Insecticide Formulations Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary source of natural pyrethroids?

  • Plants of the genus Chrysanthemum (correct)
  • Pachyrhizus erosus seeds
  • Synthetic chemical compounds
  • Insect growth regulators

    • Which species of Chrysanthemum are known for having the highest concentration of pyrethrin?

  • C.sinesis and C.roseum
  • C.chrysanthemum and C.palmatum
  • C.cinerafolium and C.coccineum (correct)
  • C.solaris and C.auriculatum

    • What is a key requirement for active ingredients in insecticides before they can be marketed?

  • They must be derived from natural sources only
  • They must be diluted with water
  • They must undergo ecological and toxicological studies (correct)
  • They must pass aesthetic evaluations

    • How long does it typically take for pesticides to reach the market in Europe?

    <p>11 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are synthetic pyrethroids primarily derived from?

    <p>Pyrethrum compounds consisting of six esters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of an adjuvant in a formulation?

    <p>To enhance the effectiveness of the main active ingredient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic defines a synergist in formulations?

    <p>It has little or no activity of the active ingredients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which material is typically added to slow down the degradation of formulations?

    <p>Preservative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of adding perfumes to a pesticide formulation?

    <p>To give a pleasant odor to the pesticide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of material could be included in a spray mixture to improve application effectiveness?

    <p>Adjuvant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of Oil-in-Emulsion (EW) formulations?

    <p>They are prepared by emulsifying an oil solution into a water carrier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which formulation is specifically designed to be sprayed without dilution?

    <p>Ultra-low-volume (ULV) liquids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in Ultra-low-volume (ULV) liquids to enhance performance?

    <p>Surfactants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Suspoemulsion (SE) formulations from other types?

    <p>They contain multiple active ingredients in a single formulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge associated with the high solvent content in Ultra-low-volume (ULV) liquids?

    <p>They can be costly due to solvent expenses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which formulation type is characterized by having higher viscosity?

    <p>Gelatinized Fluids (GW)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is essential for the emulsification process in Oil-in-Emulsion (EW) formulations?

    <p>Surfactants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key benefit of using Suspoemulsions (SE) in formulation?

    <p>They allow for formulation with solid particles in an emulsion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which formulation falls under Group 1 that requires dilution with water?

    <p>EC - Emulsifiable Concentrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of formulation is characterized as being applied undiluted?

    <p>CG - Encapsulated Granule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option is NOT included in Group 2 formulations for dilution with oil?

    <p>SC - Suspension Concentrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which formulation would be classified as a dispersible concentrate for use with water?

    <p>DC - Dispersible Concentrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is TRUE regarding Group 3 formulations?

    <p>They can be applied undiluted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which formulation in Group 1 is designed specifically as a soluble concentrate?

    <p>SC - Soluble Concentrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is categorized under formulations for dilution with oil?

    <p>OL - Oil Miscible Liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which formulation is used in very low volume applications?

    <p>UL - Ultra Low Volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical range of active ingredient (a.i.) concentration in granule pesticide preparations?

    <p>1 to 15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes how bait formulations work?

    <p>Baits attract pests through food mixed with active ingredients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the carrier in granule pesticide formulations?

    <p>To ensure the bioavailability of the active ingredient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use for aerosol pesticides?

    <p>To drive insecticide through pressure creating fine droplets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of pesticide formulation are fumigants categorized?

    <p>Gaseous formulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the intended method of application for granules in agriculture?

    <p>Incorporation into the soil before planting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the active ingredient in bait formulations regarding its concentration?

    <p>Usually less than 5% of the total formulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of aerosol formulation is characterized by ready-to-use products?

    <p>Aerosols that are driven through pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Insecticide Formulations

    • Oil-in-Emulsion (EW) products are prepared by dissolving the active ingredient (AI) in oil, which is then emulsified into water.

      • EWs require emulsifiers, surface-active agents, and additional formulants to enhance emulsion stability and biological activity.
      • The high concentration of AI (up to 90%) leads to low material usage.

    • Ultra-low-volume (ULV) liquids are designed for application without dilution.

