Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics Module 1 PDF

Department of Education National Capital Region SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE MARIKINA CITY Understanding Culture, Society and Politics First Quarter – Module 1 Author:...

Department of Education National Capital Region SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE MARIKINA CITY Understanding Culture, Society and Politics First Quarter – Module 1 Author: Alfredo E. Ladesma Illustrator: Nathalia A. Malaga 0 City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE  MODULE1 Lesson: 1 THE NATURE, GOALS, AND PERSPECTIVE OF ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE Source: Wikimedia Commons retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Core_Value.JPG What I Need to Know Filipinos are known around the world to be respectful. Pagmamano is an "honoring-gesture" used in Filipino culture performed as a sign of respect to elders and as a way of requesting a blessing from the elder. Did you know that it has a similar custom from its neighboring countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei? It is called salim, a normal gesture done in a traditional Islamic society to respect the ulama (religious elite/scholars). Meaning to say, it traces its origin back before the beginning of the colonial rule. It is customary to offer a seat to the elderly especially in a public transport in most people in Southeast Asia as a sign of courtesy and respect. Did you ever think how different does the life of our ancestors then to the present? How come pagmamano, a precolonial custom, is still practiced up to the present times? These are some of the questions that are being asked in studying the field of Anthropology. In this module, you will be able to discover the nature, goals, and perspective of anthropology. 1 City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE  LEARNING OBJECTIVES MELC: Discuss the nature, goals and perspectives in/ of Anthropology, Sociology and Politics Science At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: 1. identify the key concepts, nature, goals and perspective of 1.1 Anthropology 1.2 Sociology 1.3 Political Science 2. appreciate the value of Anthropology, sociology, and political science through understanding cultural elements of Philippines from other country and drawing activity; and 3. write an essay on how Anthropology, Sociology and Political science interrelated to each other in relation to the ―new normal‖. What I Know? Directions: Read and understand each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on the space provided before each number. 1. It is the scientific study of human life and culture. A. Anthropology B. Political Science C. Sociology D. Topography 2. It refers to the ways of life learned and shared by people in social groups. A. Customs B. Culture C. Norms D. Values 3. A branch of anthropology that focuses on the content and variation of particular cultures. A. Archaeology C. Political Anthropology B. Biological Anthropology D. Sociocultural Anthropology 4. One of the three key concepts of Anthropology that refer to human development which may take millions of years as a way to adapt to certain environmental changes is called. A. culture B. evolution C. society d. trend 2 City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE  5. Another branch on anthropology that deals with the material remain of the past and present cultural systems. A. Archaeology C. Political Anthropology B. Biological Anthropology D. Sociocultural Anthropology What’s In? In your Grades 7 and 8 Araling Panlipunan, you have learned the Asian and World History. You have encountered various civilizations – their glory and fall and their contribution to the present. You found out that most of the ancient civilizations sprung near the riverbanks or any bodies of water. Why do you think so? Do you think it has something to do in sustaining their living? Analysis of these questions will give us a better understanding of how ancient civilizations live their life has something to do with Anthropology, the study of all aspects of human life and culture. Anthropology examines such topics as how people live, what they think, what they produce, and Figure 1.1 Ancient Filipino civilization Source: how they interact with their environments. Wikimedia Commons retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki The person who studies Anthropology is called Anthropologist. They try to understand the full range of human diversity as well as what all people share in common. They also ask such basic questions as to when, where, and how humans evolve to become what they are. How do people adapt to different environments most likely to have societies developed and changed from the ancient past to the present? Answers to these questions can help us understand what it means to be human. They can also help us to learn ways to meet the present-day needs of people all over the world and to plan how we might live in the future. For example, anthropologists found out that before the time of colonial rule, our ancestors already practicing commerce known as the barter trade. In this instance, goods and products are not only the 3 City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE things being traded. Their customs and lifestyles were also passed from one person to another. Filipinos love pancit, a Chinese delicacy that is always present on special occasions such as birthdays, anniversaries, etc. During the Spanish occupation, the indigenous noodle dish was essentially the nation’s first ―takeout food,‖ with panciteros (Chinese food hawkers who sold pancit) catering to the cigar factories’ working women who had little time for housework or cooking. What’s New? LET’S HAVE AN ACTIVITY! Directions: Identify the cultural elements of the Philippines and the USA then find a person in your home and shareyour answers with each other. CULTURE PHILIPPINES USA Language Religion Food Musical Instrument Dance Song Holiday and Ceremony Costume Sport What is It? In the previous activity, you have learned the differences in the culture of two different countries, the Philippines and USA. If you will notice these countries lie on the different hemispheres of the globe. The Philippines found in the eastern/oriental side on one hand and the USA on the western side. Despite this fact, you will observe 4 City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE that there is a commonality. It emphasizes the idea of Anthropology in the context of conqueror- conquered relations concomitant with the west’s conquest of the non- western world. This conqueror-conquered relationship made possible the practical and analytic separation between, on the one hand, America and Asia as objects of investigation, and on the other hand, western anthropologists as the investigating subjects (Bennagen, 1980). What’s More NATURE OF ANTHROPOLOGY The term Anthropology originates from two Greek terms, anthropos which mean ―man/humankind‖ and logos meaning ―study‖. Much of the focus of anthropology is based on three key concepts: society, culture, and evolution. Together, these concepts constitute the primary ways in which anthropologists describe, explain, and understand human life as illustrated in the figure below. ANTHROPOLOGY SOCIETY CULTURE EVOLUTION Society – which consist of people who interact in a define territory and share a culture, is the largest and most complex group that sociologists study. Sociologist - an expert in or student of the development, structure, and functioning of human society Culture - refers to the ways of life learned and shared by people in social groups. Culture differs from the simpler, inborn types of thinking and behavior that govern the lives of many animals. The people in human society generally share common cultural patterns. Evolution – evolution, in a broadest sense, explains that what we see today is different from what existed in the past. Humans have changed little biologically for the past 100,000 years. On the other hand, today’s worldwide culture, characterizedby 5 City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE the rapid movement of people and ideas throughout the world, is only a few hundred years old. INDEPENDENT ACTIVITY 1 Directions: Draw a picture of public transportation means in Philippine society across different eras to depict the technological, cultural, and social change in every society. 