Module 1: Influencing Factors PDF

AD 1. INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN MODULE 1. INFLUENCE ON ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN A. GENERAL INFLUENCES A.1.NEEDS OF MAN ❏ Physical ❏ Emotional ❏ Intellectual 1. PHYSICAL NEEDS ❏ Self Preservation...

AD 1. INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN MODULE 1. INFLUENCE ON ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN A. GENERAL INFLUENCES A.1.NEEDS OF MAN ❏ Physical ❏ Emotional ❏ Intellectual 1. PHYSICAL NEEDS ❏ Self Preservation Basic: Food Shelter Clothing Additional: Power Education Water Sports Transportation Medical Ecological balance Livelihood ❏ Reproduction For the population to increase and continue in existence. Shelter. Something that covers, protects, or defends as a roof that shields one from the elements and changes. Examples. a. Primitive Dwellings The Hut Mammoth-Bone Structure PREPARED BY: AR. W.FERNANDEZ  AD 1. INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN 2. EMOTIONAL NEEDS The emotional reactions of man have to do with the instincts stirred by the forces of religion and art and with the desire to indulge in recreation. Art in its broadest interpretation, assumes the various familiar forms painting, sculpture, music, literature. Examples. a. The University of Santo Tomas Museum, Manila The University of Santo Tomas Museum, considered as the oldest existing museum in the Philippines, was formally established in 1869, to comply with the 1865 Reglamento de Segunda Enseñanza that required all first class colleges to have a Museo de Historia Natural. b. National Museum of the Philippines The National Museum of the Philippines manages and develops the national reference collections in the areas of: ❏ Cultural Heritage Fine Arts Anthropology Archaeology ❏ Natural History Botany Zoology Geology Paleontology And carries out permanent research programs in: ❏ Biodiversity ❏ Geological History ❏ Human Origins ❏ Pre-Historical and Historical Archaeology, ❏ Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage, ❏ Ethnology ❏ Art History ❏ Moveable and Immovable Cultural Properties. PREPARED BY: AR. W.FERNANDEZ  AD 1. INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN c. Philippine International Convention Center Architect: Leandro Locsin The prime model for brutalist architecture. With its fortress-like design that highlights bare concrete, distinct lines, and a visual that catches even the most unattentive eyes, the PICC is a historic marvel that hosts foreign and local conventions and is also a must-go-to for artists and connoisseurs due to its art collection from six national artists. d. The Cultural Center of the Philippines Architect: Leandro Locsin The CCP highlights Locsin’s signature brutalist features within a solid concrete form. After its opening in 1969, the structure was known for high praise from the U.S. ambassador who mentioned the grandeur that took the form of grand staircases, gleaming, hanging chandeliers, and collections of art and sculptures from the Filipino art masters. e. The Manila Metropolitan Theatre Architect: Juan M. Arellano Simply known as the MET, the theater served as the venue for well known artists to showcase their works and where budding artists presented their craft for the first time in the industry. PREPARED BY: AR. W.FERNANDEZ  AD 1. INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN 3. INTELLECTUAL NEEDS Education, science and government, demand a proper architectural setting. Intellect or reason alone may react a utilitarian building; emotion will endow it with beauty and interest. Examples. a. The University of Santo Tomas Established in 1611 as the Colegio de Nuestra Señora de Santisimo Rosario and gained university status in 1645. The university is generally recognized as the educational institution in the Philippines with the oldest extant university charter. b. The Manila City Hall Architect: Antonio Manalac Toledo The Manila City Hall (Filipino: Bulwagan ng Lungsod ng Maynila) is the official seat of government of the City of Manila, located in the historic center of Ermita, Manila. Is shaped like a coffin to honour the brave who died during the Battle of Manila. The city hall narrates tales from the Spanish settlement and is also one of the most significant landmarks in the city. c. Manila Post Office Architect: Juan Arellano Completed in 1926, the Manila Central Post Office carries a neoclassical style mostly used by government buildings to highlight its commanding facade where stability and strength are the precursors to the standard government image. A rectangular structure, the Manila Central Post Office is designed with 14 Ionic columns and two semi-circular extensions flanking