Art Types and Functions Quiz

Tasks for Group Work

• Groups are to introduce themselves artistically
• Answer questions about Contemporary Arts
• Share answers with the group
• Questions include:
  • What is known about the subject?
  • What is wanted to be known about the subject?

Pre-Colonial Arts

• Pre-colonial/Indigenous arts were created by the people before colonization
• These arts express significant moments in the community
• The arts are integrated within rituals and ceremonies.
• Examples include:
  • Planting
  • Harvesting
  • Pottery
  • Weaving
  • Carving
  • Metalwork
  • Jewelry

Pre-Colonial Art in Rituals

• Ancestors were hunter-gatherers
• Rituals for strength and feasting the animal caught
• Literature started with telling stories on hunting animals, creation of alphabets for the stories, theater by imitating animal movements and music and dance developed with drum beats.

Art Forms in the Cordillera Autonomous Region

• Cañao rituals are used for healing, childbirth announcement, or coming-of-age ceremonies
• Kashawing rituals in Lake Lanao reenact agreements with lake spirits
• Tagbanwa in Palawan believe in rituals with goddesses to bless rice planting

Arts in Music, Dance, and Crafts

• Music: Pipes, flutes, zithers, drums, various strings instruments (like kudyapi), kulintang (array of bossed gongs), gansa (flat gong), bamboo percussion instruments, and agong (large bossed gong).
• Dance: Mimic the movements of animals, humans and natural elements like the Pangalay (mimicking seabirds), Mandaya's kinabua, the banog-banog of the Higaonon and B'laan, and the man-manok of the Bagobos (copying seabirds’ movements), Matigsalugs’ imitation of monkey movements, kadaliwas dance of T'bolis, Tinikling (imitation of crane).
• Objects and crafts: Betel nut boxes/lotoans (brass or bronze), heirloom pieces (such as kendi and gandur).

Pre-Colonial Images and Sculptures

• Carved Granary or god images, known as bulul in the Cordilleran region
• Wooden benches made by Ifugaos to mark socioeconomic status, called Hagabi
• Santos (sculptures of saints) carved by Christian communities in Laguna and Pampanga

Pre-Colonial Pottery

• A jar, the Manunggul Jar, discovered in Manunggul Cave, Palawan is used for secondary burial where the placed bones.
• The jar is from the late Neolithic period (890-710 BCE).
• It has human forms and curvilinear designs
• Another burial jar was found in Ayuv Cave in Saranggani province, during the Metal Age

Pre-Colonial Textile Arts

• Textiles convey the beliefs, respect for spirits, nature, and the socio-political structure
• Plants like cotton, abaca, and pineapple leaves and pigments from clay, roots, and leaves of plants are used for fibres, and dyes
• Backstrap loom or pedal loom are used to create designs that have special meanings for particular cultural groups
• Examples of textiles include : pis siyabit (Tausug headpiece), malong (Maranao textile), and langkit (Lanao textile).

Pre-colonial Mats and Baskets

• Colorful double-layered tepo mats in Sama of Tawi-Tawi are made of pandan leaves.
• Ovaloid baskets made of nito and bamboo from Itbayat, Batanes.
• Bubo are fish traps in Ilocos Region made of bamboo

Pre-Colonial Body Ornamentation

• Filipinos adorned their body with tattoos and jewelries
• Tattooing was important for evil spirits, maturity, and bravery, considered an art form for some groups
• Upper class Tagalogs wore jewelries, such as brass chains, bells, and colorful beads

Islamic Colonial Arts (13th Century to the Present)

• Art influenced by Tawhid/unity of God, abstract patterns in mosques
• Buildings are constructed to follow Tawhid beliefs, including mosques where mihrab faces West towards Mecca
• Okir decorations can be seen in Tausug and Sama houses, traditional boats, weapons, musical instruments, and textiles

Spanish Colonial Period (1521-1898)

• Religious art forms for converting Filipinos to Catholicism, primarily in churches
• Images of saints were made from wood or ivory displayed in retablos
• Western musical instruments(like violin, piano, organ, guitar) were introduced
• Pasyon (biblical narration of Christ's passion) through improvised melodies were also introduced.