19TH CENTURY 20TH CENTURY 21ST CENTURY (1801-1900) (1901-2000) (2001-present) Process Questions 1. How this transportation means look like in physical features? 2. How fast are these transportation means? 3. How many people can fit in transportation means in three different eras? Q1 Do you still encounter a 19th – 21st century transportation means nowadays? Why? Why not? Q2 What significant change have you observed? Explain GOALS OF ANTHROPOLOGY Anthropology aimed to understand our evolutionary origins, our distinctiveness as a species, and the great diversity in our forms of social existence across the world and through time. In the fulfillment of these goals, anthropology is divided into three subfields as illustrated below. Figure 1.2 Three sub-fields of anthropology 6 City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE  PERSPECTIVE OF ANTHROPOLOGY The key strength of anthropology as a discipline of social science is its holistic approach to the study of humans. With the discipline’s engagement with the ordinary and routine parts of human interaction, anthropology provides a degree of keenness to its learner such that everyday things are contextualized and understood within the frame of culture. This develops insight among students of anthropology. What I Have Learned ? Directions: Generalize what you have learned by answering the wheel of learning. The thing I know: I am confused about What I want to remember The thing that surprised me In one word/sentence, I learned Assessment I. MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE Directions: Write TRUE if the statement below is true. If the statement is FALSE, underline the word/s or phrase that makes the statement incorrect. (1pt @) 1. The key strength of anthropology as a discipline of social science is its holistic approach to the study of humans. 7 City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE  2. Anthropology solely undertakes culture as its key concept, making society and evolution as secondary idea to it. 3. The idea of Anthropology in the context of conqueror-conquered relations concomitant with the west’s conquest of the non-western world. 4. Variation of particular culture is one of the thrusts of sociocultural anthropology. 5. The people in a human society generally share common cultural patterns. II. ESSAY Directions: Each person interacts meaningfully with one another as a member of society. How are Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science interrelated with one another by simply answering the question below. Answer the question with at least 3-5 sentences (5 pts. @) The COVID-19 pandemic made significant changes in the world we are living in. As a student studying anthropology, sociology, and political science who used to the traditional way of learning, how will you able to cope up with the ―new normal‖ form of learning? Rubric for checking the essay: Criteria 3 2 1 In 3-5sentences, In 3-5 sentences, the In 3-5 sentences, the the student student answered the student answered the Manner of answering answered the question directly, but question indirectly, question directly, not thoroughly but leading to the thoroughly and and coherently. closest answer. coherently. The specific concept is The specific concept is stated and directly stated but is not Relevance N/A connected directly connected to the answer to the answer. 8 City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE  MODULE1 Lesson 2: THE NATURE, GOALS, AND PERSPECTIVE OF SOCIOLOGY Source: Defense Imagery retrieved from http://www.defenseimagery.mil/imageRetrieve.action?guid=ee0c27527c208143a10bdfa35 8ef824e100afd6c&t=2 What I Need to Know ―A family that prays together stays together‖ is a very familiar quote which implies how strong faith strengthens the family bond. We Filipinos are known for being family-oriented. You will agree with me that most of the Filipino homes have their family photos of different occasions such as birthdays, graduations, baptism, Christmas reunions, etc. The 1987 Philippine Constitution recognizes the Filipino family as the foundation of the nation. For a civilization to succeed, the family must succeed. Building a strong family life is an important task of families of all sizes and backgrounds. As a social institution, human interaction is vital and inevitable to allow its members to achieve needs or wishes they could not fulfill alone. This emphasizes the importance of sociology as a discipline. In this module, you will be able to discover the nature, goals and perspective of sociology. 9 City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE - What I Know? Directions: Read and understand each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on the space provided before each number. 1. It is the scientific study of human society and social interactions. A. Anthropology B. Archaeology C. Sociology D. Topography 2. It refers to the force that produces order and stability A. Customs B. Laws C. Social dynamics D. Social statics 3. As a scientific study, sociology is related to other sciences. Which of the following does not belong to the group? A. Economy B. Ecology C. History D. Political science 4. It is a way of seeing a society that can help us understand everyday events and make better choices as individuals and as a group. A. Social conflict C. Social imagination B. Social contract D. Social stratification 5. He is responsible for coining the term ―sociology.‖ A. Auguste Comte C. Herbert Spencer B. HarrietMartineau D. Karl Marx What’s In? In the previous module, you have learned that anthropology is the study of all aspects of human life and culture. For a civilization to succeed, the family must succeed. This stressed the idea of the family as the fundamental unit of society. The family has an important role in providing socialization and values for children and in providing social and economic security as well. Being part of a family motivates individuals, motivates us all, to work hard, sacrifice our well-being, and work for the welfare of the family thus contributes to the nation’s wellness. As a social and political animal, human interaction is inevitable to social function. Sociology, as a discipline, tries to understand this idea. 10 City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE  What’s New? LET’S HAVE AN ACTIVITY! Directions: With a special focus on the premise of political scenario that creates an economic scenario and vice versa. Write the causes and consequences of social change. SOCIAL CHANGE Causes Consequences Technology Apps that make life easy What is It? In the previous activity, you have learned the causes and consequences of social change. This refers to any significant alteration in behavior patterns and cultural