the main building where an atrium is set in the middle, bringing natural light into the structure. PREPARED BY: AR. W.FERNANDEZ  AD 1. INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN d. Palacio del Gobernador Architect: Otilio Arellano Palacio del Gobernador is a historic building located in Intramuros, Manila, Philippines. It was built in 1593 as the official residence of the Spanish Governor-General during the colonial period. The building was destroyed during World War II but was later restored to its former glory in the 1970s. e. Cebu Provincial Capitol Architect: Juan M. Arellano The Cebu Provincial Capitol is one of the iconic architectures in the Philippines. It has been declared as a National Historical Landmark in recognition of its beauty, expressing Cebu's rich culture and history. PREPARED BY: AR. W.FERNANDEZ  AD 1. INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN A.2.ACTIVITIES OF MAN If life is to exist and civilization is to develop, there are fundamental impulses or desires which must be satisfied. These forces may be called the stimuli or action. Their effect upon life and architecture, may be designated as Resulting Manifestation. 1. DESIRE FOR PRESERVATION In obtaining food, shelter, clothing and security, civilized man must have: ❏ Commerce Commerce began when prehistoric humans started exchanging goods and services for mutual benefit. Today, commerce commonly refers to the large-scale purchases and sales of goods and services. Commerce is a subset of business that focuses on the distribution of goods. ❏ Government ❏ Religion, etc. These activities call for their accompanying structures or architecture. Examples. a. Mercati di Traiano Museo dei Fori Imperiali, Rome, Italy Architect: Apollodorus of Damascus Built between the years 100 and 110 A.D, Trajan's Market is believed to be the first covered shopping mall in history. Situated on Via dei Fori Imperiali, Trajan's Market is an archaeological complex that currently holds the Museum of Imperial Forums ( Museo dei Fori Imperiali ). b. Makati Commerce Center, Makati Located in Makati City, one of the Philippines’ top economic growth centers, the Makati Commerce Tower grants businesses direct access to all the essentials needed for efficient and productive operations. PREPARED BY: AR. W.FERNANDEZ  AD 1. INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN c. Malacanang Palace, Manila Architect: Luis Rocha Malacañang Palace officially known as Malacañan Palace, is the official residence and principal workplace of the president of the Philippines. d. Curia Julia Some of the most well-known structures in the Roman Forum include: Senate House: The senate house, known as the “Curia,” served as the council house for the Roman Senate and a site for various political events. It was rebuilt several times, and in the 7th century, the Curia was converted into a church. e. Baclaran Church, Paranaque Baclaran is well known for the Redemptorist Church or the Baclaran Church which houses the National Shrine of Our Mother of Perpetual Help, dedicated to the Holy Mary herself. PREPARED BY: AR. W.FERNANDEZ  AD 1. INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN 2. DESIRE FOR RECOGNITION This is a desire for prestige, pride and ambition, social status, physical supremacy, intellectual attainment, personal or civic, result in the struggle for position. As a result, man build: ❏ Palaces ❏ Skyscrapers ❏ Cathedrals ❏ Public Buildings and Monuments, etc. Examples. a. Palace of Versailles, France Since 1979, the Palace of Versailles has been listed as a World Heritage and is one of the greatest achievements in French 17th century art. b. Home Life Insurance Building Architect: William LeBaron Jenney The Home Life Insurance Building has the distinction of being the first skyscraper. It was completed in 1885, and was the first building built whose entire weight was supported with an iron frame. c. Chrysler Building, New York Architect: William Van Alen The Chrysler Building was designed by William Van Alen in the Art Deco style and is named after one of its original tenants, automotive executive Walter Chrysler. Its sunburst- patterned stainless steel spire remains one of the most striking features of the Manhattan skyline. PREPARED BY: AR. W.FERNANDEZ  AD 1. INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN d. Manila Cathedral Architect: Fernando H. Ocampo The Manila Cathedral-Basilica is the Premier Church of the Philippines because of all the Churches in the archipelago, it was the one chosen to become the Cathedral in 1581 when the Philippines was separated from the Archdiocese of Mexico and became a new diocese with its episcopal seat in Manila. e. The Terracotta Army The Terracotta Army