Secular Art Forms in the Spanish Colonial Period

• Awit and corrido emerged among Christian communities
• Secular music forms included chanting stories from European literature
• Kundiman is a song depicting love that is not reciprocated, and balitao are sentimental love songs
• Baybayin was written on a big stone in Ticao, Leyte for prayers and safe journey while Mangyans etched Baybayin on bamboo to write poetry

Spanish Period (1521-1898) Theatrical Arts

• Zarzuela (or sarsuwela), a form of musical theater (opera/operetta), singing, dancing with prose dialogues, introduced by the Spaniards
• Local versions (sarsuwela) were also created

American Colonial Period (1898-1940)

• Doctrina Christiana was the first printed book, which included songs, commandments, and sacraments.
• Spanish colonial Period has mostly religious arts
• Americans introduced plays in English with examples of Lino Castillejo and Jesus Araullo's A Modern Filipina
• Vaudeville, a combination of slapsticks, songs, dances, and comic acts was introduced and known as bodabil.

American Colonial/Postwar Republic (1946-1969)

• Architecture: Neoclassic Architecture featured in government building, parks, lawns, and decorative sculptural elements
• Visual arts: Artists such as Guillermo Tolentino, and Fabian dela Rosa created works like Oblation, Planting Rice, and El Kundiman
• A Modern Filipina, the first ever play in English, was written by Lino Castillejo and Jesus Araullo

Japanese Occupation (1941-1945)

• Art was under Japanese government, with Western styles forbidden and expression for anti-Japanese expressions were met with threats of torture or death.
• Artists focused on themes and narratives that were acceptable and showed a neutral relationship between Filipinos and the Japanese
• Painting styles like Aeta or the bombing of Manila Cathedral were common for this period
• Awit sa Paglikha ng Bagong Pilipinas (anthem for new Philippines) by Felipe de Leon

Neo-Realism, Abstraction, and Other Modern Art Styles

• Neo-Realism, an art movement, aimed to accurately depict social realities and conditions
• Artists like Manansala, Legaspi, and Ocampo created works expressing the struggles of people and the war
• Abstraction, simplified forms, and representation of emotions rather than realistic details
• Examples are pieces by Arturo Luz, Zobel, and Constancio, Bernardo and Lee

Neo-Realism, Abstraction, and Other Contemporary Art Styles (Cont.)

• Marcos declaration of Martial Law led to a rebirth of culture with art and culture that expresses modernization
• Artists like Levi Celerio and Felipe de Leon Padilla created art works reflecting the change
• The Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) was created
• Examples of works include: Concrete- material styled buildings such as the church of the Holy Sacrifice and the Church of the Risen Lord
• Artworks used concrete material rather than traditional materials

Social Realism (1970s-1980s)

• Art form that protested the socio-political issues of the time, inequality, and under-representation.
• Forms of expression included paintings, posters, and murals
• The Salingpusa group created murals depicting these conditions.
• Other expressions include paintings expressing the experiences of minority ethnic groups, or women.
• Artists who contributed to this style include: Elmer Borlongan, Karen Ocampo, Emmanuel Garibay, Mark Justiniani, Lito Mondejar, and Federico Sievert among others.

Social Realism: Artistic Expressions (cont.)

• Kiukok’s dogfights, with expressions of conflict and aggression
• Artwork by Santiago Bose, hinting at ethnicity and historical narratives through their indigenous myths
• Roberto Feleo who depicted creation stories
• Art by Brenda Fajardo through her tarot card series
• Other expressions of women experiences by Julie LLuch and Nelia including ceramics

Social Realism: Crafts and Pottery

• Ricarte Purugganan, with pottery depicting natural forces like strong waves
• Lirio Salvador’s assemblages, including machine parts, bicycle parts, and kitchen implements, converted into functional instruments
• Benedicto Cabrera’s work depicting a part of colonial history through photographs

Contemporary Art Forms

• Fine Arts: Visual & auditory experience created through various materials
  • Painting, sculpture, architecture, ceramics, drawing, printmaking, design, video, film making, photography
• Practical/Utilitarian Arts: Intended for practical use that can possess artistic qualities
  • Shell-craft, bamboo-craft, leather-craft, shoe-making, pottery, sheet metalwork, automobile-manufacturing
• Applied/Household Arts: Mostly household items, used for household decoration
  • Flower arrangement, interior decoration, dressmaking, embroidery, cooking
• Civic Arts: Town planning, parks, plaza, roads, maintenance
• Commercial Arts: Business propaganda and advertisement on magazines and newspapers
  • Poster design, billboard, leaflets
• Graphic Arts: Two-dimensional art including calligraphy, photography, computer graphics, and bindery
• Other contemporary arts: various specific examples (including agricultural and fishery)

Test your knowledge on the various types and functions of art through this engaging quiz. Covering topics from Industrial Art to Civic Art, you'll explore key characteristics and historical perspectives of artistic movements. Challenge your understanding of graphic design, typography, and contemporary art significance.