      • They are easy to transport and use.
      • Besides the AI and a solvent system, ULVs usually contain surface-active agents and other materials to enhance biological activity.

    • Suspoemulsion (SE) consists of solid particles or polymer capsules suspended in an emulsion system.

      • This formulation allows for multiple active ingredients to be included in microcapsules, crystalline solid particles, or the emulsion itself.

    • Gelatinized Fluids (GW) differ from other liquid formulations by having a higher viscosity.

      • They often contain the active ingredient(s) in a micro-encapsulated or dissolved form.

    Sources of Insecticides

    • Pyrethroids: Insecticides derived from flowering plants belonging to the genus Chrysanthemum, Family Asteraceae.
      • Natural pyrethroids are extracted from two species, C.cinerafolium and C.coccineum, which contain high concentrations of the insecticidal metabolite pyrethrin.
      • Synthetic pyrethroids are based on the pyrethrum compounds and consist of six esters.

    Insecticide Production

    • Process: The development and production of pesticides typically involves a rigorous testing and evaluation phase that can take 5-10 years.
      • The production process requires approval from regulatory agencies (e.g., EPA, Philippines).
      • Active ingredients must undergo comprehensive ecological and toxicological studies
    • Cost:
      • In Europe, the development of a new insecticide can require 11 years and approximately €200 million in investment.

    Formulants

    • Adjuvant: Non-toxic material added to a pesticide formulation to enhance its efficacy.
      • May be incorporated into the formulation or applied as a separate spray mixture.
    • Synergist: A substance with little to no activity on its own but enhances the potency or activity of the active ingredient when added.
    • Preservatives: Substances added to slow down the decomposition of the active ingredient and extend the shelf life of the product.
    • Perfumes: Provide a pleasant odor to the pesticide, but they may not always be included.
    • Coloring materials: Help differentiate between different pesticides and formulations, but they may not always be included.

    Types of Insecticide Formulations

    Group 1: Concentrates for Dilution with Water

    • EC: Emulsifiable Concentrate
    • SC: Suspension Concentrate
    • CG: Encapsulated Granule
    • SC: Soluble Concentrate
    • WP: Wettable Powder
    • WG: Water-Dispersible Granule
    • DC: Dispersible Concentrate

    Group 2: Concentrates for Dilution with Oil

    • OL: Oil Miscible Liquid
    • OF: Oil Flowable Concentrate
    • OP: Oil Dispersible Powder

    Group 3: Formulations Applied Undiluted

    • GR: Granules
    • DP: Dustable Powder
    • UL: Ultra Low Volume (ULV)
    • ED: Electro-Chargeable Liquid

    Factors Determining Formulation of Insecticides

    • Target pest: The type of pest being controlled is crucial for selecting the appropriate formulation.
    • Application method: The method of application (e.g., spraying, dusting, granules) influences the choice of formulation.
    • Environmental conditions: Factors like temperature, humidity, and wind can affect the effectiveness and fate of the pesticide in the environment.
    • Crop or area treated: The type of crop or area being treated can influence the ideal formulation to avoid damage or residues.
    • Toxicity to humans and animals: The safety profile of the pesticide and its potential impact on humans and non-target organisms must be considered.
    • Carrier: The material that helps distribute the active ingredient throughout the environment, usually water, oil, or a solid carrier like clay.

    Conventional Formulations: Aerosol and Fumigants

    • Aerosols (A): Aerosol formulations contain one or more low-content active ingredients suspended in a solvent.
      • Types: Sealed containers and aerosol generators that release the active ingredient through pressurized systems, creating fine droplets.
    • Fumigants: Fumigants are formulations that release poisonous gases when applied.
      • They are typically used to control pests in enclosed spaces like buildings or warehouses.

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    Related Documents

    Module 3- Pprt Insecticide Research PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on various insecticide formulations, including Oil-in-Emulsion, Ultra-low-volume liquids, and Suspoemulsion. This quiz will evaluate your understanding of how these products are prepared and their characteristics. Learn about the components that enhance their efficacy and applications in pest control.

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