Module 3- Pprt Insecticide Research PDF

Tab 1 MODULE 3. Insecticide Research and Development History of Insecticide Development Pesticides - Any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest insect, rodent, nematode, fungus, weed, other forms of terrestrial or aquatic...

Tab 1 MODULE 3. Insecticide Research and Development History of Insecticide Development Pesticides - Any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest insect, rodent, nematode, fungus, weed, other forms of terrestrial or aquatic plant or animal life or viruses, bacteria, or other microorganisms except viruses, bacteria, or other :micro-organisms on or in living man or other animals - Any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant or desiccant Pesticide in EU definition - Something that prevents, destroys, or controls a harmful organism ('pest') or Potential positive effects: disease, or protects plants or plant products during production, storage and transport. Herbicides– weeds/unwanted plants Global food security and reduction of hun Fungicides– fungi and fungal-like organisms Reduction of land (forest) consumption fo Insecticides– insect, mites and other arthropods Reduction of risks from microbial c Acaricides– ticks and mites (mycotoxins), allergenic or carcinogenic f Nematicides– plant-parasitic nematodes Securing agriculture in peripheric, less su Molluscicides– mollusk, slugs, etc. Rodenticides– rodents and relatives Growth regulators – plant hormones to modify plant growth Repellents– repels pests Biocides– chemical or microorganisms against organism Potential negative external effects: Plant Protection Products (PPP) Pesticides used in the protection of plants/crops -Continuous and injudicious use led to Useful in agriculture, forestry, horticulture, amenity areas and home gardens. Pollution of ground and surface wateR They contain at least one active substance and have one of the following Reduction of biodiversity/non-target org functions: Health risks for users - protect plants or plant products against pests/diseases, before or Health risks for consumers of the produ after harvest Resistance build-up in pest populations - influence the life processes of plants (such as substances influencing their growth, excluding nutrients INSECTICIDES - preserve plant products - destroy or prevent growth of undesired plants or parts of plants Chemicals that kills insects - may also contain other components including safeners and synergists Longer and more noteworthy history bec as pests greatly exceeds the number of a Why is crop protection required Insecticides occupy the biggest bulk of than 50 basic producers or manufacture — High-yielding crop plants are susceptible due to; remixers, and processors, with more than lack of co-evolution with pests & pathogens loss of antimicrobial/insecticidal metabolites through breeding for digestibility Originated from extensive and intensiv (food/feed crops) chemical industries accumulation of substrate (carbohydrates, proteins) cultivation in annual cycles & in monoculture HISTORY of insecticides Increased demand for food, feed, fuel and raw materials from plants Inorganics estimated at 70-100% by the end of this century: > 10 billion people Sulfur– first recorded as insecticide (rep Earliest insecticides used were mainly in Global crop production with/without crop protection inorganic sulfur (since 1000 BC) and a  Inorganics used after sulfur and arsenic: Milestones in history of chemica - lead arsenate (PbHASO4), calcium arsenate [(Ca3 (AsO4)2], sodium arsenite (NaAsO2), sodium fluorides (NaF), cryolite or sodium 1800 - Systematic testing of inorganic seed dres fluoroaluminate (Na3AlF6), sodium fluorosilicate (Na3SiF6) and boric 1810 - Copper sulfate seed dressing against wh acid (H3BO3 1885 - Bordeaux mixture (copper sulfate + hyd 1913- Organic mercury against cereal smut and 1855 : use of a fine form of sulfur dust by Bequerel (France) 1942- DDT used as insecticide 1948- Phosphoric acid esters (E605, Parathion 1885 : [Ca(OH)2] x CuSO4 (Bordeaux mixture, Pierre-Marie Alexis (2,4 D, first selective herbicide) Millardet, botany professor, University of Bordeaux) = discovered in 1882 - Preventive treatment: grapevine downy mildew; potato blight Ca.1950- Dithiocarbamates (Maneb, Mancozeb), - Copper inhibits germination of fungal spores - Copper is soil pollutant and bioaccumulates in organism 1960- B. thuringiensis biologicals against Le Circa 1915: mercury compounds, (e.g., HgCl2) 1966 - Introduction of CCC as growth regulator Bordeaux mixture 1966- Carboxin, first systemic fungicide (loose s 