values and norms over time. By ―significant‖ alteration, sociologists mean changes yielding profound social consequences. What’s More NATURE OF SOCIOLOGY The changes in our society are one of the few things that tried to be studied by the field of sociology. Sociology is the scientific study of human society and social interactions. This body of knowledge is diverse, ranging from crime to religion, from the family to the state, from the divisions of race and social class to the shared beliefs of a common culture, and from social stability to radical change in whole societies. Unifying the study of these diverse subjects of study is sociology’s purpose of 11 City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE understanding how human action and consciousness both shape and are shaped by surrounding cultural and social structures. Sociologists, people who study sociology, emphasize the careful gathering and analysis of evidence about social life to develop and enrich our understanding of key social processes. Social Imagination C. Wright Mills argues that a great number of our social experiences can overwhelm us into inaction. He then offers a solution: a way of seeing a society that can help us understand everyday events and make better choices as individuals and as a group. He calls this the “sociological imagination,” a quality of mind that enables the possessor to link personal with the social. In Mill’s view, society—not people’s personal failings—is the main cause of social problems (Macionis 2012: 7). Figure 2.2 American sociologist C. Wright Mills Figure 2.3 Social imagination with his student Source: Flickr retrieved from https://www.flickr.com/photos/instituteforpolicystudies/ 9710588041 To illustrate how one can develop a sociological imagination, Mills distinguishes between two kinds of situations that people find themselves in: ―private troubles‖ (personal problems) and ―public issues‖ (social problems) as shown in the figure above. He points out that there are indeed private troubles, but some of them also affect many other people since they have large-scale causes. INDEPENDENT ACTIVITY 12 City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE Directions: Cite three (3) personal problems you have encountered and complete the table below. Are any of these personal Personal problem you Solution(s) to these social troubles also social problems? have encountered problems Why? Q1. Why do you consider these as personal problems? Are these problems can be considered as social problems? Why? Why not? Q2. How did you come up with these solutions? What thing/s have you considered? GOALS OF SOCIOLOGY Sociology and common sense Many people mistakenly believe that sociology is the study of the obvious. They claim that sociology is nothing but the application of common sense. But equating any science with simple common sense could not be further from the truth! Common sense is not always ―common,‖ nor ―sensible.‖ Common sense assumptions are usually based on very limited observation. While sociological research might confirm common sense observation, its broader base and theoretical rational provide a stronger basis for conclusions. Sociology as social science When we say that sociology is a social science, it involves the application of the scientific methods to study the human aspects of the world. An important goal is to yield generalizations— general statements regarding trends among various dimensions of social life. 13 City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE PERSPECTIVE OF SOCIOLOGY Sociology emerged as a separate discipline in the nineteenth century. This was a time of great social turmoil due largely to the French and Industrial Revolutions. Several early sociologists shaped the direction of the discipline Auguste Comte (1798-1857) - Responsible for coining the term ―sociology.‖ He set out to develop the ―science of man‖ that would be based on empirical observation. He focused on two aspects of society: Social Statics - forces which produce order andstability Social Dynamics- forces which contribute to social change Harriet Martineau (1802-1876) – She authored one of the earliest analyses of culture and life in the United States entitled Theory and Practice of Society in America. She is also known for translating Comte’s Positive Philosophy into English. Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) - Authored the first sociology text, Principles of Sociology. He is most well-known for proposing a doctrine called ―Social Darwinism.‖ According to the theory, which was popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the weak were diminished and their cultures delimited while the strong grew in power and cultural influence over the weak. Social Darwinists held that the life of humans in society was a struggle for existence ruled by ―survival of the fittest.‖ Karl Marx (1818-1883) – He is the father of the social conflict theory and analyzed how economic system of capitalism leads to conflict and inequality among different groups in society. Moreover, he predicted that revolution would occur producing first a socialist state, followed by a communist society. Saw human history in a continual state of conflict between two major classes: Bourgeoisie - owners of the means of production (capitalists) Proletariat - the workers 14 City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE  What I Have Learned ? Directions: Answer the question below. (5 pts) Last 2016, the Philippines hosted the 65th Miss Universe pageant at the Mall of Asia Arena. Our representative, Ms. Maxine Medina, fell short for the crown and made it in the top 10 of the prestigious competition. If you’re going to ask with the same question in the context of the social conditions we have in the Philippines, what will be your answer? ―What is the most significant change you've seen in the world in the last 10 years?‖ Rubric for checking the essay: Criteria 3 2 1 In 3-5sentences, In 3-5 sentences, the In 3-5 sentences, the the student student answered the student answered the Manner of answering answered the question directly, but question indirectly, question directly, not thoroughly but leading to the thoroughly and and coherently. closest answer. coherently. The specific concept is The specific concept is stated and directly stated but is not Relevance N/A connected directly connected to the answer. to the answer. 15 City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE  Assessment III. WORD POOL Directions: Identify what is being described. Write the letter of the best answer on the space provided before each number. (1pt @) e. Social a. Sociolog y c. Common sense g. Auguste Comte i. Karl Imaginati Marx on f. Harriet b. Herbert d. Public h. Private j. Social Martinea Spencer issues troubles statics u 1. It refers to personal challenges in life. 2.Heismostwell-knownforproposingadoctrinecalled―Social Darwinism.‖ 3. He predicted that revolution would occur producing first a socialist state, followed by a communist society. 4. These are assumptions usually based on very limited observation. 5. It is the scientific study of human society and social interactions. 6. Responsible for coining the term ―sociology.‖ 7. These are forces which produce order andstability. 8. Authored one of the earliest analyses of culture and life in the United States entitled Theory and Practice of Society inAmerica. 9. Challenges that may bring social changes. 