African Literature: Historical Background, Literary Forms & More - PDF

INTRODUCTION During the last decades, literary text has been playing an increasing role in classroom all over the world. Young language learners have to grapple with sometimes difficult and demanding literary work as it is strongly believed to help them foster not only their basic competences and l...

INTRODUCTION During the last decades, literary text has been playing an increasing role in classroom all over the world. Young language learners have to grapple with sometimes difficult and demanding literary work as it is strongly believed to help them foster not only their basic competences and language skills but also more complex abilities such as their intercultural awareness. Knowing and learning the literature of other's culture could give us full understanding on how it must have been like to live in a specific time, space, or community from the past, literature that was written during these can help us achieving a better, more intense understanding for other mind-sets, value system, tradition, and in general, cultures. Not only does this hold true for the past, also nowadays we use literature to gain an insight into other people's world. In this chapter, you will be in Africa.! Explore and Experience the splendor of African literature. LEARNING OUTCOMES - Discuss the historical background of Africa's literature - Identify the different African literary forms - Recognize the famous African writers and their literary pieces. - Read and analyze the African literary work "The Leopard", a Folklore from Central Africa DISCUSSION/LEARNING ACTIVITIES Activity 1 Directions: Answer the following questions in the table. Write your answer on the opposite side. File it in your print portfolio. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | QUESTIONS | ANSWER | +===================================+===================================+ | 1. How do you describe people in | | | Africa? | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 2. What do you think is their | | | literature all about? | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3. Have you read any of African | | | literature? What was the | | | literary tells us? | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 4. Do you know any African | | | literary writer/s? Name the | | | African writer/s that you | | | know. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ Exploring Africa's Literature, LET'S READ! For us to fully understand one's literature we need to have a deeper knowledge on the historical background of it, as it will give us a vivid perception to when, where and why their literature became part of their lives. Historical Background of African Literature African literature is [literature](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature) of or from [Africa](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa). It includes [oral literature](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_literature) (or \"[orature](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orature)\", in the term coined by [Ugandan](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda) scholar [Pio Zirimu](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pio_Zirimu)). \"Literature\" can also simply mean an artistic use of words for the sake of art alone. Traditionally, Africans do not radically separate art from teaching. African writers, taking their cue from oral literature, use beauty to help communicate important truths and information to society. Indeed, an object is considered beautiful because of the truths it reveals and the communities it helps to build. There are Four Types of African Literature: Oral Literature, Pre-colonial Literature, Colonial Literature, and Postcolonial Literature. ORAL LITERATURE Oral literature (or [orature](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orature)) may be in prose or verse. The prose is often mythological or historical and can include tales of the [trickster](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trickster) character. Storytellers in Africa sometimes use [call-and-response](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call-and-response) techniques to tell their stories. Poetry, often sung, includes: [narrative epic](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_poetry), [occupational verse](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_verse), ritual verse, [praise poems](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praise_poems) of rulers and other prominent people. Praise singers, bards sometimes known as \"[griots](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griot)\", tell their stories with music. Also recited, often sung, are [love songs](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_songs), [work songs](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_songs), [children\'s songs](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_songs), along with [epigrams](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigrams), [proverbs](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proverbs) and [riddles](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddles). These oral traditions exist in many languages including [Fula](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_language), [Swahili](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_language), [Hausa](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_language), and [Wolof](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolof_language). In [Algeria](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria), oral poetry was an important part of [Berber](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers) traditions