1986- Novel concept “Integrated Pest Managem legal regulation 1987- Herbicide tolerant cultivars of maize and s Bt gene into maize and other crop plants 1993- Introduction of strobilurins 1997- Registration of Contans®, first biological Botanicals HISTORY OF INSECTICIDES – Modern Insecticides (Synthetic Organic) Nicotine- first used as insecticide in 1763 – alkaloid present in tobacco Chlorinated hydrocarbons (Nicotiana tabacum: 2-5%) and its relative (Nicotiana rustica: 5-15%) Organophosphate Carbonates - highly toxic to mammals Pyrethroids Neonicotinoids Rotenone- first rotenoid used as an insecticide before the advent of Miscellaneous, newer generation of insec organosynthetic insecticides - isolated by Emmanuel Geoffroy in 1892 and named nicouline. Biorationals - isolated from the roots of Derris spp. and Tephrosia spp. and - Microbial, Spinosad, Insect Growth Regu limited extent from yam bean (seeds) (Pachyrizhus erosus ) Insecticides Productions Pyrethroids - natural pyrethroids are insecticides derived from flowering Process of producing pesticides (insect plants belonging to genus Chrysanthemum, Family Asteraceae to the market usually takes an average 50-90 million Flowers of the two species, C. cinerafolium and C. coccineum, contain the In Europe, it will take 11 years and ~€200 highest concentration of the insecticidal metabolite pyrethrin. Undergoes a rigorous testing and evalua agencies for marketing (e.g., EPA in Synthetic pyrethroids are based from the pyrethrum compounds consisting Philippines) of six esters Active ingredients has to undergo appro ecological and toxicological studies. Process in Production of Insecticide A. SYNTHETIC INSECTICIDES Development and synthes and synthesis of the chemical m or by accident (i.e., review of oth subsequent synthesis of an ana Assay for biological activit Mixing of promising chem ease of handling and performan Development of a formu compounds with anything to alte B. BIOLOGICAL INSECTICIDES A new line in the pesticide industry for use in the integrated control of insects Applies the techniques of industrial microbiology used in pharmaceutical (biotechnical) industry Example are Bacillus thuringiensis (manufacturing process aimed a production of a “spore-crystal complex” which constitutes the active ingredient of the formulated biological insecticide Insecticides Formulations Lesson 3.2 Insecticide FORMULATION Formulation Physical mixture of one or more than ingredients that provides effective and ec Each formulation has also one or several It is the form of an insecticide product either as undiluted product or to be d organic solvents) or other carriers such a Rationale in Making a Formulation To make the insecticide easier to pack For chemical stability, prevention o desirable physical properties For improved biological efficacy  - Liquid or solid material added to 6. Adjuvant - A non-toxic material added to a effectiveness - May be added to a formulation spray mixture by the use 7. Synergist - Substance with little or no act potency or activity of the act added 8. Preservatives - Materials usually added to slow 9. Perfumes - Gives pleasant odor to the pesti be added 10. Coloring materials - Material added to differentiate may not be added Types of Insecticides Formulation Group 1: Concentrates for dilution with w EC- Emulsifiable Concentrate SC- Suspension Concentrate CG- Encapsulated Granule SC - Soluble Concentrate WP- Wettable Powder WG- Water-Dispersible Granule DC- Dispersible Concentrate Group 2: Concentrates for dilution with o OL - Oil Miscible Liquid OF - Oil Flowable Concentrate ( OP - Oil Dispersible Powder Group 3: Formulations Applied Undiluted - GR -Granules Factors that Determine Formulation of Insecticides - DP -Dustable Powder - UL - Ultra Low Volume (ULV) - ED - Electro-chargeable Liqui 1. Active ingredient (a.i.) (technical material) - any material in a pesticide (insecticide) formulation which has Conventional Formulation :Solid insecticidal activity - most important component, either single or mixture 2. Diluent 1. Wettable Power ( WP) ➔ formulated by which the bioava - inert materials used to dilute an active insecticidal chemical or the the a.i. can be controlled or influ active ingredient, either solid, liquid or gas (aerosols) ingredient within a polymer she 3. Solvent target crops by spraying, when m - substance in which the solute(dissolved constituent) is dissolved, 2. Dustable Powder (DP) distributes the solute evenly throughout the solution system ➔ very finely ground mixtures of 4. Surfactant talc, clay, powdered nut shells o - Surface active agents ➔ used dry or never mixed with - Materials which facilitate and accentuate the emulsifying, applied as an EC can be applied dispersing, wetting and other surface-modifying properties of ➔ percentage of a.i. is usually qu pesticide preparations plants and animals 5. Carrier  3. Granules (GR) ➔ similar to dust formulations except granular particles are larger and heavier. ➔ composed of active ingredient (a.i.), solid carrier, either mineral or biological in origin and may also contain other formulants to ensure bioavailability of the a.i. ➔ active ingredient either coats the outside of the granules or absorbed into them. ➔ amount of active ingredient is relatively low, usually ranging from 1 to 15 % by weight ➔ designed to be applied to the soil, either onto the surface or in a furrow during planting, to provide control of the target pests. Once applied, granules release the active ingredient slowly Conventional Formulation: Aerosol and Fumig 4. Baits (BT) ➔ active ingredient is mixed with food or other attractive substances Aerosols (A) ➔ bait either attracts the pests or is placed where the pests will find it - Contain one or more low content a and insects are killed when they eat the bait that contains the active a solvent. ingredient - Two types of aerosol formulat ➔ amount of active material in most bait formulations is quite low, sealed containers and those us usually less than 5%. aerosol generators that release ➔ used to control household pests such as ants, roaches, flies and - Ready-to-use Aerosol is a form other insects, sometimes used for fruit flies. insecticide is driven through a pressure, creating fine droplets. Conventional Formulation: Liquid Fumigants - form poisonous gases when app 1. Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) - a.i are liquids when packaged A solution of active ingredient in non-water miscible solvents, gases when they are released usually organic in nature (benzene, xylene) - other a.i. are volatile liquids whe a.i. is lipophilic (hydrophobic) and are not formulated under pr Emulsifier is added to disperse concentrate when water is added - others are solids that release g and forms an emulsion of high humidity or in the presen - for structural pest control, in foo Emulsion– a system consisting of minute globules of one liquid regulatory pest control ports dispersed in another (e.g., oil dispersed in water); a mixture of 2 fumigants are used in soil, green liquids held together by a third chemical or emulsifier; turns, milky when mixed with water Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC): Types of Emulsions New Generation Insecticide Formulatio Encapsulated Granule (CG) A formulation type of granule with protect Micro-encapsulation is a technique used an a.i. with a thin, crosslinked polymeric wall. Capsules are mixed with wetting agents water to produce a flowable suspension o Capsule suspension is further diluted w used in conventional spray equipment 2. Suspension Concentrate (SC) Stable suspension of active ingredient in a fluid intended for dilution Encapsulated Granule (CG): Controlled release with water prior to use. Developed for a.i. that are neither soluble in oil nor in water a.i. blended with a solid carrier, such as inert clay and a small quantity of water in a mixing mill to form a concentrated “pudding-like” suspension Wetting agent and dispersing agents and special additives may be added during the formulation process. Further diluted with water prior to application as spray  Typically contain one or more solvent-sol one or more low solubility a.i. in a continu Water-dispersible granule (WG) Also known as dry flowables, are like wet Controlled release system: being dustlike, they are formulated as ea - Temperature-responsive release formulation Appear as free-flowing small granules; th composite, popcorn-shaped to nearly sm mode of manufacture. Must be mixed with water; the granules b to wettable powders Formulation requires constant agitation to The a.i. content is high as much as 90%. Oil-in-Emulsion (EW) Products prepared by dissolving the a.i. in oil, and the oil solution is then emulsified into a water carrier. In addition to a.i. and the oil water combination, EWs will require emulsifier Ultra-low-volume (ULV) liquids surface active agents and may typically Designed to be sprayed without dilution. contain other formulants to enhance Easy to transport and to use. emulsion stability and influence In addition to the a.i. and a solvent system biological activity. High concentration leads to low material- Often contain surface-active agents and d biological