MODULE-1-STS.pptx

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY INTRODUCTION This lesson will give light to the development of science and scientific ideas in the heart of society. It is the goal of this lesson to articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and technology. How can science be define...

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY INTRODUCTION This lesson will give light to the development of science and scientific ideas in the heart of society. It is the goal of this lesson to articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and technology. How can science be defined? 1. Science as an idea. 2. Science as an intellectual activity. 3. Science as a body of knowledge. 4. Science as a personal and social activity. Science as an idea. It includes ideas, theories, and all available systematic explanations and observations about the natural and physical world. Science as an intellectual activity. It encompasses a systematic and practical study of the natural and physical world. This process of study involves systematic observation and experimentation. Science as a body of knowledge. It is a subject or a discipline, a field of study, or a body of knowledge that deals with the process of learning about the natural and physical world. This is refer to as school science. Science as a personal and social activity. This explains that science is both knowledge and activities done by human beings to develop better understanding of the world around them. Scientific revolution It was the period of enlightenment when the developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature. The ideas generated during this period enabled the people to reflect, rethink, and reexamine their beliefs and their way of life. Scientific revolution was the golden age for people committed to scholarly life in science.  Some rulers and religious leaders did not accept many of the early works of scientists. But these did not stop people especially scientists to satisfy their curiosity of the natural and physical world. Scientific Ideas Scientific Revolution s Humans Society SOME INTELLECTUAL AND THEIR REVOLUTIONARY Curiosity SCIENTISTS SCIENCE IDEAS Passion to SCIENCE Creativity know DISCOVERIES Passion to TECHNOLOGY Discover Critical Thinking SCIENTIST They are not driven by clamor for honor and publicity. They are ordinary people doing extraordinary things. Some scientists were never appreciated during their times, some were sentenced to death, while others were condemned by the Church during their time.  In spite of all the predicaments and challenges they experienced, they never stopped experimenting, theorizing, and discovering new knowledge and ideas. Some Intellectuals and their Revolutionary Ideas 1. Nicolaus Copernicus  He had a plenty of time to sustain his interest in astronomy.  He was strongly influenced by a book entitled Epitome published in 1496 by a German author, Johannes Mueller.  Epitome contains Mueller’s observations of the heavens and some commentary on earlier works especially that of Ptolemy.  His idea and model of universe was essentially complete in 1510.  He circulated a summary of his ideas to his few close friends in a manuscript called Commentariolus (Little Commentary) 2. Charles Darwin  Famous for his Theory of Evolution.  He published his book The Origin of Species in 1589.  The Origin of Species is considered to be one of the most important works in scientific literature.  Darwin’s accomplishments were so diverse that it is useful to distinguish two fields to which he made major contributions: evolutionary biology and philosophy of science. 3. Sigmund Freud  Famous figure in the field of psychology.  Rosenfels described him as a towering literary figure and a very talented communicator who did his share to raise the consciousness of the civilized world in psychological matters.  Father of psychoanalysis  His theories and ideas are still considered nowadays as a great inspiration to examine human mind and behavior in a more scientifically accepted way. Cradles of Early Science Development of Science in Mesoamerica - Mesoamerica includes entire are of Central America from Southern Mexico up to the border of South America. There is no doubt that Mesoamerican region is rich in culture and knowledge.  Maya civilization  Inca civilization  Aztec civilization Maya Civilization  One of the famous civilization that lasted 2,000 years.  Known for their works in astronomy.  Incorporated their advanced understanding of astronomy into their temples and other religious structures. Mayan knowledge and understanding about celestial bodies was advanced for their time, as evidenced by their knowledge of predicting eclipse and using astrological cycles in planting and harvesting.  Mayans also developed the technology for growing crops and building elaborate cities using ordinary machineries and tools.  They build hydraulics system  Used various tools and adapt themselves to innovations especially in the field of arts.  Built looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery paints made from a mineral called mica  Mayans are considered one of the most scientifically advanced societies in Mesoamerica.  One of the world’s first civilizations to use a writing system known as the Mayan hierogylphics.  They are also skilled in mathematics and created a number system. Inca Civilization  Also famous in Mesoamerica.  They made advanced scientific ideas considering their limitations as an old civilization. The following were scientific ideas and tools that they developed to help them in everyday life: 1. Roads paved with stones; 2. Stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other disasters; 3. Irrigation system; 4. Calendar with 12 months; 5. First suspension bridge; 6. Quipu, a system knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can interpret; and 7. Inca textiles. Aztec Civilization  Also made substantial contributions to science and technology and to the society as a whole. Some of their contributions are the following: 1. Mandatory Education – their children are mandated to get education regardless of their social class, gender, or age. Early form of inclusive education. 2. Chocolates – They valued cacao beans highly and made it as part of their tribute to their gods. 3. Antipasmodic medication – could prevent muscle spasms and relax muscles, which could help during surgery. 4. Chinampa – form of Aztec technology for agricultural farming in which the land was divided into rectangular areas and surrounded by canals. 5. Aztec Calendar – this enabled them to plan their activities, rituals, and planting season. 6. Invention of canoe – a light narrow boat used for traveling in water systems. Development of Science in Asia Asia is the biggest continent in the world and the home of many ancient civilizations. It is a host to many cultural, economic, scientific, and political activities of all ages. In the field of science, technology, and mathematics, great civilizations have stood out: India, China, and the Middle East Civilizations. These civilizations were incomparable in terms of their contributions to the development of knowledge during their time. India  Indians creatively developed various ideas and technologies useful in their everyday lives.  They are known for manufacturing iron and in metallurgical works.  Their iron steel is considered to be the best  They are also famous in medicine  E.g. Ayurveda, a system of traditional medicine. Some ancient texts, like the Sushruta Samhita, describes different surgical and other medical procedures famous in Ancient India.  Ancient India is also notable in the field of astronomy.  They developed theories on the configuration of the universe, the spherical self-supporting Earth, and the year 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each.  Ancient India is also known for their mathematics.  Bisht (1982) noted that the earliest trace of mathematical knowledge in the Indian subcontinent appeared in the Indus Valley Civilization.  Mohenjodaro ruler – according to Bisht, he tried to standardize measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy and designed a ruler.  Clifford and Bose pointed out that Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata, in his Aryabhatiya, introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables, and techniques, as well as algorithms of algebra.  Brahmagupta – suggested that gravity was a force of attraction.  Madhava of Sangamagrama – also considered as the founder of mathematical analysis. China  One of the ancient civilizations with substantial contributions in many areas of life  Medicine, Astronomy, Science, Mathematics, Arts, Philosophy, and Music.  Known for traditional medicines  They discovered various medical properties; uses of different plants; animals to cure illness  E.g. practice of acupuncture In terms of technology… Famous discoveries and inventions during Chinese civilization:  Compass, papermaking, gunpowder, and printing tools.  Iron plough, wheelbarrow, and propeller.  Design of different models of bridges, invented the first seismological detector, and developed a dry dock facility In the field of astronomy…  Made significant records on supernovas, lunar, and solar eclipses, and comets.  They observed heavenly bodies to understand weather changes and seasons.  Chinese are also known in seismology. This made them more prepared in times of natural calamities. Development of Science in Africa  Astronomy was also famous in the African region.  Africans used three types of calendars: lunar, solar, and stellar, or a combination of three.  Metallurgy was also known in the African regions.  They invented metal tools used in their homes, in agriculture, and in building their magnificent architectures.  Mathematics was also known to be prominent.  Lembobo Bone – considered to be the oldest known mathematical artifact dated from 35,000 BCE.