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Questions and Answers
What is the primary source of natural pyrethroids?
Which species of Chrysanthemum are known for having the highest concentration of pyrethrin?
What is a key requirement for active ingredients in insecticides before they can be marketed?
How long does it typically take for pesticides to reach the market in Europe?
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What are synthetic pyrethroids primarily derived from?
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What is the primary role of an adjuvant in a formulation?
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What characteristic defines a synergist in formulations?
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Which material is typically added to slow down the degradation of formulations?
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What is the primary purpose of adding perfumes to a pesticide formulation?
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What type of material could be included in a spray mixture to improve application effectiveness?
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What is a characteristic feature of Oil-in-Emulsion (EW) formulations?
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Which formulation is specifically designed to be sprayed without dilution?
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What is included in Ultra-low-volume (ULV) liquids to enhance performance?
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What distinguishes Suspoemulsion (SE) formulations from other types?
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What is the primary challenge associated with the high solvent content in Ultra-low-volume (ULV) liquids?
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Which formulation type is characterized by having higher viscosity?
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Which component is essential for the emulsification process in Oil-in-Emulsion (EW) formulations?
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What is a key benefit of using Suspoemulsions (SE) in formulation?
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Which formulation falls under Group 1 that requires dilution with water?
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What type of formulation is characterized as being applied undiluted?
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Which option is NOT included in Group 2 formulations for dilution with oil?
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Which formulation would be classified as a dispersible concentrate for use with water?
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Which of the following is TRUE regarding Group 3 formulations?
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Which formulation in Group 1 is designed specifically as a soluble concentrate?
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Which of the following is categorized under formulations for dilution with oil?
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Which formulation is used in very low volume applications?
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What is the typical range of active ingredient (a.i.) concentration in granule pesticide preparations?
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Which statement best describes how bait formulations work?
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What is the primary function of the carrier in granule pesticide formulations?
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What is a common use for aerosol pesticides?
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In what type of pesticide formulation are fumigants categorized?
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What is the intended method of application for granules in agriculture?
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What is a characteristic of the active ingredient in bait formulations regarding its concentration?
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Which type of aerosol formulation is characterized by ready-to-use products?
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Study Notes
Insecticide Formulations
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Oil-in-Emulsion (EW) products are prepared by dissolving the active ingredient (AI) in oil, which is then emulsified into water.
- EWs require emulsifiers, surface-active agents, and additional formulants to enhance emulsion stability and biological activity.
- The high concentration of AI (up to 90%) leads to low material usage.
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Ultra-low-volume (ULV) liquids are designed for application without dilution.
- They are easy to transport and use.
- Besides the AI and a solvent system, ULVs usually contain surface-active agents and other materials to enhance biological activity.
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Suspoemulsion (SE) consists of solid particles or polymer capsules suspended in an emulsion system.
- This formulation allows for multiple active ingredients to be included in microcapsules, crystalline solid particles, or the emulsion itself.
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Gelatinized Fluids (GW) differ from other liquid formulations by having a higher viscosity.
- They often contain the active ingredient(s) in a micro-encapsulated or dissolved form.
Sources of Insecticides
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Pyrethroids: Insecticides derived from flowering plants belonging to the genus Chrysanthemum, Family Asteraceae.
- Natural pyrethroids are extracted from two species, C.cinerafolium and C.coccineum, which contain high concentrations of the insecticidal metabolite pyrethrin.
- Synthetic pyrethroids are based on the pyrethrum compounds and consist of six esters.
Insecticide Production
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Process: The development and production of pesticides typically involves a rigorous testing and evaluation phase that can take 5-10 years.
- The production process requires approval from regulatory agencies (e.g., EPA, Philippines).
- Active ingredients must undergo comprehensive ecological and toxicological studies
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Cost:
- In Europe, the development of a new insecticide can require 11 years and approximately €200 million in investment.
Formulants
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Adjuvant: Non-toxic material added to a pesticide formulation to enhance its efficacy.
- May be incorporated into the formulation or applied as a separate spray mixture.
- Synergist: A substance with little to no activity on its own but enhances the potency or activity of the active ingredient when added.
- Preservatives: Substances added to slow down the decomposition of the active ingredient and extend the shelf life of the product.
- Perfumes: Provide a pleasant odor to the pesticide, but they may not always be included.
- Coloring materials: Help differentiate between different pesticides and formulations, but they may not always be included.
Types of Insecticide Formulations
Group 1: Concentrates for Dilution with Water
- EC: Emulsifiable Concentrate
- SC: Suspension Concentrate
- CG: Encapsulated Granule
- SC: Soluble Concentrate
- WP: Wettable Powder
- WG: Water-Dispersible Granule
- DC: Dispersible Concentrate
Group 2: Concentrates for Dilution with Oil
- OL: Oil Miscible Liquid
- OF: Oil Flowable Concentrate
- OP: Oil Dispersible Powder
Group 3: Formulations Applied Undiluted
- GR: Granules
- DP: Dustable Powder
- UL: Ultra Low Volume (ULV)
- ED: Electro-Chargeable Liquid
Factors Determining Formulation of Insecticides
- Target pest: The type of pest being controlled is crucial for selecting the appropriate formulation.
- Application method: The method of application (e.g., spraying, dusting, granules) influences the choice of formulation.
- Environmental conditions: Factors like temperature, humidity, and wind can affect the effectiveness and fate of the pesticide in the environment.
- Crop or area treated: The type of crop or area being treated can influence the ideal formulation to avoid damage or residues.
- Toxicity to humans and animals: The safety profile of the pesticide and its potential impact on humans and non-target organisms must be considered.
- Carrier: The material that helps distribute the active ingredient throughout the environment, usually water, oil, or a solid carrier like clay.
Conventional Formulations: Aerosol and Fumigants
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Aerosols (A): Aerosol formulations contain one or more low-content active ingredients suspended in a solvent.
- Types: Sealed containers and aerosol generators that release the active ingredient through pressurized systems, creating fine droplets.
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Fumigants: Fumigants are formulations that release poisonous gases when applied.
- They are typically used to control pests in enclosed spaces like buildings or warehouses.
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Description
Test your knowledge on various insecticide formulations, including Oil-in-Emulsion, Ultra-low-volume liquids, and Suspoemulsion. This quiz will evaluate your understanding of how these products are prepared and their characteristics. Learn about the components that enhance their efficacy and applications in pest control.