10. A way of seeing a society that can help us understand everyday events and make better choices as individuals and as a group 16 City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE  MODULE1 Lesson 3: THE NATURE, GOALS, AND PERSPECTIVE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE What I Need to Know The Greek philosopher Aristotle believed that man is by nature a political animal. This is because of man’s capacity as a social creature with the power of intelligence and the ability to voice out and to be heard. With this prowess, disagreement is inevitable due to the diversity in perspective. Political situations arise out of disagreement. In other words, the disagreement provides the basis for politics. People have different opinions, viewpoints and make different judgments. They differ from each other in such a variety of ways that it would be impossible to achieve agreement about everything. People disagree how the limited resources which are available to the society should be distributed. They also disagree about how such matters should be resolved. How should collective decisions be made? Who should have a say? How much influence should each person have? And so forth. These questions are sought to answer by Political Science. 17 City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE  What I Know? Directions: Read and understand each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on the space provided before each number. 1. The Italian philosopher coined the term―state.‖ B. Aristotle C. Karl Marx C. John Locke D. Niccolò Machiavelli 2. The following are the elements of state EXCEPT B. C. government B. people C. politics D. sovereignty 3. What sub discipline of political science refers to the implementation of government policy and preparation of civil servants for working in the public service? A. Comparativepolitics C. Public administration B. Internationalrelations D. Public law 4. The Regalian doctrine is to the effect that all lands of the public domain belong to the State, which covers the two important concepts and. D. Eminent domain& taxation C. Jus soli & jus sanguinis E. Imperium & dominium D. Executive & legislative powers 5. This pertains to the social institution which encompasses the state and government as well as concepts of power and authority. What is it? A. Culture B. Government C. Governance D. Politics What’s In? Politics refers to the social institution which encompasses the state and government as well as concepts of power and authority. It is the means by which individuals influence government. The politics in the Philippines traces its history since pre-Spanish era. In your previous years in Araling Panlipunan, you have learned that the Philippines then was divided into numerous barangays (originated from 18 City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE balangay, a kind of boat used by a group of Austronesian peoples when they migrated to the Philippines) of around 50 to 100 families. These barangays warred, made peace, traded and had relations with each other. Islamic sultanates in Mindanao such as the Sultanate of Sulu and Maguindanao prospered. Ferdinand Magellan's death in 1521 can be partly attributed to a dispute between Lapu-Lapu and Rajah Humabon for control of Cebu. The Kingdom of Maynila was trading with China and other nearby empires when Miguel Lopez de Legazpi conquered the kingdom in 1565 and assimilated it with the other kingdoms he had conquered nearby to unite the Philippines under Spanish rule. Politics involves the production, allocation and use of decision-making powers among large groups of individuals. In stable and strong states, political activities usually refer to the powers of the state to govern. Decision-making of the past political leaders shaped what system of politics we had today. What’s New? LET’S HAVE AN ACTIVITY! Directions: Complete the table by writing the significant contributions of the specified administrations to the different sectors of the country. You may include landmark laws and key programs initiated in their respective administrations. Estrada Arroyo Aquino Duterte SECTOR Administration Administration Administration administration Education Health Agriculture Finance Environment Labor and Employment Justice Science and Technology Tourism Transportation 19 City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE  What is It? In the previous activity, you found out that the different key programs of the aforementioned administrations. If you carefully examine them, every administration encountered disagreements. There’s no perfect government since it is an institution of people. They have flaws and rooms for improvement. The scenarios in politics are being studied in a formal discipline called Political Science. Political Science is the systematic study of and reflection upon politics. What’s More NATURE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE It is also defined as an academic discipline that deals with the study of government and political processes, institutions, and behaviors. As a body of knowledge, Political Science is vast and is therefore divided into sub-disciplines. 1. Political Theory - is the part of Political Science that explores what a better political world would look like and how we can create it. It also refers to the entire body of doctrines obeyed and reflected inpolitics. 2. Public Administration -refers to the implementation of government policy and preparation of civil servants for working in the public service. 3. Comparative Politics – as the name suggests, is a field in political science characterized either by the use of the comparative method to explore politics within (as opposed to between) countries. 4. International Relations – also known as International Studies is a sub discipline of political science that deals with is the interconnectedness of politics, economics and law on a global setup. 20 City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE  5. Public Law – refers to the process by which governments translate their political vision into programs and actions to carry out results favorable to its constituency. INDEPENDENT ACTIVITY 1 Directions: Decode the following terms below that are associated with the study of political science. Write your answer in the space provided before each number. 1. EATTS - a community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, having a government of their own to which the great body of inhabitants render obedience, and enjoying freedom from external control. 2.M U I E R I M P- the right of the State to pass or enact its own laws and employ force to secure obedience thereto, maintain peace and order within its territorial limits, defend State against foreign invasion, and do other act of government over its people and territory. 3. M - the independent proprietary right of possession, use, conservation, disposition M I U N I Dor O sale and control by the State over its territorial lands. GOALS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE The study of politics is tantamount to the study government or more broadly, to study the exercise of authority. According to Heywood (1997), politics is the art of government, the exercise of control within the society through the making and enforcement of collective decisions. The realm of politics is restricted to state actors who are consciously motivated by ideological beliefs, and who seek to advance them through membership of a formal organization such as a political organization. Certain concepts such as state, imperium and dominium are needed to understand so that you will have a basic idea of political science. The modern term state is derived from the term ―status‖. The Italian philosopher and writer Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) first used the term state in his writings specifically in his important work ―The Prince.