MODULE 1 The Self of Thoughts, Feelings and Behaviors - Copy.pptx
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The Self of Thoughts, Feelings and Behaviors MODULE #1 UNDERSTANDING THE SELF TSU TSU PSYCHOLOGY DEPARTMENT The Self of… Thoughts Feelings Sensations and...
The Self of Thoughts, Feelings and Behaviors MODULE #1 UNDERSTANDING THE SELF TSU TSU PSYCHOLOGY DEPARTMENT The Self of… Thoughts Feelings Sensations and Behaviors To understand the self as a holistic being with interconnected thoughts, feelings, sensations and behaviors THE THINKING SELF Ponder on these… What’s on your mind? Why do you think about it? How do you assess about how you think? TSU PSYCHOLOGY DEPARTMENT The Child, is the Father of the Man.” Case #1 Your nephew describes his new girlfriend as a student who is artistic and loves poetry. With no other information to go on, it is more likely that she is studying: A.) Chinese Literature B.) Business Management How did you arrive at that thought? *Even if every female student of Chinese Literature is artistic and loves poetry, the population of Business Management students is so much larger. ( Burkeman , 2011) Case #2 Imagine you’re a doctor, faced with the choice of operating on a cancer patient or recommending a course of radiation instead. In the long term, operating is best. But in this case, there is a 10% risk of mortality in the first month following the operation. Do you take the risk? Why? *Only half the doctors asked a similar question would operate. But when the 10% mortality rate was rephrased as “90% survival rate,” 85% of the doctors chose to operate. ( Burkeman , 2011) DANIEL KAHNEMAN'S TWO SYSTEMS OF THINKING SYSTEM 1 SYSTEM 2 Fast Slow Intuitive Deliberate Emotional Reflective Automatic Analytical Less cognitive effort Complex (due to practice) Effortful Reflective System 1: Examples Detect that one object is more distant than another. Orient to the source of a sudden sound. Complete the phrase “bread and...” Make a “disgust face” when shown a horrible picture. Detect hostility in a voice. Answer to 2 + 2 = ? Read words on large billboards. Drive a car on an empty road. Find a strong move in chess (if you are a chess master). Understand simple sentences. Recognize that a “meek and tidy soul with a passion for detail” resembles an occupational stereotype. System 2 Brace for the starter gun in a race. Focus attention on the clowns in the circus. Focus on the voice of a particular person in a crowded and noisy room. Look for a woman with white hair. Search memory to identify a surprising sound. Maintain a faster walking speed than is natural for you. Monitor the appropriateness of your behavior in a social situation. Count the occurrences of the letter a in a page of text. Tell someone your phone number. Park in a narrow space (for most people except garage attendants). Compare two washing machines for overall value. Fill out a tax form. Stroop Effect Are the horizontal lines straight or not? Functions of the Systems System 1 is capable of making quick decisions, based on very little information Fleeting impressions, and the many other shortcuts you’ve developed throughout your life, are combined to enable System 1 to make these decisions quickly, without deliberation and conscious effort. System 2 is usually engage in types of decisions that require attention and slow, effortful, considered responses. Situations like choosing which college to attend, which house to buy, or whether to change careers would likely require much more thoughtful and rational approach than just using your gut feeling Remember… Both systems have respective functions and that one is not necessarily better than the other While writing a detailed list of pros and cons may be an appropriate approach for choosing a college or career path (in line with System 2), applying this approach to the hundreds of tiny decisions we make every day would prevent us from ever taking action. This is where System 1 comes in. Ponder on these… Identify situations which you employ Systems 1 and 2 thinking How well did you understand? Which thinking 2x2= ??? process/system 300 + 450= ??? would you use in this situation? Caught between empty and heavy lane, which road would you take??? Which thinking process/system might you use in this situation? In filling up an application form, which system would you use? How can you focus on the voice of the person you are talking to in a crowded and noisy room? Which system of thinking would you engage in? INTERACTION OF SYSTEMS 1 & 2 Scenario 1: When there is a problem to be solved Was the problem solved? SYSTEM 1 - YES PROBLEM assesses the situation -tries to solve it NO SYSTEM 2 -approaches the problem in a logical way INTERACTION OF SYSTEMS 1 & 2 Scenario 2: When there is NO problem (or when stakes are low) SYSTEM 2 -biased SYSTEM 1 to DOUBT & Everyday -biased to BELIEVE QUESTION... (but situations with is often busy & limited lazy) information (e.g. meeting a new Form opinions & person) jump into Adopt conclusions suggestions with little modification INTUITIONS --------- BELIEFS Situations wherein the systems are employed The