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DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Architecture AR INTRS 312...
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Architecture AR INTRS 312 “Natural and Artificial Lighting Systems, Locating The Utility Elements, Materials for Interiors First Semester 2024-2025 https://www.pexels.com/photo/people-looking-at-the-paintings-in-hallway-3779198/ Lighting Lighting plays a vital role in the way people experience and understand architecture. Whether buildings and structures are lit naturally or artificially, lighting is the medium that allows us to see and appreciate the beauty in the buildings around us. Lighting can bring an emotional value to architecture – it helps create an experience for those who occupy the space. Without lighting, where would architecture be? Would it still have the same impact? No, it wouldn’t. Whether it’s daylighting or artificial lighting, light draws attention to textures, colors, and forms of a space, helping architecture achieve its true purpose. Vision is the single most important sense through which we enjoy architecture, and lighting enhances the way we perceive architecture even more. Lighting To create a successful balance between lighting and architecture, its important to remember three key aspect of architectural lighting aesthetic function efficiency Aesthetic is where designers and architects focus on the emotional impact the balance of lighting and architecture will have on occupants. It’s where designers determine how they want people to feel when they walk around a space. This aspect is especially important for retail locations; exterior lighting should draw the consumer in, and the interior lighting should awe them as they walk through the doors in addition to showing off product. The second aspect, function, cannot be overlooked. We want the lighting to look a certain way, but we have to also make sure it serves its most important purpose – to help us see. Areas should be illuminated so occupants feel safe when navigating a room or entire building. They should be able to see the floor and walls around them, which should create a feeling of reassurance The final aspect is very important in today’s age of green building and sustainability and efficient movements. It’s one thing to create a breathtaking lighting layout, but it’s another to create a breathtaking layout that is also incredibly energy efficient. This can be done by assuring the majority of the light is reaching its target and there is less wasted light. Reducing the amount of wasted light will make the building more efficient. An easy way this can be done is to install LEDs instead of fluorescent lighting. Because of the technology, there is less wasted light with LEDs than fluorescent due to the directional nature of LEDs. Natural lighting Natural lighting, also known as daylighting, is a technique that efficiently brings natural light into your home using exterior glazing (windows, skylights, etc.), thereby reducing artificial lighting requirements and saving energy. Sources of Natural Lighting Direct Sunlight External Reflection - light reflecting off of ground surfaces, adjacent buildings, light shelves, and wide window sills. Excessive reflectance is undesirable as it causes glare. Internal Reflection - light reflecting off of internal walls, ceiling, and the floor of your home. This also includes high reflective surfaces such as smooth or glossy surfaces, light colored finishes, and mirrors around a room. Sun Path Sun path, sometimes also called day arc, refers to the daily and seasonal arc-like path that the Sun appears to follow across the sky as the Earth rotates and orbits the Sun. The Sun's path affects the length of daytime experienced and amount of daylight received along a certain latitude during a given season. Solar Zenith Angle The solar zenith angle is the zenith angle of the sun, i.e., the angle between the sun’s rays and the vertical direction. It is the complement to the solar altitude or solar elevation, which is the altitude angle or elevation angle between the sun’s rays and a horizontal plane. At solar noon, the zenith angle is at a minimum and is equal to latitude minus solar declination angle. This is the basis by which ancient mariners navigated the oceans. Solar zenith angle is normally used in combination with the solar azimuth angle to determine the position of the Sun as observed from a given location on the surface of the Earth. Principle of effective natural lighting Orientation of the Building Form of the Building Glazing Ratio and Specification Window Height and Location Overhead Daylighting Daylight Redirection DAYLIGHT FIXTURES WINDOWS SKYLIGHTS TUBULAR LIGHTS REDIRECTION DEVICES WINDOWS A window is an opening formed in a wall or roof primarily to admit daylight through some transparent or translucent material. Windows also serve an important function in providing controlled natural ventilation to buildings and make a major contribution to the visual appearance of buildings. SKYLIGHTS Skylight are Roof opening covered with translucent or transparent glass or plastic designed to admit daylight. Skylights have found wide application admitting steady, even light in industrial, commercial, and residential buildings, especially those with a northern orientation. Installations range from purely functional daylighting to elaborate aesthetic forms. Flat-roofed buildings may have domed skylights; in others the skylight follows the slope of the roof. Often the skylight, or a portion of it, functions as an operating window to admit air. TUBULAR LIGHTS Tubular lights also known as solar tubes, are light channels that allow light to enter from the roof and be reflected using mirrors into a home. They have become more popular for top lighting in recent years. This is largely because they can be installed in retrofit projects easier than skylights and are cheaper for the homeowner. REDIRECTION DEVICE Redirection Devices take incoming sunlight and direct it towards the ceiling space. They aim to reduce glare and to increase daylight penetration. These devices typically take on of two forms: louvered systems or a large horizontal element. Horizontal elements are commonly referred to as light-shelves. SOLAR SHADING DEVICES Solar shading devices are often implemented to control the solar gains and potential glare from windows. These shading devices include overhangs and blinds. Artificial Lighting artificial light is human-made and can emanate from sources including fire, candlelight, gaslight, electric lamps and so on. Today however, the term 'artificial lighting' generally refers to lighting that emanates from electric lamps. The term ‘lamp’ refers specifically to a light source, typically comprising a light-emitting element contained within an outer container (bulb or tube) which emits radiation within the visible spectrum. Artificial light is generally easily manipulated to achieve the required lighting outcome. The light can be increased or decreased, directed, focused and coloured. This allows lighting to create a range of effects according to the requirements of a space. The type of artificial light source chosen will depend on the type of space the lighting is for (office, living room, bathroom etc); the quality and type of light required for the space, and the energy consumption of the light fitting. Units of Lights = 1. Unit of Light or Luminous Flux Lumens 2. Unit of Density of Light a) Footcandle is the amount of lumens falling on an area one square foot one foot away = b) Lux is the amount of lumens falling on an area one square meter one meter away. One (1) footcandle is equivalent to 10.76 lux. 3. Unit of Light Intensity candlepower (cp) = 4. Unit of Brightness footlambert (FL) Incandescent lamps The incandescent lamp is a thermal radiator. The filament wire begins to glow when it is heated to a sufficiently high temperature by an electric current. As the temperature increases the spectrum of the radiated light shifts towards the shorter wavelength range – the red heat of the filament shifts to the warm white light of the incandescent lamp depending on lamp type and wattage the temperature Halogen lamp The halogen light bulb or lamp is a type of incandescent lamp which uses a halogen gas in order to increase both light output and rated life. They are known for moderately high efficiency, quality of light, and high rated life compared to regular incandescent lamps. Halogen lamp for mains voltage with screw cap and outer envelope. The outer envelope means that the lamp can be operated without a protective glass covering. Low-voltage halogen lamp with pin base and axial filament in a quartz glass bulb Halogen cycle: combination of evaporated tungsten and halogen to produce tungsten halide in the peripheral area. Splitting of the tungsten halogens back to the filament. Discharge lamp In contrast to incandescent lamps, light from discharge lamps is not produced by heating a filament, but by exciting gases or metal vapours. The Discharge lamps are one of the reliable sources of artificial light energy, which fundamentally works by converting electrical energy to light energy by ionizing the gas particles. Discharge lamp gained popularity, in the mid-twentieth century. The best part of the discharge lamps, it can produce lights of different colors. Discharge Lamp A fluorescent lamp, or fluorescent tube, is a low-pressure mercury-vapor gas-discharge lamp that uses fluorescence to produce visible light. An electric current in the gas excites mercury vapor, which produces short-wave ultraviolet light that then causes a phosphor coating on the inside of the lamp to glow. A fluorescent lamp converts electrical energy into useful light much more efficiently than an incandescent lamp. Compact fluorescent lamps are mainly available in the form of tubular lamps, in which each lamp has a combination of two or four discharge tubes. Discharge lamp A high-intensity discharge (HID) lamp is a type of electrical lamp which produces light by means of an electric arc between tungsten electrodes housed inside a translucent or transparent fused quartz or fused alumina arc tube. Compared to other lamp types, relatively high arc power exists for the arc length. Examples of HID lamps include mercury-vapor lamps, metal halide lamps, ceramic discharge metal halide lamps, sodium vapor lamps and xenon arc lamps HID lamps are typically used when high levels of light and energy efficiency are desired. Discharge lamp High-voltage fluorescent tubes have a considerably lower luminous efficacy than Conventional fluorescent lamps, but they have a long lamp life. Discharge lamp Low-pressure sodium lamps Low-pressure sodium lamps are comparable to fluorescent lamps in the way they are constructed and how they operate. In this case sodium vapour is excited instead of mercury vapour. High-pressure mercury lamps High-pressure mercury lamps have a short quartz glass discharge tube that contains a mixture of inert gas and mercury. Electrodes are positioned at both ends of the discharge tube. In close proximity Discharge lamp Self-ballasted mercury lamps Self-ballasted mercury lamp with a quartz glass discharge tube for high-pressure mercury discharge and an additional filament that takes on the function of pre-resistance and supplements the spectrum in the red range. The elliptical bulb is frequently provided with a coating of light-diffusing material. Metal halide lamps Metal halide lamps are a further development of mercury lamps and are therefore similar to these with regard to construction and function. Apart from mercury they also contain a mixture of metal halides. In contrast to pure metals, halogen compounds have the advantage that they melt at a considerably lower temperature. Discharge lamp Color Each gas, depending on its atomic structure emits radiation of certain wavelengths, its emission spectrum, which determines the color of the light from the lamp. As a way of evaluating the ability of a light source to reproduce the colors of various objects being lit by the source, the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) introduced the color rendering index (CRI). Some gas-discharge lamps have a relatively low CRI, which means colors they illuminate appear substantially different from how they do under sunlight or other high-CRI illumination. Luminaires (Or Lighting Fixtures) Luminaires or Lighting Fixtures are devices which supports the source or sources of electric light and redirects or helps to control the light rays from the source. Control of the rays is necessary to secure even distribution, to avoid glare, to cut- off direct rays to the eyes, and eliminates disturbing reflection of the rays from polished surfaces. Lighting Fixture Lighting Fixture Lighting Fixture Lighting Fixture Louvred luminaires Louvred luminaires are designed for linear light sources such as fluorescent lamps or compact fluorescent lamps. Their name derives from their anti-dazzle attachments that may be anti-glare louvres, light controlling specular reflectors or prismatic diffusers. Being fitted with linear light sources of low luminance louvred luminaires produce little or no modelling effects. They generally have wide-beam light distribution, with the result that louvred luminaires are predominantly used for lighting wide areas. Lighting Fixture Mounting options for louvred luminaires: recessed