provides significant information to the understanding of ancient Chinese military structure, weaponry of the time, and the reign of Qin Shi Huang. It is an important discovery that will continue to provide valuable historical finds. f. Augustus Of Prima Porta Augustus of Prima Porta is a full-length portrait statue of Augustus Caesar, the first emperor of the Roman Empire. The Augustus of Primaporta's function was to transmit an important imperial message to the viewer, and the message of this statue is that the Emperor Augustus is a strong and victorious warrior and a god. Many aspects of this statue communicate both his military accomplishments and his divinity simultaneously. g. Statue Of Liberty The Statue of Liberty remains a powerful symbol of hope and a beacon of freedom for immigrants arriving in the United States. It serves as a reminder of America's rich history and the ideals upon which the nation was founded. PREPARED BY: AR. W.FERNANDEZ  AD 1. INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN 3. DESIRE FOR RESPONSE This arises from the gregarious nature of man, from his wish for love, friendship, and sociability. His social instincts call for fraternal buildings and city clubs. His semi-public buildings must contain: ❏ Banquet Halls ❏ Ball Rooms His home must have: ❏ Living Room To make human association possible PREPARED BY: AR. W.FERNANDEZ  AD 1. INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN 4. DESIRE FOR SELF-EXPRESSION This is the urge of man to assert himself as an individual. To do things his own particular way. For architecture in its highest form, which result in building of: ❏ Theaters, ❏ Museums, etc. To show that his is the best in sports or recreation, encouraged the building of: ❏ Stadia ❏ Bowling Alleys ❏ Gymnasiums, etc. The Gymnasium was a Greek building originally used for athletic activities but which came, over time, to be used also as a place of study and philosophical discussion. The Three Great Gymnasia of Athens were: a. The Academy b. The Lyceum c. The Cynosarges Examples. a. The Ancient Theatre of Epidaurus, Peloponnese Architect: Polykleitos the Younger The Ancient Theatre of Epidaurus is regarded as the best preserved ancient theatre in Greece in terms of its perfect acoustics and fine structure. It was constructed in the late 4th century BC and it was finalized in two stages. b. Wiener Staatsoper, Vienna, Austria Architects: August Sicard von Sicardsburg, Eduard van der Nüll, Erich Boltenstern One of the world's leading opera houses. It is known especially for productions of works by Richard Wagner, Wolfang Amadeus Mozart, and Richard Strauss. PREPARED BY: AR. W.FERNANDEZ  AD 1. INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN c. The Capitoline Museum, Rome, Italy Architect: Michelangelo The Capitoline Museums is the oldest public collection of art in the world. After the Vatican Museums, the Capitoline Museums are the most important that can be visited in this city as they preserve the memory of Ancient Rome. d. Louvre Museum, Paris Architect: Louis Le Vau, Pierre Lescot, Claude Perrault Louvre Pyramid Architect: Ieoh Ming Pei The Louvre is an art museum located in Paris, France. It hosts many extraordinarily famous works of art, the most famous of which is probably the Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci. e. The Panathenaic Stadium, Athens, Greece The Panathenaic Stadium or Kallimarmaro is a multi-purpose stadium in Athens, Greece. One of the main historic attractions of Athens, it is the only stadium in the world built entirely of marble and the only to host three Olympics. f. Remains of the Gymnasium at Cyrene PREPARED BY: AR. W.FERNANDEZ  AD 1. INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN B. INFLUENCES OF NATURE Climate and topography influence the life and habits of a nation. They decide what foods shall be grown and what occupations shall be followed. They determine what regions will develop farmers, sailors or merchants. Climate aids in giving to races their own particular traits. These races in turn create architecture with local or national characteristics B.1.CLIMATE This affect the habits and temperaments of people. Those near the sea are quiet, taciturn and bold people. They are easy going and care free and produce and architecture different from people in the cold and forested areas, whose people plan in advance. This requires initiative, patience, and energy. EFFECT ON ARCHITECTURE ❏ Warmer Climates The buildings may be more flamboyant in their conception and usually a closer relation exists between the works of man and nature where vegetation is more luxuriant, more attention is paid to the color and texture of surface treatment. Plain wall areas give an opportunity for contrast with the colors of the foliage. ❏ Colder Climates The architecture is more severe and the designer depends less upon the landscape for final effect. Colors are usually more subdued. 