints, extreme sides of fingers and tips
Collecting Exemplars from Deceased Subjects
- Methods: standard techniques, breaking rigor, photography, spatula/spoon method, and tissue builder
- Considerations: deep wrinkled skin can cause distortion, and handling human remains requires respect and care
Types of Distortion in Exemplar Prints
- Decomposed: microbial involvement, dehydrating, and putrefaction
- Macerated: immersion in water, skin becomes soft and wrinkled
- Desiccated: skin becomes dry and shriveled
- Charred: separation of epidermis and dermis, refrigeration can aid in recording
- Methods to record friction ridge detail: monitored rehydration, tissue builder, osmotic rehydration, and photography
Epidermal Gloves
- Obtaining epidermal gloves: de-gloving, trimming/cutting to place between glass, and powdering under epidermis
- Important to note: furrows/ridges are reversed, and digital contrast can be adjusted to compensate
Fingerprint Exemplars
- Fingerprint exemplars are used to confirm identity, eliminate individuals, compare unknowns, and associate people/items/environments of interest
- Exemplars are also used for automated input (AFIS)
Importance of Clear and Complete Recordings
- A complete recording of friction ridge skin includes as much detail as possible from fingers, thumbs, palms, and their respective extremities
- Clarity in the inking/recording process relies on the collector's knowledge/skill and the recorder's cleanliness/cooperation
- Lack of clarity can lead to distortion, smearing, excessive/minute ink, inaccurate pressure, excessive moisture/dryness, slippage, and sweat
Substrates for Recording
- Substrates include:
- Paper and ink/dusting (inking amount and porosity of the paper affect clarity)
- Adhesive (reversal of image)
- Clay (photography must be clear, may require oblique lighting)
- Livescan (accuracy in algorithm)
Incomplete and Inadequate Exemplars
- Incomplete: lacks sufficient ridge detail
- Inadequate: poor quality of ridge detail
- Types of distortion that can impact exemplar quality:
- Pressure, movement, force, and contact surface
- Causes low-resolution images and increases noise
- Can result in stretching, missed detail, smearing, pixelation, increased density, and/or blurring
Digital Distortions
- Poor resolution
- Digital noise
- Digital artifacts (adding additional detail that does not exist)
- Livescan errors (digital noise and stitching)
- Ghosting (added background to the original print)
Collecting Standard Exemplar Prints
- Tools needed:
- Ink
- Ink plate
- Ink roller
- 8x8 print card
- Card holder
- A cylinder can be used to capture extreme edges of palms
- If an error is made, a tab piece can be used to re-record the print before adding it to the original card to preserve the exemplar
Proper Technique for Recording Friction Ridge Skin
- Complete identifying information on top of the ink card
- Contain the ink card in the card holder
- Create the ink plate
- Ensure participant's hands are clean and dry
- Roll each of the participant's fingers with the ink roller
- Record in appropriate spaces (right thumb to little finger; 1-5, and left thumb to little finger; 6-10)
- Repeat for left hand
- Reroll participant's fingers
- Collect plain prints of each hand
- Reroll participant's thumbs
- Collect plain prints of each thumb
- Obtain signatures of the technician and participant
Major Case Prints
- Expected to record more detail than standard recorded exemplars
- Requires more time and awkward/uncomfortable movements
- Techniques to record friction ridge detail of macerated fingers include:
- Cleaning and treating skin as recently deceased
- Pulling skin from the back to smooth out the pattern
- Injecting tissue builder to round out the pattern
- De-gloving loose skin
- Photography
- Osmotic rehydration (submerging skin in just below boiled water for 10-30 seconds)
Comparing Rehydration Methods
- Traditional rehydration is chemically destructive and involves removal of hands/feet and subjecting to many hours of rehydration
- Mikrosil is less destructive, requires less harsh chemical manipulation, and takes 15 minutes
Recording Charred Friction Ridge Skin
- Refrigeration aids in recording by completing the separation process of the epidermis from the dermis
- Produces a milky-white latex-like product that can be removed and used as an epidermal glove for recording ridge detail
Distortion in Exemplar Prints
- Decomposed: varying sizes, distorted patterns, and reduced quality
- Macerated: varying sizes, skin may be wrinkled or loose
- Desiccated: skin may be dry and cracked, reduced quality
- Charred: skin may be brittle, reduced quality, and require special processing
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Description
This study guide covers the purpose, techniques, and importance of exemplar collection for living and deceased individuals. It also explores the module's objectives and key concepts.