ceiling, surface, mounting on tracks, walls, floor- standing or pendant mounting. Lighting Fixture Wallwashers illuminate walls and depending on how they are designed – also a part of the floor. Stationary wallwashers are available as recessed and surface- mounted luminaires. Ceiling washlights Ceiling washlights are designed for brightening or lighting ceilings and for indirect ambient lighting. They are installed above eye height onthe wall or suspended from the ceiling. Ceiling washlights are generally equipped with tungsten halogen lamps for mains voltage or with high-pressure discharge lamps. Lighting Fixture Spotlights Spotlights are the most common form of movable luminaires. They illuminate a limited area, with the result that they are rarely used for ambient lighting but predominantly for accent lighting. In view of their flexibility with regard to mounting position and light direction, they can be adjusted to meet changing requirements. Lighting Techniques BASIC LIGHTING TECHNIQUES Depending on the specific lighting project, there may be a number of conditions that determine the lighting layout. The first is related to the particular lighting tasks. Differentiated lighting for different parts of the room or functional areas may result in the luminaires having to be arranged accordingly, e. g. the arrangement of downlights above a seating area or the positioning of downlights and floodlights in a modern control room. Classificaton of Luminaires Direct 90% - 100% of the light output is directed downwards Semi-direct 60% to 90% of light is directed downwards; while 40% to 10% is directed upwards. General diffuse or direct-indirect provides approximately equal distribution of light upwards and downwards. Semi-indirect 60% to 90% of the light is directed upwards; 40% to 10% downwards. Indirect 90% to 100% of the light output is directed towards the ceiling and upper walls of the room. Lighting Systems 1. Cornice Lighting a system where light sources are shielded by a panel parallel to the wall and attached to the ceiling to distribute light downwards over the wall. This is considered as direct lighting. 2. Cove Lighting a system where light sources are shielded by a ledge to distribute light upwards over the ceiling and upper wall. It is a form of indirect lighting. 3. Valance Lighting a system where light sources are shielded by a panel parallel to the wall usually across the top of a window. This provides light both upwards and downwards over the wall. Lighting Methods 1. Local Lighting method which employs lamps at definite points where light is specially needed producing pools of light mingled with areas of shadows. It is the very opposite of uniform illumination. The location of lamps in this method usually depends upon the position of furniture or the position of activity areas. 2. General Lighting this method strives for diffused light and uniform intensity over an entire area. The lamps are evenly spaced without regard to furniture location and are provided with reflectors, baffles or diffusing prisms to prevent glare, harsh shadows and uneven illumination. 3. Combined Local and General Lighting (sometimes called Localized Lighting) provides sufficient general lighting to illuminate various objects in the room and at the same time furnishes additional local lamps at desks, reading tables, showcases and other equipment needing additional illumination Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing 1. Intensity of Illumination Conditions intensity of light required will depend upon the tasks involved as follows a) for casual work, as in conferencing, interviewing and inactive filing – 10 to 30 fc b) for moderate work, as in intermittent filing and general clerical work – 30 to 50 fc c) for prolonged work, as in active filing, index referencing and mail sorting – 50 to 100 fc d) for precision work, as in accounting, auditing, tabulating, bookkeeping, business machine operation, reading poor reproductions and rough layout drafting – 100 to 150 fc e) for fine precision work, as in cartography, designing and detail drafting – 150 to 200 fc 2. Quality of Light Light Distribution depends upon: Uniformity freedom from variations of illumination in a room or space. Absolute uniformity signifies same intensity throughout and it is not always practicable to attain. A deviation of 25% from the average intensity cannot be detected by the eye, and is considered an acceptable maximum. Diffusion refers to the number of directions and angles from which illuminating rays proceed. Good diffusion is obtained when light falls upon a matte or satin surface from a variety of directions thus eliminating shadows and streaks of brilliancy. Poor diffusion results from illumination from one direction only thus causing visual confusion because of distorted highlights and shadows Absence of Glare POSSIBLE SOLUTION TO DIRECT GLARE Glare is defined as the effect of brightness in the field Diffused light emanates from broad or multiple light of vision which causes annoyance or discomfort, or in source and reflecting surfaces. It produces fairly worse cases, interferes with seeing. When the glare is uniform illumination with few shadows. caused by light sources in the field of vision, it is known as “direct glare” or “disability glare”. When Directional light, on the other hand, produces glare is caused by the reflection of a light source in a brightness variations and shadows which are viewed surface, it is known as “reflected glare” or necessary for the perception of shape, form and “discomfort glare”. texture. A mix of diffused and directional lighting is often desirable. Bare lamps or brilliant fixture globes should never be in the line of sight from any point in the room. An The perceived color of a surface is the result of its angle of 45 deg. between the horizontal and the line ability to reflect or absorb the color of the light falling of sight (line from the lamp to the eye) is generally on it. accepted as the greatest permissible angle. Color of Light depends upon the type of lamp chosen. Incandescent lamps provide yellow light; although there are many other colors depending upon the color of their glass bulbs. Fluorescent lamps have the greatest variety of colors ranging from daylight to bluish white and even pinkish white. Color is also used to enhance certain qualities. For example, de luxe FL lamps are used to enhance food in restaurants. Practical Lighting Layouts Practical Lighting Layouts Lighting design for offices Practical Lighting Layouts Lighting design for Auditorium Practical Lighting Layouts Lighting design for Restaurant Lighting Terms 1. Absorption Loss of light when light rays strikes or traverses any medium. The ratio of light absorbed by a material to the light falling upon it is called the “absorption factor” or “absorptance”. 