1. PLANS ❏ Warmer Climates The plans are more open and often include courts or patios. ❏ Colder Climates More compact in arrangement. The severe cold winds is avoided by providing a cover from portion of the building to other. PREPARED BY: AR. W.FERNANDEZ  AD 1. INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN 2. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS In the past, walls were load bearing, wall thickness were thick, to carry the load of the floors and the roof and also to resist the extremes of temperature and to protect man from his enemies. Today, modern man erects structures to protect his investment from depreciation and himself from the curiosity of his neighbors. Walls are no longer bearing walls. They no longer carry loads as thin as the material material will permit. The development of insulation makes it possible to keep out the heat and the cold in a highly satisfactory manner. PREPARED BY: AR. W.FERNANDEZ  AD 1. INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN 3. PROTECTIVE ELEMENTS The roof protects the interior from the elements of climate like typhoon, heat of the sun, etc. In the past, ❏ Warmer Climate The roofs are usually rather flat and colorful. As in the rich red and brown tile roof of Italy. For thousands of years, clay barrel roofing tiles have been used to protect homes from heat with their light color and durability. Barrel tiles offer the best roof shape for hot climates because they allow for airflow that helps dry out tiles in high humidity areas and may help reduce cooling costs. ❏ Colder Climate The roofs become steeper and less colourful. The necessity of shedding the rain and snow makes the greater pitch to the roofs more practical. Modern Developments, However, with new inventions, steel and concrete construction, insulation, and modern drainage make almost any kind of utilitarian roof possible. The roof may be flat even in cold countries and invisible from the ground. The roof has now become a terrace, and the accompanying fresh air and sunshine contribute to the health of a nation. PREPARED BY: AR. W.FERNANDEZ  AD 1. INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN 4. CIRCULATORY ELEMENTS a. Windows Permit the entrance of light and circulation of air b. Doors, Stairs, Corridor Circulation of human traffic and materials. In the past, ❏ Warmer Climates Window are usually small in order not to admit too much light, which produces excessive heat and glare. ❏ Colder Climates Windows are usually large in order to capture the greatest amount of light, and heat the interior. Modern, In the architecture of the 20th Century, there has ceased to be the relation between windows and climate that existed in the past. We can now heat or cool our houses in a satisfactory manner with less reference to the sizes of openings and windows often simply contribute to the cheerfulness of the interior. 5. DECORATIVE ELEMENTS ❏ Warmer Climates With brilliant sunshine, pronounced mouldings are unnecessary and undesirable. When mouldings are used, the curves should be flatter and more subtle. ❏ Colder Climates Sculpture and mouldings are usually deeply curved and undercut to catch the maximum amount of light. PREPARED BY: AR. W.FERNANDEZ  AD 1. INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN B.2.TOPOGRAPHY In the earliest periods of civilization, the elements of topography - mountains, deserts and seas - constituted barriers to migration. This retarded the intermingling of people and the cross-fertilization of cultures. Ideas traveled slowly, and the customs and arts of different countries assumed definite national patterns. ❏ Mountain Regions In a setting of rocks and cliffs with violent changes in the direction of the contour of the site, the building should appear to grow out of its surroundings. The buildings should be informal. ❏ Level Country While an unsymmetrical or informal plan is possible on such a site. Formal or balanced scheme is more satisfactory. B.3.MATERIALS The gifts of nature for the structures of man are limestone, marble, pine and mahogany, etc. Clay for brick and ore for metals. In the past, certain materials have had a local use and have influenced the development of an indigenous architecture. Since there was lack of methods of conveyance. However,they have changed as new contacts were made and as new developments came into existence. Ideas were borrowed, commerce and industry grew and now modern transportation has made building materials international in distribution and use. PREPARED BY: AR. W.FERNANDEZ