when the majority of the population was illiterate. These poems, called Isefra, were used for aspects of both religious and secular life. The religious poems included devotions, prophetic stories, and poems honoring saints. The secular poetry could be about celebrations like births and weddings, or accounts of heroic warriors. As another example, in [Mali](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali), oral literature or folktales continue to be broadcast on the radio in the native language Booma. PRE-COLONIAL LITERATURE Examples of [pre-colonial](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precolonialism) African literature are numerous. In [Ethiopia](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia), there is a substantial literature written in [Ge\'ez](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%27ez#History_and_literature) going back at least to the fourth century AD; the best-known work in this tradition is the Kebra Negast, or \"Book of Kings.\" One popular form of traditional African folktale is the \"trickster\" story, in which a small animal uses its wits to survive encounters with larger creatures. Examples of animal tricksters include [Anansi](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anansi), a spider in the folklore of the [Ashanti](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti_people) people of [Ghana](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana); Ijàpá, a [tortoise](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortoise) in [Yoruba](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people) folklore of [Nigeria](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria); and Sungura, a [hare](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare) found in central and East African folklore. Other works in written form are abundant, namely in North Africa, the [Sahel](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel) regions of west Africa and on the [Swahili coast](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_coast). From [Timbuktu](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu) alone, there are an estimated 300,000 or more manuscripts tucked away in various libraries and private collections, mostly written in [Arabic](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language) but some in the native languages (namely Fulaand [Songhai](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai_languages)). Many were written at the famous [University of Timbuktu](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Timbuktu). The material covers a wide array of topics, including astronomy, poetry, law, history, faith, politics, and philosophy. [Swahili literature](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_literature) similarly, draws inspiration from Islamic teachings but developed under indigenous circumstances. One of the most renowned and earliest pieces of Swahili literature was the  Utendi wa Tambuka or \"The Story of Tambuka\". COLONIAL AFRICAN LITERATURE The African works best known in the West from the periods of colonization and the slave trade are primarily [slave narratives](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_narratives), such as [Olaudah Equiano](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano)\'s [The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Interesting_Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Olaudah_Equiano) ((https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1789_in_literature)). In the colonial period, Africans exposed to Western languages began to write in those tongues. In (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911_in_literature), [Joseph Ephraim Casely Hayford](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._E._Casely_Hayford) (also known as Ekra-Agiman) of the [Gold Coast](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_(Africa)) (now Ghana) published what is probably the first African novel written in English, [Ethiopia Unbound: Studies in Race Emancipation](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia_Unbound). Although the work moves between fiction and political advocacy, its publication and positive reviews in the Western press mark a watershed moment in African literature. During this period, African [plays](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_(theatre)) written in English began to emerge. [Herbert Isaac Ernest Dhlomo](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Isaac_Ernest_Dhlomo) of [South Africa](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa) published the first English-language African play, [The Girl Who Killed to Save: Nongqawuse the Liberator](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Girl_Who_Killed_to_Save:_Nongqawuse_the_Liberator&action=edit&redlink=1)in (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_in_literature). In (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_in_literature), [Ngũgĩ wa Thiong\'o](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C5%A9g%C4%A9_wa_Thiong%27o) of Kenyawrote the first East African drama, [The Black Hermit](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Hermit), a cautionary tale about \"[tribalism](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribalism)\" ([discrimination](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination) between African tribes). Among the first pieces of African literature to receive significant worldwide critical acclaim was [Things Fall Apart](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Things_Fall_Apart), by [Chinua Achebe](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinua_Achebe). Published in 1958, late in