‖ The state is the most universal of all social institutions. It is as an entity of power and authority within a given population and territory; have four elements: territory, population, government, 21 City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE and sovereignty. From the abovementioned definition, it is clear that the following are elements of the state. Another concept is the interchangeable terms imperium and dominium. Imperium (Latin: ―command,‖ ―empire‖), the supreme executive power in the Roman state, involving both military and judicial authority while Dominium The word ―dominium‖ is derived from the Latin word ―dominus‖ meaning ―lord.‖ This pertains to absolute ownership along with the right to possession and use. The owner is also entitled with the right to retain the property or transfer the property at his/her pleasure. These two concepts cover the Regalian doctrine stated in the Article XII of 1987 Philippine Constitution. INDEPENDENT ACTIVITY 2 Let us take a look in one of the most disputed cases in the Philippine history – the claim to Sabah. Sabah (also known as North Borneo) is a territory claimed by the Philippines as an inherent territory from the Sultanate of Sulu. Currently, it is under the ruleoftheMalaysiangovernment. Figure 3.1 Sabah territory Source: Wikimedia Commons retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sabah-Divisions.png Q1. How do you treat the claim of the Philippines over Sabah? Q2. Is it imperium or dominium? Explain. 22 City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE FORMS OF GOVERNMENT The institutions of the state (the apparatus of the government, the courts, the police, the army, the society-security system and so forth) can be regarded as ―public‖ in the sense that they are responsible for the collective organization of the community life. As a society, we always flourished when we lived together in communities. A country is nothing but one huge community, and like every community, it must be governed. Due to the diversity in cultural, ethnic, geographical and historical backgrounds, government exists in varied forms. Here’s a rundown of the different forms of government. Figure 3.2 Forms of government PERSPECTIVE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE Political science is an essential body of knowledge because it is about people. It doesn’t just concern only the government or any political group who is ruling a particular state or country but every citizen. This is because politics impacts our lives, both directly and indirectly, whether we’re aware of it or not. As stated by Digestible Pol (2013), ―to ignore politics and not get involved in politics would seem rather silly considering that your life is dictated by it.‖ 23 City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE  What I Have Learned ? IV. ESSAY Directions: in 3-5 sentences answer the question below. (5 pts. @) The West Philippine Sea refers to the eastern parts of the South China Sea which are included in the Philippine’s exclusive economic zone. The term was first used by our government as early as 2011 as a symbolic gesture to the disputed China’s sovereignty claim over the whole South China Sea based on its nine-dash line and in support to the diplomatic protest filed by the former against the latter in the Permanent Court of Arbitration. It is very clear that this area belongs to the Philippines. How do current events post-arbitration affect the judgment laid down by the Court? And its importance of understanding political science in this instance? Rubric for checking the essay: Criteria 3 2 1 In 3-5sentences, In 3-5 sentences, the In 3-5 sentences, the the student student answered the student answered the Manner of answering answered the question directly, but question indirectly, question directly, not thoroughly but leading to the thoroughly and and coherently. closest answer. coherently. The specific concept is The specific concept is stated and directly stated but is not Relevance N/A connected directly connected to the answer. to the answer. 24 City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE  Assessment V. MULTIPLE CHOICE Directions: Read and understand each item carefully. Choose the letter of your answer. Write your answer on the space provided before each number. (1pt @) 1. This pertains to the activities associated with the governance of a country or other area, especially the debate or conflict among individuals or parties having or hoping to achieve power. What is it? A. Culture B. Government C. Politics D. Sovereignty 2. What element of state refers it’s to the supreme power or authority? A. government B. people C. sovereignty D. territory 3. What do you call the independent proprietary right of possession, use, conservation, disposition or sale and control by the State over its territorial lands? A. Dominium B. Imperium C. Quo warranto D. Taxation 4. What subdiscipline of political science refers to the implementation of government policy and preparation of civil servants for working in the public service? C. Comparativepolitics C. Public administration D. Internationalrelations D. Public law 5. It is the agency in which the will of the State is formulated, expressed and carried out. What is it? A. government B. people C. sovereignty D. territory 25 City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE  References Department of Education (2016). Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics Teaching Guide.Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics Teaching Guide. Bennagen, P. L. (1980). ―Asianization of Anthropology‖. Asian Studies, 18: 1 – 26. Retrieved from: Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia (2003). Intro to Anthro. Anthropology. http://individual.utoronto.ca/boyd/anthro.htm 26 City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE  Development Team of the Module Writer: Alfredo E. Ladesma Editors: Jossa Margaret Aloria Francisco Internal Reviewer: Aaron S. Enano Rowena External Reviewer: R. Hibanada Nathalia A. Illustrator: Malaga Layout Artist: Ma. Gwendelene J. Corañez Management Team: Sheryll T. Gayola Assistant Schools Division Superintendent OIC, Office of theSchools DivisionSuperintendent Elisa O. Cerveza Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division OIC, Office of the Assistant Schools Division Superintendent Aaron S. Enano Education ProgramSupervisor –A.P. Ivy Coney A. Gamatero Education Program Supervisor – LRMS For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: Schools Division Office- Marikina City 191 Shoe Ave., Sta. Elena, Marikina City, 1800, Philippines Telefax: (02) 682-2472 / 682-3989 Email Address: [email protected] 1 City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE  Department of Education National Capital Region SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE MARIKINA CITY Understanding Culture, Society and Politics First Quarter – Module 2 Author: Alfredo E. Ladesma Illustrator: Nathalia A. Malaga City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE  MODULE 2 Lesson 4: DEFINITION AND ASPECTS OF CULTURE Source: Picpedia retrieved from https://www.picpedia.org/chalkboard/c/culture.html What I Need to Know? Our culture as a Filipino is a combination of Eastern and Western influences. From being a divided nation composed of different tribes and barangays governed by their own chieftains during the pre-colonial times until the advent of the colonial rule, our identity as a nation