Module 2 - Lecture 4.pptx

Module 2: Cyber Physical System Design and system requirements Lecture - 4 Hardware platforms for Cyber Physical Systems Sensors and Actuators Sensors Sensors are devices that transform physical or environmental values into electrical impulses. They are essential for gathering data from the actua...

Module 2: Cyber Physical System Design and system requirements Lecture - 4 Hardware platforms for Cyber Physical Systems Sensors and Actuators Sensors Sensors are devices that transform physical or environmental values into electrical impulses. They are essential for gathering data from the actual world and making it possible for machines to communicate with and comprehend their environment. Actuators Actuators are machines that convert electrical information or orders into mechanical motion. They oversee carrying out commands from a controller or computer system to make things happen in the real world. Notes Basically, a system processes the data that sensors gather from their surroundings. The controller instructs actuators on what action to take by sending signals to them based on this data. The ability of machines to perceive, interpret, and react to their environment is made possible by the smooth communication between sensors and actuators. Cyber-physical systems, which are essential to contemporary automation and technology, are built on this foundation. Types of Sensors in CPS  Types: Thermocouples: Generate a voltage in response to temperature changes. Temperature Sensors: Resistance Temperature Detectors Measure the degree of (RTDs): Change resistance with hotness or coldness in temperature variations. Thermistors: Semiconductor an environment. devices with resistance that decreases as temperature increases. Infrared Sensors: Measure temperature based on infrared radiation emitted by objects  Types: Strain Gauge Sensors: Use strain gauges to measure pressure-induced deformation. Capacitive Sensors: Measure pressure Pressure Sensors: changes by variations in capacitance. Detect and Piezoelectric Sensors: Generate an electrical charge in response to applied measure pressure pressure. levels in gases or Piezoresistive Sensors: Change resistance with applied pressure. liquids. Quotes for illustration purposes only  Types: Accelerometers: Measure acceleration forces in multiple axes. Motion Sensors: Gyroscopes: Detect angular Monitor movement velocity and orientation. and detect changes Infrared Sensors: Detect motion based on infrared in position. radiation changes. Ultrasonic Sensors: Use sound waves to detect objects and motion.  Types: Light Sensors: Photodiodes: Convert light into electrical current. Measure light Phototransistors: Amplify intensity and current based on light intensity. changes in Light Dependent Resistors lighting (LDRs): Change resistance with varying light levels. conditions. Photoregisters: Detect light levels in an environment to determine lighting conditions.  Humidity Sensors: Types: Measure the Resistive Sensors: Change resistance based on humidity amount of levels. moisture in Capacitive Sensors: Measure changes in capacitance due to the air or humidity. environment. Types of Actuators in CPS  Types: Motors: DC Motors: Provide variable speed Convert control, used in applications requiring precise movement. electrical AC Motors: Suitable for high- speed and high-torque applications, energy into commonly used in industrial machinery. mechanical Stepper Motors: Offer precise motion. control over position and rotation, used in robotics and automation. Servo Motors: Provide precise control of angular position, speed, and acceleration. They are commonly used in applications requiring high accuracy, such as in robotics, automated  Hydraulic Actuators: Types: Use fluid Hydraulic Cylinders: Convert hydraulic pressure into linear pressure to motion, used in heavy produce linear machinery and construction equipment. or rotary Hydraulic Motors: Provide motion. rotary motion using hydraulic pressure, used in applications like excavators and industrial presses.  Pneumatic Actuators: Types: Utilize Pneumatic Cylinders: Convert compressed air into compressed linear motion, widely used in air to automation and material handling. generate Pneumatic Motors: Use motion compressed air to produce rotary motion, employed in tools and machinery.  Thermal Types: Actuators: Bimetallic Actuators: Use the React to expansion and contraction of changes in two different metals bonded together to move a lever or temperature switch. to initiate Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs): Change shape in response to movement. temperature changes, used in applications requiring small, precise movements. Electromagnet Types: ic Actuators: Solenoids: Convert electrical Use energy into linear motion, often used in locking mechanisms electromagnet and control valves. ic fields to Voice Coil Actuators: Generate linear motion using create motion. electromagnetic forces, commonly used in precision positioning systems. Good luck!