the colonial era, Things Fall Apart analyzed the effect of colonialism on traditional African society. African literature in the late colonial period (between the end of [World War I](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I) and independence) increasingly showed themes of [liberation](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty), independence, and (among Africans in French-controlled territories) négritude. One of the leaders of the négritude movement, the poet and eventual President of [Senegal](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal), [Léopold Sédar Senghor](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor), published in (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_in_literature) the first anthology of French-language poetry written by Africans, Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache de langue française (Anthology of the New Black and Malagasy Poetry in the French Language), featuring a preface by the French existentialistwriter [Jean-Paul Sartre](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre). POSTCOLONIAL AFRICAN LITERATURE With liberation and increased literacy since most African nations gained their independence in the 1950s and 1960s, African literature has grown dramatically in quantity and in recognition, with numerous African works appearing in Western academic curricula and on \"best of\" lists compiled at the end of the 20th century. African writers in this period wrote both in Western languages (notably [English](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language), [French](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language), and [Portuguese](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language)) and in traditional African languages such as [Hausa](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_language). [Ali A. Mazrui](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_A._Mazrui) and others mention seven conflicts as themes: the clash between Africa\'s past and present, between tradition and modernity, between indigenous and foreign, between individualism and community, between socialism and capitalism, between development and self-reliance and between Africanity and humanity Other themes in this period include social problems such as corruption, the economic disparities in newly independent countries, and the rights and roles of women. Female writers are today far better represented in published African literature than they were prior to independence. In (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_in_literature), [Wole Soyinka](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wole_Soyinka) became the first post-independence African writer to win the [Nobel Prize](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize) in literature. Previously, [Algerian](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria)-born [Albert Camus](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Camus) had been awarded the prize in 1957. QUESTIONS TO ANSWER Why is it Oral literature is important in Africa? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Discuss your understanding about the Historical background of African literature. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ The Literary Forms of Africa and its Famous Literary pieces Orature Is the tradition of African oral literature which includes praise poems, love poems, tales, ritual ramas, and moral instructions in the form of proverbs and fables. It also includes epics and poems and narratives. Griots Features of African Oral literature Repetition and parallel structure Repeat and Vary Technique Call-and-response format Lyric poems Lyric poems do not tell a story but instead like songs, create a vivid, expressive testament to a speaker's thoughts or emotional state. Love lyrics were an influence of the New Kingdom and were written to be sung with the accompaniment of a harp or a set of reed pipes. Hymns of Praise songs Hymns of praise song were offered to the God Aten. The great hymn to Aten is the longest of the several New Kingdom hymns. This hymn was found on the wall of a tomb built for a royal scribe named Ay and his wife. It was intended to assure their safety in the afterlife. Excerpts of the hymn-poem to Aten From the middle of the text: How manifold it is, what thou hast made! They are hidden from the face (of man). O sole god, like whom there is no other! Thou didst create the world according to thy desire, Whilst thou wert alone: All men, cattle, and wild beasts, Whatever is on earth, going upon (its) feet, And what is on high, flying with its wings. The countries of Syria and Nubia, the land of Egypt, Thou settest every man in his place, Thou suppliest their necessities: Everyone has his food, and his time of life is reckoned. Their tongues are separate in speech, And their natures as well; Their skins are distinguished, As thou distinguishes the foreign peoples. Thou make a Nile in the underworld, Thou brings forth as thou desires To maintain the people (of Egypt) According as thou made them for thyself, The lord of all of them, wearying (himself) with them, The lord of every land, rising for them, The Aton of the day, great of majesty. African Proverbs Dilemma or Enigma Tale Example of a Dilemma Tale The Missing Eye by William R. Bascom Ashanti Tale Comes from Ashanti, whose traditional homeland is the dense and hilly forest beyond the city of Kumasi in South-central Ghana which was colonized by the British in the mid-19th century. But the Ashanti protected in their geographical stronghold, were able to maintain the ancient culture. The tale exemplifies common occupations of the Ashanti such as farming, fishing, and weaving. It