2. Diffuse Reflection a beam of light is reflected diffusely, that is, its ray is scattered in all directions, if it strikes a rough or matte surface. 3. Specular Reflection a beam of light is specularly reflected when a light ray striking a shiny or glossy surface at an angle of incidence is reflected as the same beam with equal angle of reflection. 4. Reflectance also called “reflection factor”; it is the ratio of light reflected by a surface to the light falling upon it. 5. Transmission is the passage of light through a medium when light falls upon a transparent material. It is “refracted” (bent) as it passes through the material but emerges at the same angle that it entered. When passing through a translucent material, such as plastic, and the emerging rays are spread in all directions, it is called “diffused transmission”. 6. Transmittance also called “transmission factor”; it is the ratio of light transmitted to light striking the surface. Lighting Terms 7. Accent Lighting directional lighting to emphasize a space or an object. 8. Down Light a fixture producing concentrated direct lighting from a single bulb. It may be recessed in or mounted on the ceiling 9. High Hat a term often applied to a can-type of recessed incandescent downlight. 10. Eye Ball recessed or semi-recessed lighting unit with a rotating spherical element that may be turned to project light in any direction. 11. Lumiline a tubular fluorescent lamp with a disc base at each end. 12. Luminance Ceiling a false ceiling of diffusing material with light sources mounted above 13. Filter device which changes either amount or color, or both. of light passing through it. Lighting Terms 14. Dimmer a device to control the amount of light by reducing the voltage or the current; also called a “rayostat”. 15. Capacitor An electric component which consists of conducting plates insulated from each other by a layer of dielectric material; introduces capacitance into a circuit. Capacitance is the quantitative measure of the electric-energy storage capability of a capacitor; usually measured in farads or microfarads. Lighting Symbols What is MEPFS MEPFS is an acronym that stands for Mechanical, Electrical,Plumbing and Firefighting System and it refers to the design system that includes the building of a safe and functional structure. Mechanical There are several types of mechanical systems that are used in residential, commercial and industrial buildings. However, three types account for a lot of the mechanical design work in commercial constructions, which are as follows: – Space heating – Air conditioning – Mechanical ventilation Such systems interact with each other to keep temperature and humidity within a range that’s comfortable for inhabitants. In particular, mechanical ventilation also ensures that enough fresh air is supplied to keep pollutant concentrations at low and safe levels. With regards to equipment capacity, these mechanical installations operate at their best when capacity is adequate. There’s a mistaken belief that over-engineering is a good thing. However, oversized boilers and chillers tend to cycle rapidly, creating a fluctuating room temperature and a wearing down of equipment at an accelerated pace. Mechanical System Likewise, over-engineering also leads to poor control of indoor humidity. It’d been recommended that relative humidity be kept between 30% and 60% to make such spaces optimal for human occupancy. If humidity falls outside this range for extended periods, then the low humidity can end up irritating the skin and airways, while high humidity results in the growth of mould and bacteria. Mechanical design also involves laying out optimal routes for heat distribution systems like air ducts, hydronic piping or steam piping. If combustion appliances are used – a common problem that happens when MEP systems are designed in isolation that we mentioned earlier – then these appliances must be properly vented to ensure that harmful combustion products are removed. Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) System A heating, ventilating, and airconditioning (HVAC) system integrates mechanical equipment into one complex system that is designed to provide thermal comfort and air quality throughout a building. There are limits to what can be accomplished without mechanical systems. It is difficult to get the building itself to provide adequate air motion for comfort when temperatures exceed 31°C (88°F). Without some way to remove humidity from the air, buildings are clammy in summer and mold becomes a serious problem. It is difficult to filter air without the use of fans. All this leaves the mechanical designer with the job of deciding whether mechanical equipment willsupplement and modify conditions occasionally, always modify and control the interior environment, or permanently exclude the outdoor environment. How does HVAC affect the Interior Design? Uniformity in the design of the building has implications for the HVAC system and for the interior design of the building. Uniform ceiling heights, lighting placement, and HVAC grille locations increase flexibility in office arrangements and extend the building’s useful lifespan. Four basic types of office space can be interchanged within a flexible overall plan. These include enclosed offices; bullpen offices with repeated, identical workstations with desk-height dividers; uniform open plan offices with higher partitions; and free-form open plan offices with partitions of varying heights. However, uniformity in ceiling lighting, air handling, and size can make design of connecting corridors, lounges, and other support services difficult. The design of the air-circulation and ventilation system interacts with the layout of furniture. Even furniture like filing cabinets and acoustic screens less than 1.5 meters (5 ft) high can impede air circulation, especially if they extend to the floor. Some sources recommend an open space of at least 25 to 51 mm (1–2 in.) at the base for furniture pieces, with 152 mm (6 in.) allowing even better airflow. If walls or full-height partitions enclose spaces, each enclosed space should have one supply vent and one return or exhaust vent. Electrical System Electricity is the most prevalent form of energy in a modern building. Electricity supplies electrical outlets and lighting fixtures. Ventilation, heating, and cooling equipment depends upon electrical energy. Electricity provides energy for elevators and material transporters, and energy for signal and communication equipment. Lighting is the major user of electrical energy in most buildings. In commercial buildings, motors are the second heaviest user of electrical energy, for heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, plumbing pumps, elevators, and most industrial processes. Working with the building’s architect and engineers, you, as the interior designer, are responsible for seeing that power is available where needed for your client’s equipment, and for making sure that the lighting and appliances are appropriate and energy efficient. ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN PROCESS Engineers start the process of designing electrical systems by estimating the total building electrical power load. They then plan the spaces required for electrical equipment such as transformer rooms, conduit chases, and electrical closets. The amount of energy a building is permitted to consume is governed by building codes. A building energy consumption analysis determines whether the building design will meet the target electrical energy budget. If not, the engineer must modify the electrical loads and reconsider the projected system criteria. The engineer will incorporate energy conservation devices and techniques and draw up energy use guidelines to be applied when the building is occupied. These techniques depend upon the day-to-day voluntary actions of the building’s occupants, which are hard to determine during the planning phase. ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN PROCESS Interior designers are also responsible for showing electrical system information on their drawings (Fig.27-4). The electrical engineer uses the interior design drawings to help design the electrical system. The interior design drawings often indicate all electrical outlets, switches, and lighting fixtures and their type. Large equipment and appliances should be indicated, along with their electrical requirements. Communication system equipment, like public phones, phone outlets, and related equipment, and computer outlets are shown. In new buildings, the location and size of equipment rooms, including switching rooms and electrical closets, should be coordinated with the electrical engineer. Plumbing System Plumbing is any system that conveys fluids for a wide range of applications. Plumbing uses pipes, valves, plumbing fixtures, tanks, and other apparatuses to convey fluids.Heating and cooling (HVAC), waste removal, and potable water delivery are among the most common uses for plumbing, but it is not limited to these applications. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS In small, low buildings with moderate water use, the pressure from water mains or pumped wells is adequate to get the water to its highest point. This is called up feed distribution. The resulting pressure is usually more than is required at the fixtures. If it causes splashing at a lavatory, a flow restrictor can be used in the faucet outlet. In medium-sized buildings where the pressure from the street main is inadequate, pumps provide extra pressure. This is referred to as pumped up feed distribution. In hydropneumatics systems, pumps force water into sealed tanks. Compressed air then maintains the water pressure. Downfeed systems raise water to storage tanks at the top of a building, from which it drops down to plumbing fixtures. The rooftop storage tanks may have to be heated to prevent freezing. The water in a rooftop storage tank is also available for fire hoses. Sewage Disposal System With the advent of readily available supplies of water inside the house, water began to be used to flush wastes down the drain. Water pipes from sinks, lavatories, tubs, showers, water closets (toilets), urinals, and floor drains form a network drained by gravity (Fig. 10-1). In order to preserve the gravity flow, large waste pipes must run downhill, and normal atmospheric pressure must be maintained throughout the system at all times. Cleaouts are located to facilitate removal of solid wastes from clogged pipes. Vent Piping The invention of the trap helped to keep sewer gases out of buildings. However, traps were not foolproof. When water moving farther downstream in the system pushes along water in front of it at higher pressures, negative pressures are left behind. The higher pressures could force sewer water through the water in some traps, and lower pressures could siphon (suck) water from other traps, allowing sewer gases to get through (Fig. 10-3) Vent pipes are added to the waste piping a short distance downstream from each trap to prevent the pressures that would allow dirty water and sewer gases to get through the traps. Vent pipes run upward, join together, and eventually poke through theroof. Because the roof may be several floors up and the pipes may have to pass through other tenants’ spaces, adding vent pipes in new locations can be difficult. The vent pipe allows air to enter the waste pipe and break the siphoning action. Fire Protection System Fire protection systems are standard building features that either actively or passively help to control the amount of damage that can occur to a building and protect its occupants in the event of a fire. The structural integrity of a building can be compromised by extreme heat and a fire reaching critical weight-bearing points. Active fire protection systems include features such as automatic fire sprinklers and fire alarm systems. In general, they work to contain the spread of the fire with the action of dispersing water or other compounds water or alerting occupants to its presence. These features are crucial to a building’s safety, and often required by local codes as a precautionary measure in any office or public space. Passive fire systems contain fires without taking action by utilizing building compartmentalization through the use of fire-resistant walls, doors, and coatings. Fire Protection System Fire Sprinklers - The sprinkler is a plug that holds back water in a pipe similar to your other plumbing pipes. Heat from a fire will break a glass tube or melt a solder plug which releases the water. TYPES OF SPRINKLER SYSTEM Wet Fire Sprinkler System A wet fire sprinkler system is one of the most common options on the market. In a wet fire sprinkler system, water is always in the line. When a fire is present, the heat causes the core of a sprinkler head to burst. This discharges water from the affected sprinkler head. In a wet fire sprinkler system, not all sprinkler heads are activated at once — only those that are exposed to fire will discharge. Dry Fire Sprinkler System A dry fire sprinkler system is filled with pressurized air, rather than water. These sprinklers are designed only to release water to the pipes when the sprinkler heads are activated. Though this does add to the fire