Module 1 UCSP Midterm PDF

 No copyright infringement intended in the making of this presentation. We do not own most of the contents, researches, and photographs. All credits will go to the authors, researchers, and photographers. Copyright Disclaimer Nature, Goals, and Perspectives i...

 No copyright infringement intended in the making of this presentation. We do not own most of the contents, researches, and photographs. All credits will go to the authors, researchers, and photographers. Copyright Disclaimer Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science Module 1 Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science What is/are the connection/s of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science in understanding our society? Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science Figure 1.1 The social as the merging point of the sociological, anthropological and political reflections Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science Society in its broader sense involves social (i.e. actions and interactions), cultural (i.e. practices and traditions) and political (i.e. power relations) realities. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science These Social Sciences provide a precarious yet captivating portrayals of social life as (1) impinged upon by social forces (sociology), (2) routinized by cultural practices (anthropology), and (3) constantly enmeshed in power relations (political science). Anthropology Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science Anthropology ❖ Greek words: Anthropos (human) and logos (study) ❖ Seeks to answer the primary question: What does it mean to be human? ❖ Studies humans as both biological and social creatures Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science Anthropology Biological –genetic composition of humans, their relationship with other primates, and their evolution. Social - human behaviors, attitudes, and belief systems, which range from birth practices to burial rites. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science Anthropology is the study of the people their origins their development , and the contemporary variations , wherever and whenever they have been found on the face of the earth. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science Five Sub Disciplines of Anthropology 1. Archaeology 2. Cultural Anthropology 3. Linguistic Anthropology 4. Physical Anthropology 5. Applied Anthropology Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science 1. Archaeology - examines the remains of ancient and historical human populations to promote and understanding of how humans adapted to the environment and developed. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science 2. Cultural Anthropology -promotes the study of a society’s culture through their belief systems, practices, and possessions. 3. Linguistic Anthropology - examines the language of a group of people and its relation to the culture. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science 4. Physical Anthropology -looks into the biological development of humans and their contemporary variation. 5. Applied Anthropology - attempts to solve contemporary problems through the application of theories and approaches of the discipline. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science 19th century – anthropologists often from Western societies would investigate on the systems of beliefs, behaviors, and material possessions of non-Western, preliterate, and simple societies. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science Globalization’s effects were felt in almost all societies, anthropology extended its study to cultural and subcultural groups in industrialized societies. Issues that were once the turf of other disciplines such as deviance and social organization were studied by anthropologists. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science Claude Levi-Strauss - Author of Tristes Tropiques, one of the classic studies in anthropology and it presented the lives of a non modern society in Brazil. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science Philippe Bourgois - professor of anthropology at University of Pennsylvania, studied the lives of street level drug dealers. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science Key informants - the individuals who have significant knowledge on the topic being studied by the anthropologist. Anthropologists also use participation observation methods which entail the participation of the researcher on the daily practices and rituals of the group being studied. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science Anthropology in the 21st Century The study of anthropology is holistic in the sense of that it studies: 1) humans, both as biological and social creatures, 2) human behavior from the time the species existed to the time that it will desist, 3) human behavior from all regions of the world, and 4) all forms of human actions and beliefs. Sociology Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science Sociology – scientific study of society, including patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture. Came from Latin word socius , which means companion or associate and logos, Greek word for study. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science Auguste Comte – Father of Sociology, he coined the term sociology. According to him, sociology is a scientific inquiry that covers human social activities. C. Wright Mills – coined the phrase “sociological imagination”. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science Sociological Imagination – refers to the ability of sociologist to understand society systematically. It is "the awareness of the relationship between personal experience and the wider society". Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science Sub Disciplines of Sociology 1. Social Psychology 2. Social Change and Disorganization 3. Social Organization 4. Human Ecology 5. Population or Demography 6. Applied Sociology Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science 1. Social Psychology - the main focus is to study the impact of group life to a person’s nature and personality. 2. Social Change and Disorganization - branch of sociology that inquires on the shift in social and cultural interactions and the interruption of its process through delinquency, deviance, and conflicts. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science 3. Social Organization - Studies that involve social structures such as institutions, social groups, social stratification, social mobility, and ethnic groups. It refers to the interrelationship of parts of society. As a society is an organization in itself, it is structurally divided into layers of contexts and positions that help perpetuate its existence. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science 4. Human Ecology - pursues studies that relate human behavior to existing social institutions. This is different from social psychology and social organization in that the social institutions in which human subjects belong to are treated in the context of an ecological/environmental element that defines human behavior. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science 5. Population or demography – inquires on the interrelationship between population characteristics and dynamics with that of a political, economic, and social system. 6. Applied sociology – uses sociological research and methods to solve contemporary problems. It often uses interdisciplinary approach to better address social problems. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science Why do we need to study sociology? Sociology studies societies to promote social change, create new theories, and document human behavior. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science What is the difference between society and community? Community means a group of people living similar life in some aspects. Communities can be based on various things like style of worshipping the almighty, skin color, economic background (rich and poor), working fields, etc. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science What is the difference between society and community? Society is a term that is used to describe all these communities that share a common geographical or social territory. Many communities together form a society. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science What is the difference between society and community? Society is a generalized term while community is used for a particular group of people. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science Value of Sociology for the 21st Century Sociology finds its value today in providing us with a conceptual tool in understanding the plight (a dangerous, difficult, or otherwise unfortunate situation) of humans as they adapt to their varying environments and social conditions. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science Value of Sociology for the 21st Century One of the pressing sociological issues in the Philippines is the case of unemployed youth who are in the process of waithood. These youth are called tambay. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science Value of Sociology for the 21st Century Clarence Batan, a sociologist studying the youth, conducted a sociological study of tambay in a marginalized town of Talim in the province of Rizal. Using methods such as ethnography (the scientific description of the customs of individual peoples and cultures) and interviews, he found out that most of the youth have employment aspirations. Political Science Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science Political Science – two Greek words: polis – city-state in Greece, scire – to know. The political activities in the polis later on termed as politikus in Latin. It aims to know the activities within the state. Such activities of the state includes human interaction and conflict, human and state relations, and power distribution. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science Sub Disciplines of Political Science 1. Political Theory 2. Comparative Politics 3. International Relations 4. Political Behavior 5. Public Policy 6. Public Administration Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science 1. Political Theory - helps us better understand the concepts that have shaped our politics, including freedom, equality, individuality, democracy and justice. It is the part of Political Science that explores what a better political world would look like and how we can create it. 2. Comparative Politics - Aims to provide context to the differences in government and political systems. It examines the parallelism and divergence of political systems to provide analyses on the factors that make governments efficient and the factors that make them fail. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science 3. International Relations – the study of state-to-state relations and the wider margin of the impacts of globalization and climate change such as terrorism, piracy, and democratization of non-Western territories fall into the category of international relations. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science 4. Political Behavior – it covers the attitudes, knowledge and actions of an individual in response to political variables such as policies created by the government, behavior of politicians and general political environment. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science 5. Public Policy – this field inquires on the types of governmental policies and the underlying motivations for their enactment and implementation. The general perspective that policies are created to better the living conditions within a territory is at times inaccurate, as political actors behind policy-making are also motivated by personal interests. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science 6. Public Administration - Analyzes the strategies applied by administrative units in implementing the existing policies and feedback mechanism that they use to gain the opinion of the public. Providing scientific evaluations of the efficiency of administrative units in fulfilling their functions. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science Weber introduced two essential concepts in political science: power and state. Power, as defined by Robert Dahl, is “the ability of person A to make person B do what person B would not otherwise do” (American Political Science Association, 2013). This implies the capacity to direct and influence the decision of others. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science A state is a political entity that consists of four elements: territory, government, people and sovereignty Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science 4 Elements of State 1. Government - machinery of political authority and administration. 