combines such realistic elements with fantasy elements like talking objects and animals. Folk Tales Folk tales had been handed down in the oral tradition from ancient times. The stories represent a wide and colorful variety that embodies the African people's most cherished religious and social beliefs. The tales are used to entertain, to teach, and to explain. Nature and the close bond that Africans share with the natural world are emphasized. The mystical importance of the forest, sometimes called the bush, is often featured. Example of African Folktales Why the Sun and the Moon live in the sky by Elphinstone Dayrell Trickster Tale Is an enormously popular type of African literature. In African tricksters tales the characters come in animal form. A characteristic of African trickster mirrors the character traits and weaknesses of humans. The sky god said, "Go and bring them then!" Moral Stories Stories that attempt to teach a lesson to the reader. Example of African Moral Story Fruits of Labor Epics Partly human, partly superhuman, who embody the highest values of society-carry with them a culture's history, values, and traditions. The African literary traditions boast of several oral epics. Other famous Epic were: The Epic of the Zulu Empire of Sounthern Africa The Dausi from the Soninke African Poetry African poetry is more eloquent in its expression as it articulated the African thoughts and feelings about the inhumanity they suffered. Selected African Poems Letters to Martha by Dennis Brutus Telephone Conversation by Wole Soyinka Africa by David Diop Song of Lawino by Okot P'Bitek QUESTION TO ANSWER African's Novel Famous African novels that we should know. These novels contain stories that Africans themselves want to tell, stories that imagine a world exceeding all expectation. Their world, it is true, contains its elements of suffering, but it also offers the surprises of triumph, community, magic, justice, philosophy, wisdom, humour and the habits of African daily living. 1\. Chinua Achebe, Things Fall Apart (1958) Things Fall Apart comprehensively imagines how the Nigerian Igbo community functioned prior to colonialism. The divisions in this community accompany the tragic fall of the hero, Okonkwo, whose heroic but rash stand against colonialism ends in a lonely suicide. Achebe's wisdom is sufficient to move readers beyond recriminations or historical blame, since the Igbo community adapts to accommodate Christianity and new forms of colonial governance. Just as the novel's title quotes Yeats' poem The Second Coming, Achebe's African philosophy of balance in all things works towards a millennial partnership with Western modernity. 2\. Ngugi wa Thiong\'o, Petals of Blood (1977) This is the great novel of African socialism. Petals of Blood reach beyond its native Kenya to embrace the wider black histories of the Caribbean and the US. Drawing together four village outcasts -- a teacher, an ex-Mau Mau soldier, a student teacher and a barmaid -- the novel intertwines the characters' memories and life-experiences to construct a shared communal past. Ngugi accumulates a deep communal history of colonial, multi-national capitalist, and post-Independence theft. Charting the development and decline of a single village from Edenic pastoral to apocalyptic disorder, Petals of Blood likens the endlessly regenerating African socialist struggle to the Biblical resurrection. 3\. Ayi Kwei Armah, The Beautyful Ones are Not Yet Born (1968) Armah's novel reflects on the existential predicament of one honest man, a lone moral beacon in the corrupt last days of the Ghana's Nkrumah regime. Amid the greed of all who chase the "gleam" of possessions and wealth, Armah's unnamed man endures slights from his political friends and chastisement from his wife. When the Nkrumah government eventually falls, the man becomes the ironic saviour of those who have attempted to corrupt him. The man's moral purposes become vindicated for a moment and they anticipate a future in which the "Beautyful Ones" will one day be born. 4\. Tsitsi Dangarembga, Nervous Conditions (1988) A young Rhodesian girl, Tambu, dreams of going to school in a family that favours her brother. Breaking with her female destiny to work in the fields and bear children, Tambu realises her ambition of attending her uncle's mission school. But all is not well. Tambu's cousin, Nyasha, is aware of the trap of a colonial education, which empowers individuals at the cost of their belonging to family and community. As Tambu's dream materialises, Nervous Conditions charts Nyasha's increasingly self-destructive eating disorder in a futile rebellion against patriarchy and history. 5\. Bessie Head, Maru (1977) A powerful love story written during Head's exile from Apartheid South Africa. Margaret Cadmore is a young Masarwa (Bushman) woman adopted and educated by a British namesake. Margaret's identity breaks the usual categories in the Botswanan village of Dilepe, where her people are slaves. Unknowingly, she inspires a deadly love-rivalry between two powerful men, Maru and his best friend Moleka. Maru defeats Moleka and kidnaps Margaret through the wiles of witchcraft and suggestion. His marriage to Margaret has the effect of freeing her people from slavery. However, in an unconscious room in her mind, Margaret continues to dream of Moleka. 6\. Stay with me (2017) -- Ayobami Adebayo It is rare to come across a writer who captures and articulates the human experience as flawlessly as Adebayo. In her debut novel, she tells the story of Yejide and Akin, and their journey from love to marriage, to their difficulties in conceiving a child. Healers and men of God are sought. Rituals are carried out and pilgrimages are undertaken. Exploring themes of stigma, gender, identity, womanhood and mental health, the book asks how far we are willing to go to meet the standards we believe define us. But at its core, Stay With Me is really about love, exposing both its force and fragility. As Akin says: "If the burden is too much and stays too long, even love bends, cracks and comes close to breaking and sometimes does break. But even when it's in a thousand pieces around your feet, that doesn't mean it's no longer love." 7\. Dust (2013) -- Yvonne Adhiambo Owuor There are some books that stay with you long after the last page has been turned or it has been shoved to the back of a shelf. You will be walking down the street and a scene or exchange of words you read months before will come back to you. Dust is one of these books. It begins with the gruesome murder of Odidi in Nairobi and the arrival of his sister Ajany. Her questions in investigating her brother's demise open up a Pandora's Box of dark family secrets long buried. Two characters dominate the book throughout: Kenya itself and its bloody history from colonialism to the 2007 post-election violence. Owuor's story-telling ability is unrivalled and the reader continuously falls into a chasm of memories both collective and individual. Short, sharp statements stick in the mind like a dull ache. For example, when the narrator notes that "Kenya's official languages are English, Kiswahili and Silence" or in an observation of two characters: "they were not lovers who needed words to wound; absence sufficed." 8\. Tram 83 (2014) -- Fiston Mwanza Mujila Translated from French, this award-winning debut novel is dark, comical, poignant and outrageous. On the surface, an entertaining read, it awakens within the reader questions about some of the more uncomfortable realities of modern Africa. Set in an unnamed city somewhere near the Democratic Republic of Congo, Tram 83 is the story of hustler extraordinaire Requiem and writer and historian Lucien. Along with an array of other actors from tourists to businessmen and sex workers, they can be found at restaurant and bar Tram 83, a place of music, madness and dirty dealings. There, the vision of Patrice Lumumba is juxtaposed with the very different reality surrounding them. The book is consuming, fast, euphoric and captivating. 9\. Born on a Tuesday (2015) -- Elnathan John This debut novel by everyone's favourite satirist Elnathan John centres on Dantala, a boy growing up in northern Nigeria where politics and religion shape everyday realities and are quite literally a matter of life and death. We follow a young man coming of age within a myriad of political rivalries, religious splits, violence and fundamentalism, going well beyond the media narrative about this part of the world. The story triumphs through its characters' quiet and endearing observations on everything from homosexuality to why Allah does what he does. Born on a Tuesday brings together a compelling plot, descriptive prose and humour while confronting the sometimes harrowing realities of people whose voices we usually barely hear. 10\. Black Moses (2015) -- Alain Mabanckou At the centre of this novel by Alain Mabanckou, known for his razor sharp humour and subtle social commentary, is the 13-year-old Moses. He lives in an orphanage where cruelty, chaos and neglect are the norm as the director enforces a Marxist ideology which reflects the state of affairs in the rest of the Republic of Congo. Later, Moses and two friends find some stability under the wing of a madam called Maman Fiat 500. But when the brothel is shutdown, Moses (who harbours dreams of being a Robin Hood of sorts) is targeted and our hero begins to unravel. In many ways, Moses' journey is symbolic of that of post-colonial Congo, characters in his life representing the many powers that played their part in shaping a country weighed down by chaos and kleptocracy. 11.Homegoing (2016) -- Yaa Gyasi Once in a while, a literary masterpiece is written. This is one of them. Homegoing begins in 18th century Ghana where Effia is married off to an Englishman while Esi, her half-sister is sold into slavery and shipped to America. Thus begins an epic story spread across almost 300 years and covering the lives of the descendants of both sisters. Clear, concise, powerful and bruising, this is a book which not only illustrates the brutality of colonialism and the slave trade, but the impact it had upon relationships, identity and the generations which have followed. No summary can do justice to this book and its scope; to truly appreciate its brilliance, it must be read. 11\. Ultimate Tragedy (2017) -- Abdulai Sila This book was originally published in Portuguese, in 1996 but only translated to English in 2017. It is considered to be one of the first works of fiction from Guinea Bissau to be translated into English. Set during the time of Portuguese rule, it follows the story of Ndani, a young woman rumoured to be cursed. She leaves her village and takes up a job as a maid in the home of a wealthy white family in Bissau. Her experience in the household mirrors the brutality faced by the rest of the country at the hands of the colonialists. At every step of the way, Ndani's life is in some way shaped by the actions of the white men, eventually bringing heartbreak and tragedy. Sila is both captivating and unapologetic in his storytelling. I devoured this book in one go. 12\. Freshwater (2018) -- Akwaeke Emezi Freshwater is one of those books that sit on your skin, weigh on your psyche, and meddle with your mind in a haunting and arresting way. Its story centres on Ada, a young woman carrying within her an ogbanje, a spirit with multiple heads. Unlike other spirit children, Ada does not die young and so we witness the coming alive of these forces within her, triggered by her move to America, sexual assault, marriage and more. The multitude of identities and voices take over, sometimes collectively, other times as individuals, creating a nervous energy as we wait to see what next. Possessed or grappling with mental illness? The work of the supernatural or simply the mind? Multiple spirits or multiple identities? This is the type of book you'll find yourself thinking long after you've finished it, the kind that will creep into your mind months later as you go about your life. 13\. Americanah (2013) -- Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie A multi-layered, ambitious and thought-provoking read, Americanah is a story about love, race, identity, displacement and global politics. In the middle of it all is the story of two Nigerian students, Ifemelu and Obinze, a couple frolicking in the joys of young love. But their romance is short-lived as the two are separated, each finding themselves in different parts of the world, both grappling with the realities of what it is to be a black immigrant in the West. Adichie effortlessly weaves through the various themes in the book, taking the reader from the US, to the UK and back to Nigeria. The characters are multi-dimensional. For some, they are not particularly likeable but are undeniably real and deeply flawed. An absolute triumph. 14\. Lyrics Alley (2010) -- Leila Aboulela Over the last 20 years, Aboulela's career has gone from strength to strength, winning her accolades and award. Her third novel is a vast and compelling story set in 1950s pre-independence Sudan. Affluent businessman Mahmoud Abuzeid has two wives, Hajjah Waheeba and Nabilah, the first an old fashioned Sudanese woman, the second a young and cosmopolitan Egyptian. Tragedy strikes when Mahmoud's son Nur is paralysed following an accident, ending his engagement to cousin Soraya, who remains in love with him. This is a story about the rich and the privileged, but it is also a tale about love, creativity and spirituality, written with care and tenderness. 15\. Hairdresser of Harare (2010) -- Tendai Huchu Set in Zimbabwe, single mother Vimbai is a sharp and sassy hair stylist, the star attraction at MaKhumalo's hair salon. But Vimbai's position comes under threat from new arrival Dumisami, a handsome young man who becomes a firm favourite with clients and bosses. A relationship is built, until a secret threatens to destroy it. Ever present are the realities of life under Robert Mugabe which are expertly weaved into the story. This is an entertaining comedy turned tragedy, which has you hooked until the very end. **16. House of Stone (2018) -- Novuyo Rosa Tshuma** Tshuma's story is one of Zimbabwe, its traumatic past mirroring that of the strange yet fascinating narrator Zamani who was conceived during the Gukurahundi massacres in the 1980s. He fills the space left by the missing son of his landlords and, in so doing, unearths their personal histories. Through these stories the reader is given a harrowing insight into Zimbabwe's past and how things have come to be today. 17\. My Sister the Serial Killer (2018) -- Oyinkan Braithwaite The first line of this hugely entertaining book will have you hooked: "Ayoola is beautiful, carefree and exciting, she also has this tendency to... murder her boyfriends." This is neither a crime novel nor a mystery. The real story which forms its centre is the relationship between sisters and their wider family. Set in Lagos, this is a dark, compelling and humorous must-read. 18\. The Old Drift (2019) -- Namwali Serpell To describe The Old Drift by Zambia-born writer Namwali Serpell would require an article in itself. So vast is this epic masterpiece that it is impossible to do it justice in just a few words. It brings together history, drama, fantasy and folklore spanning time, locations and generations. The book begins with the buzz of mosquitoes and then the words: "This is the story of a nation -- not a kingdom or a people -- so it begins, of course, with a white man." Starting in pre-colonial Zambia and ending in an imagined, somewhat dystopian future, The Old Drift tells the story of three families while simultaneously unearthing decades of exploitation that began with colonialism and have continued ever since. Very rarely do novels like this come around. Over 560 pages of pure pleasure. 19\. Beneath the Lion's Gaze (2010) -- Maaza Mengiste In 1974, a student protestor in Ethiopia lies on an operating table. Outside, an uprising is taking place, one which will see the end of the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie and the rise of the Derg, bringing in its own type of terror. Caught in the midst of it all is Dr. Hailu, a renowned surgeon with two sons, the rebellious Yonas and the conservative Dawit. As Hailu's wife lies dying in hospital, uncertainty simmers around them. Violence, grief, anger and loss pervades the atmosphere like a venomous poison. Then one day, Hailu has to make a choice between life and death. Beneath the Lion's Gaze serves as a reminder that political and personal turmoil can never be separated. 20\. Transparent City (2012) -- Ondjaki One of the few Angolan novels to be translated into English, Transparent City is set in an apartment block in Luanda, home to an array of characters all navigating the realities of being part of Angola's "underclass". Central to the story is one man's search for his son. As he wanders in the hope of locating him, he also grapples with how much his beloved Luanda has changed. 