response time, this is a necessary feature for unheated buildings and properties, like warehouses in the north, outdoor parking garages, and other applications where temperatures are low and pipes are at a high risk of freezing. Fire Protection System Preaction Fire Sprinkler System Preaction fire sprinkler systems combine the flexibility of a wet system with the complexity of a dry system to protect high-value goods in buildings like museums and libraries. Like a dry system, preaction fire sprinkler systems are filled with air. Unlike dry systems, however, preaction systems are actuated by a preceding fire detection event — the activation of a smoke or heat detector. This extra detection step helps to reduce the damage associated with water spouting in the case of a mechanical failure of a false alarm. Fire Protection System Standpipes Much like automatic fire sprinklers, standpipes are built into the initial construction of a building. They are installed in the stairways of buildings that exceed a certain height or size, but can sometimes be located throughout the walls of the entire structure, providing coverage on every floor. These standpipes provide water flow to hose valves, which, much like fire hydrants, firefighters can connect fire hoses too. Much like fire hydrants, firefighters can utilize this connection to spray water from the building’s main water source from any floor they may need to. There are three classes of the standpipe. Class I Systems [2-1/2″ hose connections] are provided for use by fire departments and those trained in handling heavy water streams. In high rise buildings without sprinklers and beyond the reach of fire department ladders, Class I systems provide water supply for the primary means of fire fighting, i.e. manually. Class II Systems [1-1/2″ hose lines] are provided for use by trained building occupants until the fire department arrives. Class III Systems shall provide [1-1/2″ (38mm)] hose stations to supply water for use by trained building occupants and [2-1/2″ (64mm)] hose connections to supply a larger volume of water for use by fire departments and those trained in handling heavy water streams. Fire Protection System Fire Department Connections Fire department connections are utilized by the firefighters on the scene to either supply water to the standpipes or supplement the building’s already existing water supply. This additional water can be sourced from the fire truck itself or from a hydrant that can tap into the water the building’s standpipes may not have access to. These are usually included in the initial creation of the standpipes in order to provide an extra source of water to the building. Fire Protection System Fire Alarm Systems Fire alarm systems are put in place in order to alert a building’s occupants in the event of a fire. These are installed in every room of a building and are highly regulated by fire safety laws. Generally, these can be automatic or manual alarm systems. Automatic alarm systems can detect heat or smoke and emit a high- pitched alarm throughout the building. Manual alarms must be pulled by a building’s occupants, and include simple instructions on how they can be used. Both types of alarms can emit a visual cue as well, seen as a bright flash every few seconds. Smoke Control Systems Through the application of both physical barriers and mechanical systems, smoke control systems work to limit the spread of smoke through a building, ideally limiting the amount of damage the smoke can do to both the building and its occupants. The mechanical systems of smoke control include fans, dampers, doors, and shutters that all work together to isolate and contain the spread of smoke. These are generally installed in the initial construction of a building as well, and work in conjunction with sprinkler systems to prevent as much damage as possible to the structural integrity of a building. Fire Protection System Fire Command Systems In order to achieve unity and a systematic approach to the containment of a fire, many buildings utilize a fire (or incident) command system. These systems are highly beneficial in evaluating, maintaining, and communicating the vital aspects of the fire, as well as providing updates in real-time. Incident command systems are used in more than just fires, and emergency services generally use them to communicate and understand a number of different emergency-type situations outside of fire control. Post Fire Smoke Purge Similar to smoke control systems, the post-fire smoke purge involves a series of fans and shutters that help to eliminate the smoke from a building and can include automatic ventilation from windows and doors to flush smoke from a building, preventing further damage. Although the fire has been extinguished, smoke can still cause harm to a building, making it unfit for occupancy, so post-fire smoke purge systems are just as vital as other fire protection systems. Fire Protection System Auxiliary Radio Communication Systems (ARCS) An auxiliary radio communication system (ARCS) provides clear, reliable communication for firefighters who may be separated by smoke, thick walls, or other standard radio interferences. These systems are installed within a building, including a base station, radio consoles, radiating cables, antennae, and power supplies. ARCS include two very distinct features: they need to be both wireless and bidirectional. They also operate continuously, even in power outages, to ensure that the firefighters on the scene are able to effectively communicate even if the fire has damaged the electrical integrity of the building. Interior Finishing Materials Interior Finishing Materials Finishing can be defined as the final layer which protect and fix the surface of the building elements. This layer plays an important role in visual and psychological definition of interior space. At the period of traditional building techniques; buildings were usually produced by traditional materials such as stone, wood and adobe. They were used uncoated or sometimes plastered. After the transition to modern building techniques; the building section got thinner and new layers had to be added in order to provide comfort requirements. Consequently finishing layers were needed. The main purpose of finishing layer is to fix the surface. Also it is essential to coat wall, floor and ceiling in order to create a suitable appearance and to protect the construction from effects of water, heat, moisture, abrasion. Concrete and Cement base Materials Cement is the most common binding material nowadays. According to various sources; natural cement was produced BC 7000 and artificial cement was produced BC 5600. But the cement used today is based on 