is relatively an infusion of different cultures that evolved up to this day. The 333-year Spanish rule resulted in the spread of Christianity to spread and dominate throughout the archipelago and influenced the religion and beliefs of the natives. On the other hand, during the years of the Philippines as an American territory, the wide use of the English language, media, and in the modern culture and clothing of present-day is evident. Aside from that, other neighboring countries also contributed to what we have today as a result of emerging trade and commerce. In this module, you will learn the definition and aspects of culture. City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE 1  LEARNING OBJECTIVES MELC: Analyze the concept, aspects and changes in/of culture and society At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: 1. analyze the meaning and aspects of culture using a graphic organizer; 2. realize the value of cultural heritage and express pride of place without being ethnocentric by answering a reflection question; and 3. draw a symbol of unique Filipino culture. What I Know? Directions: Identify what is being described below. Choose your answer in the word pool and write your answer on the space provided before each number. (1pt) Socialization Ethnocentrism Values Society Cultural Relativism Culture Language 1. It is a group of people with common territory, interaction, and culture. 2. It refers to the language, values, beliefs, behavior, and material objects that constitute a people’s way of life. It is a defining element of society. 3. It refers to the tendency to assume that one’s own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others 4. It is the principle of regarding the beliefs, values, and practices of a culture from the viewpoint of that culture itself. 5. It is a process whereby people learn the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to individuals as members of society. What’s In? In your previous module, you already have encountered the word culture. It is technically defined as the ways of life learned and shared by people in social groups. It differs from the simpler, inborn types of thinking and behavior that govern the lives of many people. Through culture, people and groups define themselves, conform to society's shared values, and contribute to society. Here in Marikina, we share values, City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE 2 ideas, and groups through a Celebration of the Rehiyon-Rehiyon Festival which pays tribute to the migrants who have chosen to stay in Marikina and significantly contributed to its progress. People continue to share their native language, religion, customs, traditions and, products from different regions that shaped the culture of the city. It is annually being celebrated on December 8, coinciding with Marikina’s cityhood anniversary. In his message during the celebration, Marikina City Mayor Marcelino ―Marcy‖ Teodoro said there is now a wider meaning of becoming a Marikeño. He said that as long as a person who studies, works, or conducts business has the discipline and good conduct, he/she is considered a Marikeño. What’s New? LET’S HAVE AN ACTIVITY! Directions: Listed below are some of the regional festivals that had been portrayed in the Rehiyon-Rehiyon Festival. Research about their short historical background and cite its significance and relevance to the culture of Marikina. Cite the different aspects of culture evident like, art, music, language, food, clothing and religion. Festivals portrayed in Short Historical Aspect of Culture the Rehiyon-Rehiyon Festival Background/Relation to Marikina Evident City’s culture Bambanti Festival was institutionalized to celebrate and represent over 34 municipalities in Bambanti Festival the City of Isabela that have been one (Isabela) of the few with rich agricultural history. Like Isabela, Marikina City used to become an agricultural land. Panagbenga Festival (Baguio) Dinagyang Festival (Iloilo) City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE 3 Sinulog Festival (Cebu) Kadayawan Festival (Davao) What is It? In the previous activity, you have learned the different festivities portrayed in the Rehiyon-Rehiyon Festival and their relation to Marikina City. You will observe that there are some similarities in their culture and tradition. Through culture, people and groups define themselves, conform to society's shared values, and contribute to society. This simply implies that culture cannot be compartmentalized in a single definition which means that it is flexible and characterized by different features due to several factors. What’s More? ASPECTS OF CULTURE According to R. Linton, ―A culture is a configuration of learned behaviors and results of behavior whose component elements are shared and transmitted by the members of a particular society‖. There are different aspects of culture like art, music, language, food, daily life, clothing, and religion to name a few. 1. Dynamic, Flexible, and Adaptive Culture constantly changes and adapts to the current state of society. It continuously restores itself whenever customs do not fit in the current situation anymore. It does not remain stagnant. For instance, our educational system before was into traditional learning (face-to-face learning). In lieu of the COVID-19 pandemic, it transitioned to blended learning to adapt to the ―new normal.‖ City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE 4 2. Shared and Contested Culture is learned and acquired through different interactions with people. Culture is a shared learning experience. Because culture constantly changes, we get to share the learning process with other people. If culture is learned and shared, it is also contested in various ways and situations. Because of diversity, culture is subjected to debate and analysis. For example, a foreigner learned some Filipino words like ―Kamusta‖, ―Mahal kita‖, ―Ano pangalan mo?‖ from his/her OFW co-worker. Likewise, the OFW learned from the former. This is what we call social differentiation. It is the distinction made between social groups and persons on the basis of biological, physiological, and socio-cultural factors, as sex, age, or ethnicity, resulting in the assignment of roles and status within a society. 3. Learned and Transmitted Through Socialization and Enculturation Socialization is the process by which we learn and internalize the foundations and patterns of behavior that are laid low with culture. Enculturation happens when we teach an individual or group of people the norms and values through unconscious repetition. For example, a person from a province moved to Marikina for good. In his first two weeks of stay, he observed his neighbors strictly follow the Anti-Littering campaign of the City since he came from a place that is not strict in the implementation of laws. On the otherhand, acculturation happens to a person or group of people who adopts the values, beliefs, practices, customs, and traditions of another culture. Its the process of cultural interaction and exchange. Figure 2 Patterned social interactions City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE 5 4. Integrated and At Times Unstable All aspects of a culture are related to one another and to truly understand a culture, one must learn about all of its parts, not only a few.In order to keep the culture functioning, all aspects of the culture must be integrated.For example, the language must be able to describe all the functions within the culture in order for ideas and ideals to be transmitted from one person to another. 5. Requires Language and Other Forms of Communication A particular language is unique to a specific group of people with a unique culture. When people are interacting with another language, they are also interacting with the culture of that person. Learning other's language is studying the letters, rules of grammar as well as understanding the deeper meaning, customs, and beliefs. Everything that can be said in one language cannot be said in another; meanings are not directly translatable. Speech forms such as teasing, charm, flattery, lying, effusiveness or directness have different values in different cultures. INDEPENDENT ACTIVITY Marikina earned its title the Shoe Capital of the Philippines because of its notable shoe industry, being the biggest manufacturer of shoes in the Philippines, producing almost 70% of shoe production in the country. The year 1887 was a significant year for Marikina as it was in this year when shoemaking started to flourish through the efforts of Don Laureano "Kapitan Moy" Guevarra. Shoe making was adopted by almost every resident to the point that the ground floor of almost every house in Marikina had a shoemaking factory. As a homage to the city’s title, the Marikina Shoe Museum (initially called Footwear Museum of Marikina) was constructed in 1998 and opened in 2001. This building used to be an arsenal during the Spanish times and a detention cell during the American-Filipino War where General Macario Sakay, a leader of the Katipunan, was detained. The Shoe Museum caters numerous pair of shoes of various famous personalities including the collection of the Former First Lady Imelda Marcos who has been described as ―Imeldific‖ for being extravagant. Q1 Would you consider the Shoe Museum as a cultural heritage of Marikina? Why? Why not? City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE 6  What I Have Learned ? Directions: Draw a symbol that represents unique Filipino culture. Write your explanation. Rubrics Description Points Identified Symbols There are identified symbols that show an 10 understanding of learners. Explanation Learner’s explanation is clear and consists of 15 insights. Artistic design and The symbol is original, well organized and 25 originality creative. 50 City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE 7  Assessment 1. ―It continuously restores itself whenever customs do not fit in the current situation anymore. It does not remain stagnant.‖ What are the characteristics of culture? A. shared and contested. C. has patterned social interactions. B. dynamic, flexible, and adaptive. D. integrated and at times unstable. 2. It is the process of teaching an individual the norms and values of culture through unconscious repetition. A. Tradition B. Social Contract C. Enculturation D. Social Structure 3. Although Romila gets along with members of her department and team, she tends to spend her free time with other colleagues who are of Asian descent, especially those who are in her generation. This situation suggests that culture. A. shared and contested. C. integrated and at times unstable B. organized and patterned D. dynamic and adaptive 4. What aspect of culture is evident in how to behave in certain situations by watching Mayor Isko Moreno and Mayor Marcy Teodoro? A. dynamic, flexible, and adaptive B. has patterned social interactions C. integrated and at times unstable. D. learned and transmitted 5. Ana is walking down a quiet street. She quickly clutches her handbag closer to her body as she passes a man named Diego. Then, when she spots Bela walking toward her, she loosens her hold on the purse. To address the system, one must be able to address the underlining patterns. This implies that culture. A. shared and contested. C. has patterned social interactions B. dynamic, flexible, and adaptive. D. is integrated and at times unstable. City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE 8  MODULE 2 Lesson 5: HUMAN CULTURAL VARIATION AND SOCIAL DIFFERENCES Source: Philippine News Agency (PNA) https://www.pna.gov.ph/photos/40904 What I Need to Know? #ResistTogether is the official theme for the 2019 Metro Manila Pride March held in Marikina City. Rainbow flags filled the streets of Marikina as thousands joined the annual event. It advocates fighting discrimination against the members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) community. Advocates and supporters pushed for the passage of the SOGIEE (Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity and Expression Equality) Bill also known as Anti-Discrimination Bill. The event also coincides in the historic enactment of the Anti-Discrimination Ordinance of Marikina City (Ordinance No. 065 s. 2019) to promote social justice and to provide equal rights and protection, especially for the LGBTQ+ community. The eagerness for equality and protection should be taken into account for the human cultural variation and social differences which will you be able to learn after going through this module. City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE 9  LEARNING OBJECTIVES MELC: Analyze the concept, aspects and changes in/of culture and society. At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: 1. distinguish Philippine culture from other country using a profile; 2. recognize the importance of human cultural variation and social differences through observation; and 3. create a banner on being proud of Filipino culture. What I Know? LET’S HAVE AN ACTIVITY! Directions: Complete the puzzle by reading the clues and put the appropriate response in the boxes below. ACROSS 1. A change or difference in condition, amount, or level, typically with certain limits. 3. It refers to a system of beliefs and practices as well as systems of actions directed toward entities that are above men. 5. It is the legal relationship that binds a person and a country. DOWN 2. It is the socially-constructed characteristics of being male or female. 4. It is the expression of the set of cultural ideas held by distinct ethics or indigenous group. City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE 10  What’s In? In your previous lesson, you have learned that one of the aspects of culture is that it is dynamic, flexible, and, adaptive. Culture constantly changes and adapts to the current state of society. For example, the jeepney is a post-World War II innovation and a cultural symbol of the Philippines. It is also considered as the undisputed ―King of the Road‖. Considering its history, it has also become a reflection of the Filipino spirit — resilient, innovative, and optimistic. Much has been said through the past few decades about phasing out the jeepney to make way for much more efficient modes of public transport. However, due to the implementation of the PUV Modernization Program launched by the Department of Transportation (DOTr), our iconic jeepneys are threatened to vanish. The primary goal of the said program is to replace the old models with new vehicles and to be required to have at least a Euro 4-compliant engine or an electric engine to lessen pollution. Some proposed requirements include CCTV cameras, Payment Terminal, speed limiters and GPS monitors. Change is needed to be imposed in order to adapt. What’s New? Directions: Distinguish Philippine culture from other country using a profile. PHILIPPINES Literature Art Architecture Famous Personalities National Symbol JAPAN Literature Art Architecture Famous Personalities National Symbol City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE 11  What is It? In the previous activity, you distinguished Philippine culture with Japan. You observed that Philippine culture has a great difference to what Japan has. You will agree with me to conclude that this is because they are found in both ends of the world as it is mentioned in the previous module. Aside from that, there are other factors that affects cultural variation and social differences of different countries. What’s More HUMAN CULTURAL VARIATION Cultural variations refer to the differences in social behaviors that different cultures exhibit around the world. It results in both progressive and aggressive interactions due to the evolution of those cultures being influenced by one another. What may be considered good etiquette in one culture may be considered an offensive gesture in another. As this occurs constantly, cultures push each other to change. Cultural variation is affected by the following: CULTURAL VARIATION RELIGION ETHNICITY NATIONALITY Religion – derived from the Latin word religare meaning ―to bind together.