21\. Orchard of Lost Souls (2013) -- Nadifa Mohamed In The Orchard of Lost Souls, Mohamed brings women's voices to the fore, that are often otherwise silenced by guns, violence and bloodshed. Set in Hargeisa, this is the story of widow Kaswar, soldier Filsan and abandoned child Deqo. The lives of these three intersect on the 18th anniversary of the revolution which brought a military dictator to power. Filsan dreams of Mogadishu, Deqo's destiny leads her to the kinds of places children should never see, and Kaswar teeters between leaving and staying as she drowns in grief. The story shows how ugly and brutal war is and how womanhood can be a heavy burden. QUESTIONS TO ANSWER: How do you describe African literary pieces specifically African novel based from the list of literary works you have read above? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ What do you think is the importance of these African literary pieces to people of Africa and to all literary readers? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ MAJOR WRITERS IN AFRICA Okot P'Bitek (1930-1982) Chinua Achebe (1930-2013) Nadine Gordimer (1923-2014) Bessie Head (1937-1986) Barbara Kimenye (1929-2012) Ousmene Sembene (1923-2007) Wole Soyinka (1934) Leopoldo Sedar Senghor (1906-2001) QUESTIONS TO ANSWER: What do you think is the greatest contribution of the above African writers for them to consider as the major writers of Africa? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ All African writers above have their own story to tell, but what do you think is their common when it comes to their literary works? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Among those eight (8) major African writers whom do you consider is the famous of them all? Support your content. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ANALYSIS What is the important of knowing the historical background of one's literature? What are the advantages of recognizing the major writers in Africa as well as their literary pieces? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ APPLICATION Directions: If you were to relate your life experience to one's African literary piece, what literary piece it would be and why? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Points to Remember Literature that has been written for of by African people is called African literature. Their literature, often oral in nature, may be in prose or in poetry. Storytellers in Africa often tell stories using the call-and response technique. This is because an African storyteller would expect his/her audience to give response or comments. African literature is essential in that it offers an opportunity to hear the voices of African people. African literature is important not only because of its relevant setting and relatable storylines, but it also increases our social consciousness, and raises awareness of social, political, and economic crises that the African continent is facing. EVALUATION Directions: Read the folklore from Central Africa entitled "The Leopard", and then analyze the story by answering the questions that follows. In reading a literary text, it is important to follow the different strategies in reading. The Pre-reading, During reading, and the Post-Reading Strategies. Pre-Reading Activity: Directions: Answer the following motive questions Have you seen a leopard? What is a leopard? Are you brave enough to face a leopard? Support your answer. How are you going to show your bravery? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ During Reading Activity (Unlocking Difficulty): Directions: As you start reading the folklore you will encounter some unfamiliar words. Write those unfamiliar words on the table below and look for the meaning of each word for you to fully understand the text. WORD MEANING ------ --------- Let's indulge in Reading African Literary Text This is an interesting story of different kinds of courage. The point of the story is: Who was the bravest of the three persons involved? The Leopard Folklore from Central Africa After Reading Activity: Directions: Answer the following question based on the story you have read. 1\. What was the problem that Ki encountered while on his journey? 2\. Why do you think Ntio was reluctant to fetch Luetsi for Ki? 3\. How did Ki convince Ntio? 4\. If you were either Ntio or Luetsi, how you have felt upon seeing the leopard? 5\. Did Luetsi seem more impressed with Ntio than Ki? Defend your answer. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 6\. What turned out to be the doubts and problems that Luetsi was harboring? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7\. What plan did Luetsi hatch in order to prove that Ki loved her and would sacrifice for her? What did this say about the trust she had for her husband? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 8\. If you will be Luetsi, would you do the same just to test your husband's bravery? Explain your content. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9\. If you were Ki and you discovered the plot, how would have reacted? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 10\. Who indeed was the bravest among the three? Was it Ntio, who stabbed the leopard in the heart with his knife, although he could have run away? Or Luetsi, who lay there beneath the leopard? Or was it Ki, who ran up, unarmed, in order to snatch his wife from the leopard\'s claws? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ AGREEMENT - Study about the historical background of Egyptian Literature - Research about those famous Egyptian literary writers and their famous literary works. Reading Habit Read the literary pieces which are provided in Appendix A for you to establish reading habit as we go along in exploring more literary pieces. Then, share the message or content of the literary piece. Write your answer on a separate long sheet of paper REFERENCES