1824 (Binggeli, 2008). Terrazzo floor is formed from a mixture of small stone pieces and cement mortar created from marble flour and color pigments. Cement tile, is a layered tile produced from cement, sand and oxide paint. The upper layer is paint. Desired colors and patterns can be created with the oxide paint. The second layer below paint has a high cement factor; the last layer is produced from a regular cement mortar Earth-Based Materials Earth-based materials are used in the building because they can easily be found since the prehistoric times. Ceramics which are baked at high degrees are used as the earth-based finishing materials at the building. The most significant property of the baked earth-based materials is their high heat insulating ability. In addition, they are light and resistant to chemicals and high temperature. The biggest disadvantage of the material is their fragility. Types of Ceramic Tiles Glazed Unglazed Porcelain Glass Glass is used since prehistoric times and it is defined as a kind of ceramic. It had been used for producing ornaments in prehistoric times. Later it has started to be used as structural purposes. Glass was first used in the windows to make the connection between interior and exterior spaces. Later, with the emerging technologies, it has started to be used in large sizes and for different features in different parts of the structures (Binggeli, 2008). Glass is formed by melting the ingredients together at high temperatures, shaping and annealing of the material. Usually floating method is used for shaping the structural glass. Glass is used in interior spaces as glass brick walls, floor tiles and mosaics. Also, glass foam can be used on walls for acoustic purposes Glass Types of Glass Stained glass Textured glass Laminated Glass Annealed Glass Patterned Glass Glass Block Toughened Glass Float Glass Decorative Glass Metals Metals are resistant and shiny materials obtained from the mines. Metal has a high heat and electric conductivity due to its regular atomic structure. This also leads to a high compression and tension strength value. The most important problem about metal is corrosion reasoned from water vapor and oxygen. This can be solved by periodic painting or using alloys. Alloys are obtained by melting and mixing two or more metals in order to increase the strength and resistance of metal. Types of Metal Iron Mild Steel Copper Aluminium Stainless Steel Copper Zinc Gold Polymers or Plastic Plastic is produced by processing carbon (C) with hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N) and other organic or inorganic elements. Plastic is not found in nature, but obtained by the treatment of natural elements. Plastics were firstly produced and used in the late 19th century. The high resistance against environmental factors, low cost and the unlimited production forms has increased its usage area and production amounts. Polymers are divided into two groups according to their thermal behavior; thermosets and thermoplastics. Thermosets doesn't soften and melt when they are heated, after a certain temperature they begin to break down. They can only be formed during polymerization. Termoplastics are solid at room temperature. They soften and melt when they are heated without breaking down (Binggeli, 2008). Polymers or Plastic Plastics are used as panels, sandwich panels, stretch ceilings, polymer and epoxy floors in interior space. Polymer panels can be produced in desired width and color from PVC, acrylic and polycarbonate. They are installed to a construction system. Sandwich panel is a structure made of three layers. It has a low density core inserted between two relatively thin layers. It has a high mechanical performance. The sandwich panels are often used in prefabricated buildings. Sandwich panels are applied in a similar manner with the other interior coating panels (Toydemir et al, 2000). Natural Stones Natural stones are obtained by cutting the solid layer under the soil. It has been used as a structural and coating material in building for centuries. It is preferred because it is resistant to environmental factors, has a high abrasion resistance, impact strength and has a low absorption rate. Types of Natural Stone used as Finishes Granite Marble Slate Limestone Sandstone Quartzite Textiles Textile is used as carpets and upholstery fabric for furniture and curtains. For this purpose wool, cotton, linen, leather are used; polymers such as nylon and perlon can also be used. Carpet is used for floor coating in the residential and working spaces. The carpets are divided in two different groups; woven and non-woven carpets. In recent years polymer-based non- woven carpets are preferred for their high sound absorption values and economic reasons. They are produced in rolls or tiles and applied to the floor with glue Carpet is used for floor coating in the residential and working spaces. The carpets are divided in two different groups; woven and non-woven carpets. In recent years polymer-based non-woven carpets are preferred for their high sound absorption values and economic reasons. They are produced in rolls or tiles and applied to the floor with glue Wood and Wood Composites Wood is the material obtained by sawing tree trunk. The properties of the wood are directly affected by many things such as the geographic area where the tree is grown, climate, orientation, amount of the water in the soil. Therefore each material produced from wood has its own characteristics Wood and Wood Composites Types of Wood uses in Finishes Hardwood Softwood Plywood Tongue and Groove Veneers Chipboard Laminated Butcher Block Strip Laminates Melamine Coated Wood Cork Willow Medium Density Fiber Hardboard Wood and Wood Composites Paint Interior Design Materials like Paint are a thin coating of liquid applied on surfaces that dries into a solid form. It can be applied on walls, ceilings, furniture pieces, etc. They are used for different purposes, such as shielding against moisture, sunbeams, dust or dirt, etc. They make the surface more durable and easier to clean and maintain. Types of Paint Transparent Finish Opaque Finish Paint Transparent Finishes A. Wood Stain Oil Wood Stains Pigments are derived from various earth clays. After they are dissolved in linseed oil, the coloring particles remain suspended between the oil molecules. For spreading the color particles over large surfaces, the ground oil color is thinned with turpentine. Water Stains These are made from anilyne dyes and mineral extracts which have been dissolved in hot water ”. Spirit or Alcohol Stain These are mixed with alcohol-solution anilyne powders and warmed alcohol. Paint Transparent Finishes B. Wood Fillers Paste Fillers. Composed