MCU CHAPTER 1-3_compressed.pdf
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COURSE MAP BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES COURSE INTENDED GOVERNMENT OVERVIEW GUIDE IMPLEMENTING...
COURSE MAP BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES COURSE INTENDED GOVERNMENT OVERVIEW GUIDE IMPLEMENTING BP 344 - PWD LEARNING OUTCOME FIRE CODE OF THE RULES & FORCES PHILIIPPINES REGULATIONS COMPETENCE/KNOWLEDGE ENVIRONMENT OF BUILDING CONSTRUCT- FOUNDATION ION. ITS FUNCTION AND PRELIMS COLUMNS STAIRS PARTS, METHODOLOGY OF BUILDING ANATOMY BEAMS CEILING CONSTRUCTION AND ABOUT THE BUILDING MATERIALS FLOORING SYSTEM ROOF SYSTEM KNOWLEDGEABLE OF STRUCTURE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION WALL SYSTEM GUTTER SYSTEM VERNACULAR TERMS. VERNACULAR TERMS WATER SYSTEMS, FUNCTIONS ID1223:104089 SEWAGE PLUMBING MATERIALS TYPES MATERIALS OF FIRE SYSTEM SYMBOLS COMPETENCE/KNOWLEDGE FIXTURES CONSTRUCTION GAS OF BUILDING UTILITIES, ITS AND UTILITIES SYSTEMS, FUNCTION AND PARTS. AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM MATERIALS P L A N S P R E PA R AT I O N ELECTRICAL LIGHTING DEVICES RELATED TO THE COURSE FINALS OUTLETS SYMBOLS SUCH AS PLUMBING STUB- BUILDING HVAC SYSTEM FUNCTIONS OUT, ELECTRICAL PLANS MECHANICAL SUCH AS RCP, LIGHTING AND UTILITIES EXHAUST TYPES & SYSTEM SWITCHING, CO AND SECURITY & SAFETY FUNCTIONS AUXILIARY PLANS FOR NEXT ELECTRONICS CONTROL TYPES & SYSTEM TERM. KNOWLEDGEABLE OF AUTOMATION SYMBOLS AND FUNCTIONS DIMENSIONING AND SPECS. ELEVATORS, RAMPS, CONVEYANCE TYPES & SYSTEM DUMBWAITER, ESCALATORS ID1223:104089 CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENT MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 1: ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ID1223:104089 Understanding Climate: A. TROPICAL OR EQUITORIAL CLIMATES In this hot and humid zone, the average temperatures are greater than 64°F (18°C) year-round and there is more than 59 inches of precipitation each year. B. DRY OR ARID CLIMATES These climate zones are so dry because moisture is rapidly evaporated from the air and there is very little precipitation. C. TEMPERATE OR MODERATE CLIMATES In this zone, there are typically warm and humid summers with thunderstorms and mild winters. D. CONTINENTAL OR COLD CLIMATES These regions have warm to cool summers and very cold winters. In the winter, this zone can experience snowstorms, strong winds, and very cold temperatures—sometimes falling below -22°F (-30°C)! E. POLAR OR EXTREME CLIMATES In the polar climate zones, it’s extremely cold. Even in summer, the temperatures here never go higher than 50°F (10°C)! H. (UNCLASSIFIED) HIGHLAND CLIMATES MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 1: ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ID1223:104089 Understanding Climate: A. TROPICAL OR EQUITORIAL CLIMATES THE HUMID TROPICAL TYPE A CLIMATE, -WARM TEMPERATURES YEAR ROUND WITH A HIGH LEVEL OF PRECIPITATION, TYPICALLY IN THE FORM OF RAIN. -THE RAINFALL IS DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT THE YEAR. -SOME T YPE A CLIMATES PRODUCE A DRY SEASON AND A WET SEASON (MONSOON), WHILE OTHERS RECEIVE CONSISTENT RAINFALL THROUGHOUT THE YEAR. Tropical type A climates experience warm temperatures year round and a higher annual rainfall, such as this location in coastal Belize. Photo by R. Berglee – CC BY-NC-SA. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 1: ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ID1223:104089 Understanding Climate: B. DRY OR ARID CLIMATES - TEMPERATURES CAN BE EXTREME, WITH LITTLE PRECIPITATION. - -LOW RAINFALL AND HIGH TEMPERATURES D U R I N G T H E DAY A N D CO O L E R TEMPERATURES AT NIGHT OR DURING THE WINTER SEASON. - -TERRAIN IN TYPE B CLIMATES CAN RANGE FROM SAND DESERTS TO PRAIRIE GRASSLANDS OR STEPPES. - FEWER TREES THAN MOST OTHER CLIMATE DRY OR ARID TYPE B CLIMATES SUCH AS CENTRAL ARIZONA HAVE FEWER AREAS. TREES THAN OTHER CLIMATES. THE SAGUARO CACTUS CAN WITHSTAND LONG PERIODS WITH LITTLE PRECIPITATION. PHOTO BY R. BERGLEE – CC BY-NC-SA. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 1: ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ID1223:104089 Understanding Climate: RAIN SHADOW EFFECT OR PRECIPITATION SHADOW EFFECT -DIRECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HIGHLANDS AND TYPE B CLIMATES IN VARIOUS PLACES IN THE WORLD., -OCCURS WHEN ONE SIDE OF A M O U N TA I N R A N G E R E C E I V E S ABUNDANT RAINFALL WHILE THE REGION ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE MOUNTAIN RANGE IS A DESERT OR H A S M O R E A R I D C L I M AT E CONDITIONS. THIS PHENOMENON IS EVIDENT WHEREVER THERE IS TERRAIN WITH ENOUGH ELEVATION TO RESTRICT THE MOVEMENT OF PRECIPITATION- BEARING CLOUDS. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 1: ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ID1223:104089 Understanding Climate: RAIN SHADOW EFFECT OR PRECIPITATION SHADOW EFFECT CREATED WHEN PREVAILING WINDS CARRYING MOISTURE RISE QUICKLY IN ELEVATION UP A MOUNTAINSIDE, WHERE THE AIR COOLS AND CONDENSES TO PRECIPITATE OUT ITS MOISTURE IN THE FORM OF RAIN OR SNOW. BY THE TIME THE AIR MASS HITS THE TOP OF THE MOUNTAIN, ITS MOISTURE IS MUCH REDUCED. THE DRIED AIR RUSHES DOWN THE OTHER SIDE OF THE M O U N TA I N R A N G E , W H E R E I T INCREASES IN TEMPERATURE. THE WARM, DRY AIR COMING OFF THE MOUNTAINS CONTINUES TO PULL MOISTURE OUT OF THE LAND, RESULTING IN DESERT OR ARID CLIMATE CONDITIONS. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 1: ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ID1223:104089 Understanding Climate: C. TEMPERATE OR MODERATE CLIMATES - MOST FAVORABLE TO HUMAN HABITATION IN THAT THEY HOST THE LARGEST HUMAN POPULATION DENSITIES ON THE PLANET. - MIDLATITUDES BORDERING THE TROPICS. SEASONAL CHANGES ARE PRONOUNCED, WITH A DISTINCT WINTERS AND SUMMERS. - WINTERS ARE COOL TO COLD AND S U M M E R S A R E U S UA L LY WA R M. PRECIPITATION VARIES FROM LOW TO HIGH, DEPENDING ON LOCATION. MODERATE TYPE C CLIMATES ARE GOOD FOR AGRICULTURE. FOR - ABUNDANCE OF FORESTS, FARML AND, EXAMPLE, IN APPALACHIA, TOBACCO AND HARDWOOD FORESTS GROW AND FRESH WATER WELL. PHOTO BY R. BERGLEE – CC BY-NC-SA. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 1: ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ID1223:104089 Understanding Climate: D. CONTINENTAL OR COLD CLIMATES - OFTEN FOUND IN THE INTERIORS OF CONTINENTS AWAY FROM THE M O D E R AT I N G I N F L U E N C E O F L A R G E BODIES OF WATER. - THEY ARE OFTEN FARTHER NORTH THAN TYPE C REGIONS, RESULTING IN COLDER WINTERS. SEASONAL VARIATIONS EXIST, WITH COOL TO HOT SUMMERS AND COLD WINTERS. PRECIPITATION IS USUALLY IN THE FORM OF RAIN IN SUMMER AND SNOW IN WINTER. Colder type D climates are prominent in states such as North Dakota, which has the - REGIONS WITH TYPE D CLIMATES CAN BE coldest annual winter temperatures of the continental forty-eight states. FOUND IN THE GREAT LAKES REGION OF Geof Wilson – Welcome to North Dakota – CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. THE UNITED STATES, MUCH OF CANADA, AND A LARGE PORTION OF RUSSIA. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 1: ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ID1223:104089 Understanding Climate: E. POLAR OR EXTREME CLIMATES - AN EXTREME CLIMATE TYPE FOUND IN THE POLAR REGIONS NEAR OR TO THE NORTH OF THE ARCTIC CIRCLE AND NEAR OR TO THE SOUTH OF THE ANTARCTIC CIRCLE. - ARE COLD WITH PERMANENT ICE OR PERMAFROST YEAR ROUND. - VEGETATION IS MINIMAL, AND THERE ARE NO TREES. - T E M P E R AT U R E S M AY WA R M S L I G H T LY DURING THE SHORT SUMMER MONTHS BUT RARELY RISE ABOVE 50 DEGREES. A giant iceberg has prompted a partial evacuation of an Innaarsuit settlement in Greenland. Photograph: Scanpix Denmark/Reuters MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 1: ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ID1223:104089 Understanding Climate: F. (UNCLASSIFIED) HIGHLAND CLIMATES - DIFFERENT CLIMATE TYPES CAN BE FOUND ON THE SAME MOUNTAIN AT DIFFERENT ELEVATIONS. TYPE H CLIMATES DESIGNATE HIGHL ANDS OR MOUNTAIN TERRAIN. VARIATIONS IN CLIMATE EXIST ON MOST MOUNTAIN RANGES. - CLIMATES AT THE BASE OF MOUNTAINS WILL VARY DEPENDING ON WHETHER THE MOUNTAINS ARE FOUND IN THE TROPICS OR IN THE HIGHER LATITUDES. HTTPS://WWW.PNA.GOV.PH/ARTICLES/1039149 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 1: ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ID1223:104089 Understanding Earth: TECTONIC PLATES -THE MOVEMENT OF TECTONIC PLATES IS ANOTHER ASPECT OF THE EARTH’S DYNAMICS THAT AFFECTS HUMAN ACTIVITY. -THE EARTH’S CRUST, WHICH IS BETWEEN 10 AND 125 MILES THICK, IS NOT ONE BIG SOLID CHUNK BUT RATHER A SERIES OF PLATES THAT COVER A MOLTEN IRON CORE AT THE CENTER OF THE PLANET. THE PLATES THAT COVER THE EARTH’S SURFACE SLOWLY SHIFT AND MOVE. PLATES CAN SLIDE AWAY FROM EACH OTHER OR THEY CAN COLLIDE, AND THEY CAN SLIDE PARALLEL TO EACH OTHER IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS. WHEN TWO PLATES COLLIDE AND ONE PLATE SLIDES UNDER AN ADJACENT PLATE, THE PROCESS IS CALLED SUBDUCTION. MOVEMENT OR SHIFT WHERE TWO PLATES MEET CAN CAUSE EARTHQUAKES AND IS USUALLY ASSOCIATED WITH VOLCANIC ACTIVITY. IMAGE COURTESY OF USGS. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 1: ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ID1223:104089 Understanding Earth: TECTONIC PLATES THE PLATES THAT COVER THE EARTH’S SURFACE SLOWLY SHIFT AND MOVE. PLATES CAN SLIDE AWAY FROM EACH OTHER OR THEY CAN COLLIDE, AND THEY CAN SLIDE PARALLEL TO EACH OTHER IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS. WHEN TWO PLATES COLLIDE AND ONE PLATE SLIDES UNDER AN ADJACENT PLATE, THE PROCESS IS CALLED SUBDUCTION. MOVEMENT OR SHIFT WHERE TWO PLATES MEET CAN CAUSE EARTHQUAKES AND IS USUALLY ASSOCIATED WITH VOLCANIC ACTIVITY. HTTPS://DIVEDISCOVER.WHOI.EDU/ MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 1: ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ID1223:104089 Philippines Climate and environment MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 1: ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ID1223:104089 Understanding Philippines Climate: Exert from Energy care by Engr Jorge M. Mission , 2016 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 1: ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ID1223:104089 Understanding Heat: MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 1: ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ID1223:104089 Understanding Heat process in your home: MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 1: ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ID1223:104089 Understanding Wind Direction: Amihan Habagat (Northeast Monsoon) (Southeast Monsoon) Sep/Oct - May/June July-Aug Wind from east or Wind from west or Northeast Southeast papunta jan yung hangin daanan nung hangin pa south west MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 1: ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ID1223:104089 Understanding Wind Direction: CROSS VENTILATION kung may papasok na hangin dapat may lalabasan na hangin The use of shrubs and plants can redirect or re-channel the wind to let it enter the house. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 1: ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ID1223:104089 Understanding Wind Direction: Trees, shrubs and other similar plants provided near the house shall not hinder the wind from entering the house through doors and opening. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 1: ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ID1223:104089 Understanding Wind Direction: WIND EFFECT VENTILLATION OR CROSS VENTILATION IS A KIND OF PASSIVE VENTILATION THAT USES THE FORCE OF THE WIND TO PULL AIR THROUGH THE BUILDING. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 1: ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ID1223:104089 Understanding Wind Direction: STACK EFFECT VENTILATION OR CHIMNEY EFFECT MOVEMEMT OF AIR FROM BOTTOM TO UPWARD DIRECTION LIKE A SMOKE PASSING THROUGH THE CHIMNEY. HOT AIR GOES UP AND COLD AIR STAYS DOWN. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 1: ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ID1223:104089 Understanding Wind Direction: HOW TO VENTILATE YOUR HOME MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 1: ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ID1223:104089 Understanding Sun Direction: Mounting or putting elements like conceret pavements in the perimeter should be avoided because it could absorb solar heat. The wind can blow the heat radiating from these elements and carry them inside the house through the openings. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 1: ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ID1223:104089 Understanding Sun Direction: MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 1: ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ID1223:104089 Understanding Sun Direction: MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 GOVERNMENT REQUIREMENTS: N C E P L I A C O M MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 ZONING: The zoning system in the Philippines is explained in the Zoning Ordinance laid out by the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB), and the cities and municipalities are responsible for regulating land use through ordinances created by each local government unit. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 GOVERNMENT REQUIREMENTS: BARANGAY CLEARANCE/CERTIFICATION, ASSOCIATION CERTIFICATE, CONSENT OF OWNER, SPA. TRANSFER CERTIFICATE OF TITLE, TAX DECLARATION, DEED OF ABSOLUTE SALE, WAIVER OF RIGHTS, CONTRACT OF LOT AWARD, DENR TAGGING ENTRY PASS/STUB. CONTRACT/AGREEMENT (SHOULD INCLUDE CONTRACT PRICE) WITH GENERAL CONTRACTOR. CONTRACT/AGREEMENT (SHOULD INCLUDE CONTRACT PRICE) WITH SUB-CONTRACTORS FOR ELECTRICAL, MECHANICAL, SANITARY/PLUMBING, ELEVATORS, AND ALL OTHER SERVICES REQUIRED BY THE DEVELOPER. FULLY ACCOMPLISHED APPLICATION FORMS: BUILDING SANITARY/PLUMBING ELECTRICAL MECHANICAL FENCING 5 SETS OF BUILDING PLANS AND SPECIFICATION LOCATION PLAN, SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN, VICINITY MAP ARCHITECTURAL PLANS STRUCTURAL PLANS SANITARY/PLUMBING ELECTRICAL PLANS MECHANICAL PLANS/FIRE PROTECTION PLAN (IFAPPLICABLE) MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 GOVERNMENT REQUIREMENTS: 3 SETS OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND COMPUTATIONS BILL OF MATERIALS/COST ESTIMATES SPECIFICATION 3 LARGE ENVELOPE W/ FOLDER, FASTER AND (1)LOGBOOK OTHERS FIRE SAFETY CERTIFICATE CHECKLIST LOCATION CLEARANCE: INCLUDING APPROVAL FOR HEIGHT RESTRICTION AND ZONING. LGU UNIT AIR TRANSPORT OFFICE CLEARANCE DENR ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE CERTIFICATE LLDA - LAGUNA LAKE DEVELOPMENT CERTIFICATE NOTE: 1. ALL APPLICATION FORMS, PLANS, SPECIFICATION, DESIGN AND COMPUTATION, BILL OF MATERIALS SHOULD BE SIGN AND SEALED BY DULY LICENSED CE, ARCH, SE, PEE, MASTER PLUMBER, MASTER ELECTRICIAN. 