3 Branches of Philippine Government Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science A government that is governed by one ruler who has efficient administration of political and economic values is a monarchy. A perverted form of it is tyranny or the rule of a dictator. Aristotle argued that a tyrant ruler serves only his own interests. This leader is prone to using force to stay in power as he or she merely usurped it. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science Monarchs are better leader as they are not prone to employ force to subjugate members of their society as they do not feel the pressure to maintain their position, which they inherited. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science MONARCHY United Kingdom Spain UAE Malaysia Bhutan Saudi Arabia Vatican City Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science TYRANNY North Korea Myanmar Iran Cuba Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science Aristocracy – best form of government (Aristotle). Less prone to corruption given that it is run by a group of people who have no vested self-interest due to their high moral values and non- economic preoccupation. It came from a Greek words (aristos – best; kratia – power) meaning “rule by the best”. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science Aristocrats - a noble or a person who has the manners or qualities of a member of a privileged or superior class. The government is run by a small elite group known as the privileged class who possess political, economic and social power. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science Aristocrats - Most often, aristocrats inherit their positions, often through centuries of family lineage. Aristocrats typically inherit their titles of nobility, power, and privileges but may also be appointed to the aristocracy by a monarch. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science Polity – best alternative for an effective government or the rule of middle class. Most efficient, as it is less prone to corruption. This is due to the rulers who come from the middle class, are satisfied economically, and are well-educated. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science Polity – Middle Class: a social group that consists of well- educated people, such as doctors, lawyers, and teachers, who have good jobs and are not poor, but are not very rich. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science Polity – The success of a polity is dependent on the quality of the leadership and their definition of the common interest. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science Polity – Larger middle classes produce more stable states. Thus, the middle class is key in the establishment and maintenance of a polity. Because they are not in extreme need nor extreme wealth, their assessment of the common interest will produce the greatest benefit for all members. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science Oligarchy – government by the few, especially despotic (having unlimited power over other people, and often using it unfairly and cruelly) power exercised by a small and privileged group for corrupt or selfish purposes. According to Aristotle, it was characterized by the rule of the few for corrupt and unjust purposes. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science Democracy – considered by Aristotle as an ineffective type of government. He said that democracy had a potential for chaos and corruption, given that it is ruled by the masses that are generally economically challenged and lacking proper education. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science 4 Elements of State 2. Sovereignty - This is the independence of the state from the foreign powers. A state is free from foreign control. The capacity of a political system to make independent decisions within its territory. It can be classified in terms of its scope: Internal sovereignty and external sovereignty Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science Internal Sovereignty – refers to the capacity of a political system to implement its rules and policies within its territory (absolute authority within one’s territory). It is the power a country has to make decisions within its own borders. It's like when you make decisions for yourself and your family at home. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science External Sovereignty – refers to the recognition of that system’s existence and authority by other actors and systems. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science External Sovereignty – is the power a country has to talk and make deals with other countries. It's like when you talk to your friends and make plans together. This includes negotiating treaties, making alliances, and engaging in diplomacy. It is an important aspect of a country's independence and autonomy. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science External Sovereignty – is independence, or freedom from interference, not only in relation to any would-be higher, that is, international or supranational, authority, but also in relation to other states. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science 4 Elements of State 3. Territory - Every state must have a full control of a land as its own. It is also the geographic space in which the sovereignty of a state is exercised. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science 4 Elements of State 3. Territory – Article I – National Territory, 1987 Philippine Constitution The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced therein, and all other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial, and aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science 4 Elements of State 4. People - It is the most important element in a nation. The number of people in a particular state varies from one another to the other. Most crucial of all, through the existence of the people, the concepts on government, state, territory and sovereignty take shape. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science A state can be consisting of many nations. When a state is composed of people who share the same culture and history, it gains the compounded identity of being a nation-state. Not all states can be considered as such due to the lack of shared identity among its people. REMEMBER: A nation is a group of people with a common language, history, culture, and (usually) geographic territory. Nature, Goals, and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science