‖ It’s a system of beliefs and practices on a supernatural level. There are five great religions of the world: Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Judaism, and Buddhism. City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE 12  Figure 1 Five great religions of the world Ethnicity - It is the expression of the set of cultural ideas held by distinct ethics or indigenous group. It can also be defined as a category of individuals who identify with one another supported with presumed similarities like language, ancestry, history, culture and social treatment. The Philippines have various ethnic groups represented in different colors as shown in the figure on the right. Figure 2 Philippine ethnic groups Nationality - It is the legal relationship that binds a person and a country. It allows the state to protect and have jurisdiction over a person The term national can include both citizens and non-citizens. On the other hand, citizenship is a political status and requires recognition of the state. The most common distinguishing feature of citizenship is that citizens have the right to participate in the political life of the state, such as by voting or standing for election. SOCIAL DIFFERENCES It refers to the differences among the individuals based on social characteristics and qualities. These differences include those associated with gender, sexual orientation, age, social class, religion, and ability. To take one example, social class continues to persist as a significant difference within and between communities in a world where poverty shows few signs of disappearing. The following are the factors that affect social differences. City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE 13 Gender - It is the socially-constructed characteristics of being male or female. It serves as a guide on how males and females think and acts about themselves. It is commonly interchanged with the word sex. Sex refers to the biological description of a person based on their anatomy while gender pertains to one's sense of self as masculine or feminine regardless of the external genitalia and socially-constructed characteristics. LGBT is an acronym for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender. These terms are used to describe a person's sexual orientation or gender identity. Figure 3 LGBT definition Socio-economic status - It refers to the category of persons who have more or less the same socio-economic privileges. Here in the Philippines we have three (3) socio- economic classes: (1) low-income class has a per capita income of between the poverty line and twice the poverty line or having a monthly income between Php 10,481 and Php 20,962; (2) middle-class which is between four and seven times the poverty line with a monthly income between Php 41,924 and Php 73,367; and (3) high-income class that is between 12 and 20 times the poverty line and earning a monthly income between Php 125,772 and Php 209,620. Exceptionality - It refers to the state of being intellectually gifted and/or having physically or mentally challenged conditions. Differences in personality/behavior communication (learning disability, speech impairment, and hearing problems), intellect (mild intellectual & mental development disabilities), physical appearance (blind-low vision), or combination of more than one specific exceptionality/disability. City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE 14 INDEPENDENT ACTIVITY Directions: recognize the importance of human cultural variation and social differences through observation. Observe your surroundings on how they treat one another despite differences in gender, socio-economic status, religion and ethnicity. Social Issues Societal Impact Gender discrimination Socio-economic challenges Religion persecution Ethnic Q1. Why is it important to recognize human cultural variation and social differences? Q2. How will you apply the importance of human cultural variation and social differences in these issues? What I Have Learned? Directions: Applying your understanding of human cultural variation and social differences, create a banner on being proud of Filipino culture. City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE 15  Assessment 1. The way people eat in their country such as with forks, chopsticks, or fingers is an example of: A. Ethnicity B. Gender C. Nationality D. Religion 2. If there are a variety of cultures in the same area, people would say that this area has. A. Country’s diffusion C. Interdependence B. Cultural variation D. Gender Differences 3. What aspect of culture pertains to the legal relationship that binds a person and a country and allows the state to protect and have jurisdiction over a person? A. Ethnicity C. Nationality B. Gender D. Religion 4. The following statements describe gender EXCEPT: A. It is the socially-constructed characteristics of being male or female. B. It refers to the biological description of a person based on their anatomy. C. It serves as a guide on how males and females think and acts about themselves. D. It influences how people perceive themselves and each other, how they act and interact 5. Social class continues to persist as a significant difference within and between communities in a world where poverty shows few signs of disappearing. This implies: A. Ethnic Group C. Independence B. Exceptionality D. Social differences City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE 16  References Department of Education (2016). Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics Teaching Guide. Schaefer, R.T., &Zellner, W.W. (2015). Extraordinary groups: An examination of unconventional lifestyles (9th ed.). Waveland Press. City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE  Development Team of the Module Writers: Alfredo E. Ladesma Editors: Jossa Margaret Aloria Francisco External Validator: Rowena R. Hibanada Internal Reviewer: Aaron S. Enano Illustrator: Nathalia A. Malaga Layout Artist: Ma. Gwendelene J. Corañez Management Team: Sheryll T. Gayola Assistant Schools Division Superintendent OIC, Office of the Schools Division Superintendent Elisa O. Cerveza Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division OIC, Office of the Assistant Schools Division Superintendent Aaron S. Enano Education Program Supervisor – A.P. Ivy Coney A. Gamatero Education Program Supervisor – LRMS For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: Schools Division Office- Marikina City 191 Shoe Ave., Sta. Elena, Marikina City, 1800, Philippines Telefax: (02) 682-2472 / 682-3989 Email Address: [email protected] City of Good Character DISCIPLINE GOOD TASTE EXCELLENCE