of silex (stone dust), japan-drier, linseed oil, turpentine, and sometimes colors ground in oil Filler is applied with the grain and allowed to dry “flat” for about 10 minutes. It is then wiped off across the grain with burlap or some other coarse material. Paste fillers requires about 24 hours for drying before it can be sanded. Crack Fillers. Plastic wood putty, stick shellac, etc. They are used for filling nails holes, cracks and dents. Paint Transparent Finishes C. Varnish It is a resolution of resin in drying oil (oil varnish) or in a voltatile solvent such as alcohol or turpentine (spirit varnish). It contains no pigment and hardens into a smooth, hard and glossy coat by the oxidation of the oil or by the evaporation of the alcohol. The chief resins used in varnishes are - copal of African fossil gums; - dammar or resins from Singapore and the East Indies; - the residue left under the extraction of turpentine from pine resins, and rosin esters, obtained by t reating resin with glycerine to make it waterproof when dry. In general, oil varnishes are more durable than spirit varnishes. Spirit varnishes are either dammar varnish, mad by treating dammar resins with turpentine, or shellac varnish, made by dissolving white or orange shellac in grain alcohol. They dry by the evaporation of the solvent. Paint Transparent Finishes D. Lacquer Lacquer is made synthetically, and is closely related to rayon or nylon fabrics. It requires a special thinner sold by each manufacturer for his own brand. Average drying time is 1-1/2 hours. For fine lacquer finishes, a special undercoat of lacquer sealer is applied over a wash coat of shellac. After the sealer has dried, it is sanded or steel-wooled to give the lacquer a gripping surface Paint Opaque Finishes A. Paint Paint is a mixture containing a pigment and a vehicle. The pigment is that solid, finely ground portion which gives to paint the power to obscure, hide or color the surface. The vehicle is the fluid portion of the paint. It carries the particles of the pigment in suspension and by the oxidation deposits and hardening binds them to painted surface or by evaporation deposits them thereon. Paint The type of solvent used in a paint determines whether it is a - water-base paint (where the solvent is water) or - oil-base paint (where the solvent is an organic liquid). Paint Interior Design Materials: Category of Paints by Finishes Matte Finish These paints are glossier and more durable than flat paints. Since it has slightly better longevity, it is advisable for surfaces with high traffic. Although it might not be an optimal solution, it is still a little better than flat paints. It is preferable to be used on ceilings as it saves money. Eggshell Eggshell paints are paints that offer a low shine level. It is glossier than matte paints but has less sheen than satin paints. It is flat, but with a slight gloss to it. It is durable, affordable, and popular. It is easier to clean since it can be washed with a damp towel. Paint Satin Satin has a lustrous and velvety feel. These paints are not too shiny and not too flat. They have more glow than eggshell paints but less than semi-gloss paint. It is durable, washable, easy to handle, and also less expensive. It is used for painting hallways, doors, woodworks, bedrooms, dining rooms, and almost any other type of space. The appearance of satin paints depends on the Semi-Gloss Paint lighting conditions of a particular room. These paints are mostly used for kitchens Although easy to clean, it is advisable to not and bathrooms because of their high scrub it abrasively, as that may lead to a loss durability. The more reflective and can be in sheen level. fully scrubbed. Because of its high luster level, these paints make the flaws on surfaces very visible. Even though it is easy to clean, it is recommended to clean it carefully. Paint Glossy High gloss paint is eye-catching and fits well in many designs because of the high sheen that gives it a mirror-like finish. It is easy to wash and can be scrubbed intensively without a second thought. It can be used in ceilings and furniture. It can also be used for walls, but one will just have to be prepared for the high level of reflectivity that makes the flaws apparent. As beautiful as it is, it is harder to apply. It is advised to use foam rollers for the minute spots. Chalkboard It is mandatory to apply primer on the walls before chalkboard paint is applied. This wall can later be used as a standard chalkboard after the painting is done. This paint is available in almost all colors. Upon application of this paint, the surface becomes hard and scratch-resistant. It can wood, metal, drywall, glass, concrete, and more Paint Faux Finishes Faux finishes or faux painting has two different application methods. The first is where translucent paint mixture is applied and glaze is applied on top with roller, brush, or sponge. Even though it imitates textures, it is normally having a smooth effect. Another method involves the application of tinted plasters which are washed over with earth pigments. A trowel or spatula can be used for its application. The end product can either be smooth or textured. These techniques are used to restructure a room as it adds more light and depth, changing a wall’s appearance. Here are some examples of popular faux finish techniques. Marble Paint Finish For marble paint finish, a small amount of grey paint is used to create bands by blending in the glaze. The grey color is smudged on the walls and then smoothened out with a dry brush which creates chunky wobbly paint strips which create a more realistic effect. The softening of stripes can also be done with the help of a rag, blotting, or sponge. Paint Slap Brush This technique creates a unique appearance on the walls. It is also known as ‘crows– foot, panda paw or stomp the brush’. The texture can be created on a bare wall, but a prior painted wall should be cleansed. It is prepared by basic drywall texture or mud. The texture has a sunburst effect created by the bristles of the texture brush. The depth of the creases is determined by the sturdiness of the bristles of the brush. Rag Rolling Rag rolling techniques are used for creating a major impact on the walls. In this technique, a distorted or huddled piece of cloth is used to paint the walls by dragging them off irregularly. This adds a sense of detail to a space. It also hikes up a place from being flat or bland to having a certain character and depth on a limited budget. END OF PRESENTATION AR INTRS 312 Lecture 03 “Natural and Artificial Lighting Systems, Locating The Utility Elements, Materials for Interior Prepared by: Redwynn John T. Catli, RLA Review and utilized by:
