Earth and Life Science Module 23: Perpetuation of Life (PDF)

Earth and Life Science Quarter 2 – Module 23: Perpetuation of Life Personal Development Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 2 – Module 23: Perpetuation of Life First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the...

Earth and Life Science Quarter 2 – Module 23: Perpetuation of Life Personal Development Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 2 – Module 23: Perpetuation of Life First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio Development Team of the Module Writers: Nerissa E. Manila Editors: Melanie I. Samudio Jocelyn M. Manset Reviewer: Jason Ricaforte, Elizabeth A. Soriano Princess Paolah L. De Guzman, Marissa C. Betchaida, Louie L. Alvarez Gregorio M. De Chavez, Jr, Jocelyn M. Manset, Mario B. Maramot, Elaine T. Balaogan Job S. Zape Jr. Illustrator: Ednelinda Robles Lovely Joy La Rosa, Charles Erick A. Jusay, Sandro Carlo B. Tablizo Layout Artist: Anselma M. Ebero, Elizalde L. Piol Jocelyn M. Manset, Julie Anne V. Vertudes Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral Job S. Zape Jr. Elaine T. Balaogan Merthel M. Evardome Nadine C. Celindro Nicolas M. Burgos Mario B. Maramot Fe M. Ong-ongowan Rosalinda A. Mendoza Printed in the Philippines by ________________________ Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro Cainta, Rizal 1800 Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487 E-mail Address: [email protected] Earth and Life Science Quarter 2 – Module 23: Perpetuation of Life Introductory Message For the facilitator: Welcome to the Earth and Life Science Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Perpetuation of Life! This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling. This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances. In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the module: Notes to the Teacher This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you in guiding the learners. As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module. ii For the learner: Welcome to the Mathematics 7 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on (Perpetuation of Life) ! The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands! This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner. This module has the following parts and corresponding icons: What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies you are expected to learn in the module. What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to check what you already know about the lesson to take. If you get all the answers correct (100%), you may decide to skip this module. What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current lesson with the previous one. What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in various ways such as a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity or a situation. What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This aims to help you discover and understand new concepts and skills. What’s More This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your understanding and skills of the topic. You may check the answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the module. What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process what you learned from the lesson. iii  What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will help you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life situations or concerns. Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in achieving the learning competency. Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson learned. This also tends retention of learned concepts. Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the module. At the end of this module you will also find: References This is a list of all sources used in developing this module. The following are some reminders in using this module: 1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises. 2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities included in the module. 3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task. 4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers. 5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next. 6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it. If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it! iv  What I Need to Know This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the nature of Biology. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using. The module covers:  Lesson 1 – Perpetuation of Life After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. identify the type of asexual and sexual reproduction in animals; 2. describe the different ways of how representative animals reproduce; 3. realize the importance of reproduction to maintain the continuity of life. What I Know Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper. 1. A term used to describe morphologically and genetically similar individuals A. clone B. identical C. similar D. vegetative 2. A certain organism was cut and divides into two, leaving one piece headless and the other tailless. After some time, each piece grows the missing body parts. What does it show? A. binary fission B. binary fusion C. transverse fission D. transverse fusion 3. Reproduction in animals that involves production of new living organism by combining two gametes from different organism, one male producing motile gamete that must fused with the egg cell from female organism A. asexual B. sexual C. both and b 1  D. none of a and b 4. The largest cell in the female body waiting for a motile gamete to be fused with A. egg B. morula C. sperm D. zygote 5. Live bearing are animals which give birth to live offspring A. oviparous B. viviparous C. both and b D. none of a and b 6. Which of the following is/are involved in sexual reproduction? A. egg cell B. sperm cell C. both and b D. both A and B 7. It is characterized as having two reproductive system in one organism. A. hermaphroditism B. sequential hermaphroditism C. bisexual D. none of the choices is correct 8. Which is TRUE about sexual reproduction A. Gametes has diploid cells. B. Occur with only one parent involve. C. Produce genetically different offspring as compared to parents. D. Involves less time as compared to asexual preproduction process. 9. It is the term called for organism that shifts from male to female like clown fish. A. protandrous B. protogynous C. both and b D. none of a and b 10. Monkeys and other four-legged animals are classified as A. oviparous B. viviparous C. both and b D. none of a and b 11. The Philippine eagle is an example of A. oviparous B. viviparous C. both and b D. none of a and b 12. A new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site is called A. budding B. fragmentation C. transverse fission 2  D. parthenogenesis 13. Process in which an organism divides into two and grow into a new organism A. binary fission B. budding C. transverse fission D. parthenogenesis For numbers 14-15, refer to the following choices below. A. Statement I is correct B. Statement II is correct. C. Statement I and II are both correct. D. Statement I and II are both incorrect. _________14. I. Aphids can reproduce sexually when condition are stable and favorable during springs II. Aphids can reproduce asexually when condition are stable and favorable during springs _________15. I. Sexual reproduction involves the union of gametes and it does not change the number of chromosomes present. II. Asexual reproduction involves the union of gametes and it does not change the number of chromosomes present. 3  Lesson 1 Perpetuation of Life There are varieties of organism in animal kingdom possessing different modes of reproduction depending on the complexity of their morphology and physiology. Simple organisms reproduce through asexual reproduction – offspring come from a single parent and has the exact copy of the genes hence referred as “clone”. Sexual reproduction in animals is the production of new living organism by combining two gametes from different organism, one male producing motile gamete that must fused with the egg cell from female organism. Through this process similarity is preserve with respect to the transfer of genes from the parts to offspring and individuality that explains the individual characteristics possessed by an organism different from their parents nor siblings. What’s In Activity 1 It’s a Review! Directions. Write TRUE on the space provided if the statement supports the unifying themes in the study of life and FALSE if it doesn’t. _______________ 1. Biological system can be applied to all levels of life starting to the molecules of our cells all the way up to the whole biosphere. _______________ 2. All organisms are made up of similar and one kind of cell. _______________ 3. The coordination of the form and function of parts (form-fit- function theme) strengthens the structure of life. _______________ 4. An organism can be completely isolated from its surrounding. _______________ 5. Energy can be obtained in chemical form in all the food we are taking in the body. _______________ 6. The three main structure of plants are flowers, seeds, and fruits. _______________ 7. The mature ovule of the flower is called fruit. _______________ 8. The seed is the matured ovary of the flower after fertilization. _______________ 9. Seeds pf plants can be dispersed through water, wind and animals. _______________ 10. The brightly coloured part of the flower that attract pollinator are the petals. 4  Notes to the Teacher This module will help you to understand the concepts about animal reproduction. All parts are consist of activities. Be guided with the instruction on how you will answer each. Expectedly you will meet the target at the end of the module. What’s New Activity 2 Spot the difference Directions. Observe the two pictures below and answer the following question carefully. Guide questions. 1. Do you see any similarities and differences in the pictures? _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 2. If yes, can you describe how the first picture is similar to the other picture? _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 3. If no, can you describe how the first picture differs from the second picture? _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 5  What is It Asexual Reproduction Asexual reproduction is defined as the formation of new individuals from the cells of a single parent. This is very common in plants less common in animals. Asexual reproduction does not involve the union of gametes (sperm cell and egg cell) and it does not change the number of chromosomes present. The resulting offspring is similar or identical to the parent and without the need for a mate, they are able to reproduce. There are different types of asexual reproduction in animals. Activity 3 Reveal me! Directions. Reveal the terms in grid by replacing the number with the vowels. A(1) E(2) I(3) O(4) U(5) 1. 1 S 2 X 5 1 L  Single individual produces offspring 2. F R 1 G M 2 N T 1 T 3 4 N  Pieces of the parent breaks off and develops into a new animal B 3 N 1 R Y 3.  Process in which an organism divides into two and grow into a new organism 4. B 5 D D 3 N G  Process outgrowth or callus projecting from the parent and eventually buds off 6  P 1 R T H 2 N 4 G 2 N 2 S 3 S 5.  Mechanism of asexual reproduction in which female offspring develops from unfertilized eggs 6. T R 1 N S V 3 R S 3  Fission that involves direct reproduction in which each portion regenerates missing parts to become a complete new animal depending on the axis of separation Sexual Reproduction Sexual reproduction is the perpetuation of a new organism from two organism with the use gametes. In this process male gametes which is the sperm cell fuses with a female gamete known as the egg cell to form a diploid cell called zygote containing two sets of chromosomes. During sexual reproduction the genetic material contained in their chromosomes combine to produce genetically diverse offspring that is different from both parents. Humans, frogs, fish, cats and dogs all reproduce through the method of sexual reproduction. Activity 4 Fill In Directions. Complete the description of the illustration in the left column by choosing the terms in the grid. Write your answer in the spaces. INSIDE EGG PARENT YOUNG OVIPAROUS ANIMALS that lay their ______, with little or no other embryonic development within the _________. VIVIPAROUS ANIMALS bringing forth live _______ that have developed _______ the body of the parent. 7  What’s More Types and Examples of Asexual Reproduction in Animals Activity 5 Asexual Reproduction in Animals Directions. Match animals to the type of asexual reproduction and their descriptions. Write the type of asexual reproduction and the letter of the description in each column. Type of asexual reproduction: PARTHENOGENESIS BINARY FISSION FRAGMENTATION TRANSVERSE FISSION BUDDING Descriptions: A. The organism split into two separate organism. B. A new individual grows on the body of its parent. C. Multiple pieces of the parent breaks off and develops into a new organism. D. The organism divides into two, leaving one piece headless and the other tailless each piece grows the missing body parts. E. Females egg develop into a new organism without being fertilized by a sperm cell. ANIMALS DESCRIPTION TYPES 1. honey bee (Apis mellifera) 2. hydra (Hydra oligactis) 3. amoeba (Amoeba proteus) 4. star fish (Asteroidea) 5. flat worms ((plathelminthes) 6. aphids (Myzus persicae) 7. bluegreen algae (cyanobacterium) 8. black worm (Lumbriculus variegatus) 9. yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) 10. paramecium (Pamecium caudatum) 8 Activity 6 Fit me Directions. Complete each statement by choosing the terms in the grid below. Write your answers in the box. PARTHENOGENESIS BUDDING CLONE FRAGMENTATION TRANSVERSE FISSION BINARY FISSION 1. is a term used to described morphologically and genetically similar individuals through asexual reproduction. 2. An asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site is called 3. In multicellular organisms it is a form of asexual reproduction in which an organism is split into fragments where each of these fragments develop into matured, fully grown individuals that are identical to their parents 4. Fission that involves direct reproduction in which each portion regenerates missing parts to become a complete new animal depending on the axis of separation. 5. a reproductive strategy that involves development of a female (rarely a male) gamete (sex cell) without fertilization. Activity 7 Aphids Reproduction Directions. Using the diagram, complete the statement below by choosing from the choices. Write your answer in the blank. Condition A Aphids can reproduce asexually when condition are stable and favorable during early springs, they can produce clones through ________________. (parthenogenesis; budding) With source of food Condition B In autumn, plants prepare for dormancy, food becomes scarce then aphids switch to reproductive modes to produce by _______________ means. Scarcity of food (sexual, asexual) 9 Examples of Sexual Reproduction in Animals Activity 8 Sexual Reproduction in Animals Directions. Classify the following animals as viviparous or oviparous. Write your answer in the space given. ANIMALS CLASSIFICATION 1. turtle (Eretmochelys imbricate) 2. eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi) 3. giraffe (Giraffa camelopardis) 4. salmon (Salmo salar) 5. monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) 6. human (Homo sapiens) 7. frogs (Ran pipens) 8. banobo (Pan paniscus) 9. clownfish (Amphiprion ephippium) 10. cattle (Bos taurus) Activity 9 Guess Me! Directions. Complete the statements below by naming the figure/drawing given. Write your answer on each blank opposite the number. During sexual reproduction, a haploid 1. unites with a haploid 2. cell to form a diploid. In human the chromosomes of the sperm cell has n=23 and the egg cell n= 23. After fertilization the combine egg cell and sperm cell known as 3. contain two set of chromosomes 2n=46. It later grows and develops to be 4. 1. _________________ 2. ____________________ 3. _________________ 4. ____________________ 10 Activity 10 Sexual Reproduction Directions. Using the diagram below, classify if the statement is correct or not as related to the descriptions of sexual reproduction in animals. Write True if it is correct and False if incorrect on the space given. __________1. Offsprings are different from the parent organism. __________2. This process, as shown by the image above, creates a variety of genetic make-up which is the driving force behind evolution. __________3. Sexual reproduction requires three parents. __________4. Asexual reproduction produces a greater chance of variation within a species than sexual reproduction would. __________5. This variation improves the chances that a species will adapt to his environment and survive. __________6. Only one sperm can fertilize an egg cell. __________7. Egg cell in human has 46 chromosomes. __________8. Sperm cell in human has 23 chromosomes. __________9. In sexual reproduction, not only do you need two gametes for fertilization, one has to be male, the other female. __________10. Genetic “errors” happen more frequently because meiosis is more complex than mitosis and diploid organisms have more chromosomes to double. 11 Activity 11 Directions. Arrange the jumbled words and complete the description in the next column. Use the words in the box. HERMAPHRODITISM TWO ; MONOECIOUS SEQUENTIAL HERMAPHRODITISM FEMALE; MALE 1. ____________ are A. individuals possess M S I T I D O R H P A M R E H 2. ____________ reproductive system and referred to as 3. ____________. May self-fertilize or may mate with another specie fertilizing each other to produce offspring. (earthworms, slugs, tapeworms and snails B. 4. ____________ occurs S Q E L I A T N U E when an organism change its sex. Types M S I T I D O R H P A M R E H Protogynous (5. ____________ converting to male) (Wrasse or reef fish) Protandrous (6____________converting to female) (Clown fish) What I Have Learned 1. Animals can reproduce through asexual and sexual means. 2. Asexual reproduction in animals have different types such as : Binary fission where organism split into two separate organism; Budding is when new individual grows on the body of its parent; Fragmentation happens when multiple pieces of the parent breaks off and develops into a new organism; Transverse fission occur when an organism divides into two, leaving one piece headless and the other tailless each piece grows the missing body parts and parthenogenesis when females egg develop into a new organism without being fertilized by a sperm cell. 12  3. Sexual reproduction in animals/ organism is when two organism reproduce using their gametes the sperm and egg cell both have a haploid number of chromosomes. 4. Oviparous animals that lay their eggs, with little or no other embryonic development within the parent. 5. Viviparous animals bringing forth live young that have developed inside the body of the parent. 6. Asexual reproduction requires only one parent while sexual reproduction requires two parents. Activity 12 Directions. Fill up the conceptual diagram about animal reproduction. ANIMAL REPRODUCTION 13  What I Can Do Activity 13 The life cycle of a clown fish Direction. Using the diagram arrange the events occurring in the life of a clown fish. Write your answer on the space before the number. (Use letter a-g) ________1. Adult clown fish either remains male or become female. ________2. Fertilized eggs are laid on a piece of coral near the anemone where they live. ________3. Mating dance occur where clown fish chase each other to where the eggs will be laid and repeat the process. ________4. The newly hatched clown fish started its life as male and is called fry. ________5. The biggest clownfish will always become female. ________6. The fry catch their own food and become darker in shade as they age. ________7. The male clown fish attract the female clown fish through courting as pulling and biting of fins. 14  Assessment Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper. 1. The organism split into two separate organism like in bacteria? A. binary fission B. budding C. fragmentation D. parthenogenesis 2. Flat worms (planarians) divides into two, leaving one piece headless and the other tailless each piece grows the missing body parts. A. binary fission B. budding C. fragmentation D. parthenogenesis 3. A new individual grows on the body of its parent like hydra and yeast. A. binary fission B. budding C. fragmentation D. parthenogenesis 4. Reproduction in animals that involves production of new living organism by combining two gametes from different organism, one male producing motile gamete that must fused with the egg cell from female organism. A. asexual B. sexual C. both and b D. none of a and b 5. Individuals that possess two reproductive systems are referred to as monoecoius. A. budding B. hermaphroditism C. transverse fusion D. transverse fission 6. Sperm cell and egg cell are used in sexual reproduction among animals. What is the collective term for them? A. body cells B. gametes C. both a and b D. none of a and b 15 7. Hermaphroditism is also termed as _____________. A. dioecious B. monoecious C. both and b D. none of a and b 8. Which is TRUE about asexual reproduction in animals. A. Involves more amount of time in the process. B. Produce identical offspring like the parents. C. Utilize gametes of the body. D. Variety of genetic make-up is produced. 9. It is the term called for organism that shifts from female to male like reel fish. A. protandrous B. protogynous C. both a and b D. none of a and b 10. Giraffe and lion are examples of A. oviparous B. viviparous C. both and b D. none of a and b 11. Salmon and other bony fish are examples of A. oviparous B. viviparous C. both and b D. none of a and b 12. Mechanism of asexual reproduction in which female offspring develops from unfertilized eggs A. budding B. fragmentation C. transverse fission D. parthenogenesis 13. It involves direct reproduction in which each portion regenerates missing parts to become a complete new animal depending on the axis of separation A. budding B. fragmentation C. transverse fission D. parthenogenesis 16  For numbers 14-15, refer to the following choices below. A. Statement I is correct B. Statement II is correct. C. Statement I and II are both correct. D. Statement I and II are both incorrect. _________14. I. The male clown fish attract the female clown fish through courting as pulling and biting of fins. II. The biggest clownfish will always become female. _________15. I. Sexual reproduction involves the union of gametes and it does not change the number of chromosomes present. II. Asexual reproduction involves the union of gametes and it does not change the number of chromosomes present. Additional Activities Make a 300 word essay answering one of the questions below. Upload the essay using your name as saved file in the class shared drive (for the blended learner) or submit your answer sheets to your teacher (modular learners). Accomplished using legal size paper, single spaces, normal margin and Century Gothic 11. 1. How will the offspring be affected if one of the gametes or one of the parents carry an impaired number of haploid chromosomes? Cite an example to justify your answer. Answer in 10 maximum sentences only. 2. How would you explain the relationship of life perpetuation with the evolution of life? 17  18 What's More What's More What I Know Activity 10 Activity 5 1.A 1. true 1. E, Parthenogenesis 2.C 2. true 2. B, Budding 3.B 3. A, Binary Fission 3. false 4.A 4. C, Fragmentation 4. false 5. D. Fragmentation 5.B 5. true 6. E. Parthenogenesis 6.C 6. true 7. A. Binary Fission 7.A 7. true 8. C. Fragmentation 8.C 8. true 9. B. Budding 9.A 9. true 10. A. Binary Fission 10.B 10. true 11.A Activity 6 Activity 11 1. clone 12.A 1. hermaphroditism 2. budding 13.A 2. sperm cell 3. fragmentation 14.B 3. fertilization 4. transverse fission 15.A 4. sequential 5. parthenogenesis What's in hermaphroditism Activity 1 5. oviparous Activity 7 1. TRUE 1. parthenogenesis What can I do 2. FALSE 2. sexual Activity 13 3. TRUE 1. d What's More 4. FALSE 2. a Activity 8 5. TRUE 3. g 1. oviparous 6. TRUE 4. b 2. oviparous 7. FALSE 3. viviparous 5. e 8. FALSE 4. oviparous 6. c 5. viviparous 9. TRUE 7. f 6. viviparous 10. TRUE Assessment 7. oviparous What's New 1.A 8. viviparous Activity 2 2.A 9. viviparous Answer may vary among 3.B 10. viviparous students’ perceptions. 4.B What's It Activity 9 5.B 1. sperm Activity 3 6.B 2. egg 1. asexual 7.B 3. zygote 2. fragmentation 8.B 4. offspring/child 3. binary fission 9.B 4. budding 10.B 5. parthenogenesis 11.A 6. transverse 12.D Activity 4 13.C 1. egg; parent 14.C 2. young, inside 15.B Answer Key References Basco-Tiamzon, M.E. Z, Avissar, Y.,Choi J.,Desaix, J., Jurukovski V., Wise, R., Rye, C. “General Biology 2 Senior High School Textbook” Published 2016 Vibal Group, Inc. Bayo-ang, R.B., Coronacion, M.L.G., Jorda, A.T., Restubog, A.J. “Earth and Life Science for Senior High School” Published 2016 Educational Resources Corporation Commission on Higher Educvation. Earth and Life Science for Senior High School. C.P. Garcia Ave., Diliman, Quezon City Philippines. Commission on Higher Education, 2016 19 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR) Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600 Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985 Email Address: [email protected] * [email protected] 20