activity enabled for active ingre Good penetration of foliage and into less Costly due to high solvent content; requir Suspoemulsion (SE during application, and must be applied w equipment Consists of solid particles or polymer capsules suspended in an emulsion system. Type of formulation that provides the opportunity to have a formulation with multiple active ingredients which can be in a microcapsule, crystalline solid particle, or in the emulsion itself. Gelatinized Fluids (GW) Differ from other liquid formulations in having higher viscosity. Can be water-based or solvent/emulsion-based product, and the latter type has been offered in premeasured doses contained in water soluble film. While this product is fairly new to agriculture Water-Soluble Packets (WSP) Products package in precise amount of wettable powder or soluble powder formulations in a special type of plastic bag. Bags are dropped into a filled spray tank, the bags are dissolved and the contents are released and mixed with water Attractants Include pheromones, sugar and protein hydrolysate syrups, yeasts and rotting meats Used in sticky traps, capture bags and even customized collector containers. Attractants can also be combined with insecticides and sprayed onto foliage or other items in the treatments as an attract-kill formulation Data Generation and Safety Value I. Identification Lesson 3.3 II. Hazard(s) identification III. Composition/ information on ingredients Data Generation and Safety Value IV. First-aid measures Crop protection industries are among the most highly regulated in V. Fire-fighting measures the world. VI. Accidental release measures Primary objective in regulating chemical pesticides is to provide man VII.Handling and storage and the environment with maximum possible protection from VIII.Exposure control/ personal protection potential adverse effects and facilitate international trade in food IX. Physical and chemical properties through the establishment of approved pesticide regulations. X. Stability and reactivity Before a new pesticide reaches the market, extensive laboratory and XI. Toxicological information field testing are being required by pesticide regulatory agencies XII. Ecological information Pesticide company has to identify uses, test effectiveness, and XIII. Disposal considerations provide data on chemical structure, production, formulation, fate, XIV.Transport information persistence, and environmental impacts. XV. Regulatory information XVI. Other information (date of preparation an Regulatory Agencies The continued use of a pesticide is supervised by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) in the USA, enacted in 1947. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): responsible for regulating pesticides with public health uses, and ensuring that it does not pose unintended or unreasonable risks to humans, animals, and the environment under FIFRA. Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences In the Philippines, Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority (FPA ) mandated to regulate and ensure safety in the manufacture, formulation, importation, distribution, storage, sale, and use of pesticides and other agricultural chemicals in the interest of improving agricultural production, protecting public health and enhancing environmental quality. Maximum Residue Level (MRL) Highest level of a pesticide residue t food or feed when pesticides are app Practice) = tolerance. International trade of agricultural prod increasing pesticide usage mainly du Material Safety Data Sheet plant quarantine requirement. Food and Agriculture Organization MSDS is a form with data regarding the properties of a particular Code of Conduct on the Distribution a substance. It is available on most pesticide products and provides create voluntary standards of pesticid relevant health and safety information on hazardous chemicals. countries. Information provided in MSDS include physical data (melting points, USA and most countries of the world boiling point, flash point, etc.), toxicity health effects, first aid, established by the Codex Alimentariu reactivity, storage, disposal, protective equipment to be used in commission under FAO and WHO ag handling, and spill/leak procedures. harmonizing standards applicable to Copies of MSDS on hazardous products, including insecticides treated food products products must be submitted to regulatory agencies. Material Safety data sheet ( 16 section ) RapId Test Kit - Provide quick detection analysis of organophosphate or carbamate pesticides residues in selected vegetables Tab 2