CRT mathematical test has shown that intuition is a dominant force in the minds of medical students. (Tay, Ryan, Ryan, 2016) Psychology researchers have found that the more complex a task is, the more likely people are to engage in System 2 decision making. One interesting experiment, performed by Alter et al., found that simply decreasing the legibility of the font used in a common cognitive test made people more likely to switch to System 2. Market researchers should keep in mind that the more complex the research collection process becomes (more question types, complex answer matrices, thought experiments etc.), the more likely they are to collect responses generated by System 2. In situations where there is social pressure to respond in a particular way, System 2 may even filter these rationalizations to create “appropriate” responses. COGNITIVE BIASES Implications: Thinking may be prone to systematic errors. Some beliefs might not be based on evidence, but we continue to consider them as “truths.” Even though you know what the objective reality is, it does not change the way you see the lines. 1. PEAK END RULE REMEMBERING SELF EXPERIENCING SELF -writes, reads, and -Lives through the replays your moment autobiographical history ◦People judge an experience largely based on how they felt at its PEAK and its END... ◦Total sum of pleasantness or unpleasantness is entirely disregarded! What would you rather go through: ◦Short period of intense joy > long period of moderate happiness ◦Short period of intense, but tolerable suffering > longer period of moderate pain 2. REPRESENTATIVENESS ◦when people are asked to judge the probability that an object or event belongs to a category ◦assumption that any object (or person) sharing characteristics with the members of a particular category is also a member of that category. 3. ANCHORING AND ADJUSTMENT “How old is person A?” / “What is person A’s weight?” “Was Mahatma Gandhi more or less 144 years old when he died?” Decision is based on: -ANCHOR based on the given reference point -ADJUST the anchor (either higher or lower) ◦ In making judgments under uncertainty, people start with a certain reference point (anchor), then adjust it insufficiently to reach a final conclusion. First Example OK! 500 700K How K? much? Second Example OK! 1M 1.3M How much? The Anchoring Effect Third Example 500K? OK! OK! 1.3M How much? GUARDING AGAINST COGNITIVE BIASES Recognize the signs that you are in a cognitive minefield, slow down, and ask for help from System 2 Identify practices and tasks that you do and the kind of thinking they demand “Listen to understand it, rather than listen to answer it.” Summary: INTERACTIO GUARDING SYSTEMS NS BETWEEN COGNITIVE AGAINST 1&2 SYSTEMS 1 BIASES COGNITIVE BIASES &2 THE FEELING SELF Identify the emotion being evoked in the following pictures WHO IS PAUL EKMAN? * Clinical Practice: ◦Depression *Research: ◦Papua New Guinea: Facial expressions are universal. ◦Studied patients who claimed they were not depressed and later committed suicide: MICROEXPRESSIONS *Current Research: ◦How to respond to others’ emotions ◦Working with Dalai Lama EMOTIONS and its FEATURES Physiological: biological reactions - role of the Cognitive: nervous system (brain & ANTECEDE thought processes neurotransmitters) in NT: cause, - interpretation of emotions trigger an event Behavioral: expressions & response - Display Rule: variations of emotional expression across culture Antecedent Condition Events, contexts, or situations that trigger an emotion Universality of antecedent events elicit same emotions across cultures Cultural differences Cognitive Appraisal Thoughts and beliefs can impact how you feel and how you behave. Physiological distinctive patterns of biological activities for each basic emotion the role of: ◦Autonomic Nervous System ◦Central Nervous System ◦Neurotransmitters & Hormones Emotional Expressions Display Rule cultural rules that dictate how emotions should be expressed; when and where expression is appropriate may require people: ◦ to overtly show evidence of certain emotions even if they do not feel it ◦ to disguise their true feelings Theories of Emotion Theories of Emotion EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE AS A PROCESS Activating Beliefs Consequenc Event - es - Actual Evaluations - Emotions event - Rational - Behaviors - client’s - irrational - Other immediate thoughts interpretatio n of events APPLICATION: DEPRESSION (Williams, et al.) CONSEQUENCE ACTIVATING BELIEFS S EVENT (cognition) (emotions and (antecedent) behaviors) “I must be completely competent in everything I do, or else, I am worthless” “It’s my fault” “I am a failure” APPLICATION: DEPRESSION (Williams, et al.) CONSEQUENC NEW STRESSOR BELIEFS are ES reactivated! Depressive symptoms “What is wrong with me?’ “Why do I always fall into this dark hole?” “Why can’t I snap out of it” “I SHOULD NOT BE “I am worthless” DEPRESSED!” “It’s always my fault’ “I’m a failure” DOING MODE: So a new Problem Solving cycle BEING MODE: Accept and allow begins… Interconnectedness Among The Three Components Of The Self DR. AARON T. BECK Thank You!