2. IN CASE OF LARGE-SCALE DEVELOPMENT SUBDIVISION, SECURE DEVELOPMENT PERMIT FORM SAGUNIANG BAYAN. 3. PHOTO COPY OF PRC ID AND PTR. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 LAND PREPARATION: by GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING SOIL TEST TOPOGRAPHIC TEST 3 STOREY AND UP: STRUCTURAL ENGR WITH SEISMIC ANALYSIS BORING AND LOAD TESTING LAND SURVEY MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 10 TYPES OF OCCUPANTS: GROUP A- RESIDENTIAL DWELLINGS MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 10 TYPES OF OCCUPANTS: GROUP A- RESIDENTIAL DWELLINGS MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 10 TYPES OF OCCUPANTS: GROUP A- RESIDENTIAL DWELLINGS MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 10 TYPES OF OCCUPANTS: GROUP A- RESIDENTIAL DWELLINGS MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 10 TYPES OF OCCUPANTS: GROUP A- RESIDENTIAL DWELLINGS MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 10 TYPES OF OCCUPANTS: GROUP B- HOTELS MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 10 TYPES OF OCCUPANTS: GROUP B- HOTELS MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 10 TYPES OF OCCUPANTS: GROUP C- COMMERCIAL: BOWLINGS, CHURCHES, SCHOOLS MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 10 TYPES OF OCCUPANTS: GROUP C- COMMERCIAL: BOWLINGS, CHURCHES, SCHOOLS MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 10 TYPES OF OCCUPANTS: GROUP C- COMMERCIAL: BOWLINGS, CHURCHES, SCHOOLS MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 10 TYPES OF OCCUPANTS: GROUP D-HOSPITAL MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 10 TYPES OF OCCUPANTS: GROUP D-HOSPITAL MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 10 TYPES OF OCCUPANTS: GROUP D-HOSPITAL MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 10 TYPES OF OCCUPANTS: GROUP D-HOSPITAL MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 10 TYPES OF OCCUPANTS: GROUP E: COMMERICIALS: DIVISION E-1: TERMINALS MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 10 TYPES OF OCCUPANTS: GROUP E: COMMERICIALS: DIVISION E-1: TERMINALS MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 10 TYPES OF OCCUPANTS: GROUP E: COMMERICIALS: DIVISION E-2: MALLS, SPERMARKET, PUBLIC MARKET, RESTAURANTS,CLUBS MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 10 TYPES OF OCCUPANTS: GROUP E: COMMERICIALS: DIVISION E-2: MALLS, SPERMARKET, PUBLIC MARKET, RESTAURANTS,CLUBS MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 10 TYPES OF OCCUPANTS: GROUP E: COMMERICIALS: DIVISION E-2: MALLS, SPERMARKET, PUBLIC MARKET, RESTAURANTS,CLUBS MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 10 TYPES OF OCCUPANTS: GROUP E: COMMERICIALS: DIVISION E-3: AIRCRAFT HANGERS, OPEN PARKING CARPORTS, GARAGES MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 10 TYPES OF OCCUPANTS: GROUP F: INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES: MILLS, BREWERY MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 10 TYPES OF OCCUPANTS: GROUP F: INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES: MILLS, BREWERY MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 10 TYPES OF OCCUPANTS: GROUP G: DIVISION G-1: FACTORIES, MANUFACTURING, WAREHOUSES, STORAGE BINS ETC. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 10 TYPES OF OCCUPANTS: GROUP G: DIVISION G-1: FACTORIES, MANUFACTURING, WAREHOUSES, STORAGE BINS ETC. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 10 TYPES OF OCCUPANTS: GROUP H: CINEMAS, AMUSEMENTS, ETC MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 10 TYPES OF OCCUPANTS: GROUP I: RECREATIONAL OR PUBLIC ASSEMBLY MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 10 TYPES OF OCCUPANTS: GROUP J: ARGICULTURAL RELATED USE MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 10 TYPES OF OCCUPANTS: GROUP J: ARGICULTURAL RELATED USE MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 10 TYPES OF OCCUPANTS: GROUP J: ARGICULTURAL RELATED USE MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 2: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ID1223:104089 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 LAND PREPARATION FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN DESIGNING A BUILDING’S FORM, SCALE AND SPATIAL : FUNCTIONAL PLANNING REQUIREMENTS TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF STRUCTURE AND CONSTRUCTION ECONOMIC REALITIES OF COST EXPRESSIVE QUALITIES OF IMAGE AND STYLE MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING LOADS: Basic Building Load 1. Dead Loads - weight of the structure and non-structure components, including any fixed equipment. 2. Live Loads - weight of its occupants and any movable equipment and furnishings. Dynamic Loads- dynamic forces of wind, earthquake, snow, rain. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 LAND PREPARATION FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN DESIGNING A BUILDING’S FORM, SCALE AND SPATIAL : FUNCTIONAL PLANNING REQUIREMENTS TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF STRUCTURE AND CONSTRUCTION ECONOMIC REALITIES OF COST EXPRESSIVE QUALITIES OF IMAGE AND STYLE MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING LOADS: Basic Building Load 1. Dead Loads - weight of the structure and non-structure components, including any fixed equipment. 2. Live Loads - weight of its occupants and any movable equipment and furnishings. Dynamic Loads- dynamic forces of wind, earthquake, snow, rain. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING ENVELOP: Consist of exterior walls, windows, door and roof which protect and shelter interior spaces from exterior environment. 1. MOISTURE CONTROL. THE MOST IMPORTANT ELEMENT OF THE ENVELOPE’S CONTROL IS ITS ABILITY TO R E G U L AT E T H E T R A N S F E R O F M O I S T U R E. MOISTURE PRESENTS A DISTINCT DANGER TO THE OVERALL INTEGRITY OF A BUILDING AND MUST BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT. MOISTURE CAN AND WILL IMPACT YOUR BUILDING OV E R YO U R H E A D ( RO O F ) , U N D E R YO U R F E E T (BASEMENT/FLOOR), AND ON YOUR SIDES (WALLS). EACH COMPONENT MUST BE ADDRESSED TO PREVENT UNWANTED TRANSFER FROM CAUSING EXPENSIVE DAMAGE. IT’S ESSENTIAL IN ALL CLIMATES, BUT COLD CLIMATES AND HOT-HUMID CLIMATES ARE ESPECIALLY DEMANDING. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING ENVELOP: 2. AIR CONTROL. CONTROLLING AIR FLOW IS KEY TO CONTROLLING ENERGY CONSUMPTION, ENSURING INDOOR AIR QUALITY, AVOIDING CONDENSATION, AND PROVIDING COMFORT. CO N T RO L O F A I R M OV E M E N T I N C LU D E S F LOW THROUGH THE ENCLOSURE OR THROUGH COMPONENTS OF THE BUILDING ENVELOPE ITSELF, AS WELL AS INTO AND OUT OF THE INTERIOR SPACE. SO, FOR EXAMPLE, WHEN WE TALK OF A HOUSE’S DRAFTINESS, WE’RE TALKING ABOUT THE CONTROL OF AIR FLOW. 3. THERMAL CONTROL. THERMAL TRANSFER BRINGS TO MIND HOW COMFORTABLE WE FEEL INSIDE OUR OWN HOMES. IS IT TOO HOT? IS IT TOO COLD? HEAT RISES, AND IF YOU DON’T HAVE ENOUGH RESISTANCE IN THE BUILDING TO PREVENT HEAT FROM RISING RIGHT THROUGH THE ROOF, IT IS TIME TO RAISE YOUR BUILDING ENVELOPE IQ TO PREVENT HEAT (AND MONEY) FROM ESCAPING. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING ELEMENTS AND SYSTEMS: ARCHITECTURAL ROOFING SYSTEM SUB-STRUCTOR SUPERSTRUCTURE FLOORING SYSTEM POST BEAM WALL FOUNDATION SYSTEM FOOTING MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ANATOMY OF THE HOUSE 1. Wall Footing 2. Compacted Soil 3. GRAVEL BED/ON FILL 4. REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB 5. COLUMN FOOTING 6. WOOD COLUMN FOOTING 7. NATURAL GRADE LINE 8. ON FILL LEVEL 9. ROOM HEIGHT 10. WALL REINFORCEMENT 11. BASEBOARD/SKIRTING 12. LINE OF HINGE/SWING 13. DOOR JAMB 13b. HEADER 14. WROUGHT IRON STRAP 15. NEWEL POST MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ANATOMY OF THE HOUSE 16. WOODEN POST/COLUMN 17. BALUSTER 18. HANDRAIL 19. STRINGER 20. TREAD/RUNNER 21. RISER 22.LANDING 23. NEWEL 24. TIES 25. MAIN VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT 26. REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN 27. STRINGER 28. TIMBER FLOOR BEAM 29. FLOOR JOIST 30. RECESSED LIGHTING 31. CEILING MATERIAL 32. REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM 33. WINDOW SILL MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ANATOMY OF THE HOUSE 34. WOOD PLATE 35. REINFORCED CONCRETE ROOF BEAM 36.BASE BOARD 37.FLOORING MATERIAL 38. SLEEPER 39.NAILERS/VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL STUDS 40.PANELING MATERIAL 41. HANGER 42. BOTTOM CHORD 43. CEILING JOIST 44. TIMBER SPLICING 45. NEWEL 46. HANDRAIL 47. HANDRAIL HEIGHT 48. DOWNSPOUT 49. FINISHED CEILING LINE 50. FINISHED 2ND FLOOR LINE MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ANATOMY OF THE HOUSE 51. FASCIA BOARD 52. GUTTER 53. ROOM HEIGHT 54. RAFTER 55. FINISHED 2ND FLOOR CEILING 56.HEIGHT OF DROP 56a. GIRT/ROOM BEAM 57. HEIGHT OF TRUSS 58. BOTTOM CHORDS 59. DIAGONAL/WEB MEMBER 60. COLLAR PLATE 61. KING POST 62. VERTICAL WEB MEMBER/QUEEN POST 63. TOP CHORD 64. OVERHANG/ROOF CAVE MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 OVERVIEW OF A BUILDING STRUCTURE MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING FOUNDATION TYPE: FOUNDATION MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING FOUNDATION TYPE: 1. SHALLOW A SHALLOW FOUNDATION IS THAT FOUNDATION WHICH IS PLACED ON A FIRM SOIL NEAR THE GROUND, AND BENEATH THE LOWEST PART OF THE SUPERSTRUCTURE, GENERALLY 1 M TO 5-6 M. ISOLATED FOOTING IS THE SINGLE OR INDIVIDUAL FOOTING WHICH TRANSFERS LOAD TO THE UNDERGROUND SOIL. IT IS PROVIDED WHEN A SINGLE COLUMN IS TO INDIVIDUAL FOOTING OR BE PROVIDED. A FOUNDATION IS THE PART OF THE SUBSTRUCTURE WHICH MAKES A ISOLATED FOOTING DIRECT CONTACT OR RESTED INSIDE THE GROUND. A FOOTING IS A UNIT OF THE FOUNDATION THAT COULD BE DEEP OR SHALLOW. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING FOUNDATION TYPE: 1. SHALLOW A SHALLOW FOUNDATION IS THAT FOUNDATION WHICH IS PLACED ON A FIRM SOIL NEAR THE GROUND, AND BENEATH THE LOWEST PART OF THE SUPERSTRUCTURE, GENERALLY 1 M TO 5-6 M. IT IS USED WHEN THE TWO COLUMNS ARE SO CLOSE TO EACH OTHER THAT THEIR INDIVIDUAL FOOTINGS WOULD OVERLAP. A COMBINED FOOTING IS ALSO PROVIDED WHEN THE PROPERTY LINE IS SO CLOSE TO ONE COLUMN THAT A SPREAD FOOTING WOULD BE ECCENTRICALLY LOADED COMBINED FOOTING WHEN KEPT ENTIRELY WITHIN THE PROPERTY LINE. BY COMBINING IT WITH THAT OF AN INTERIOR COLUMN, THE LOAD IS EVENLY DISTRIBUTED. A COMBINED FOOTING MAY BE RECTANGULAR OR TRAPEZOIDAL IN PLAN. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING FOUNDATION TYPE: 1. SHALLOW A SHALLOW FOUNDATION IS THAT FOUNDATION WHICH IS PLACED ON A FIRM SOIL NEAR THE GROUND, AND BENEATH THE LOWEST PART OF THE SUPERSTRUCTURE, GENERALLY 1 M TO 5-6 M. A STRIP FOOTING IS PROVIDED FOR A LOAD-BEARING WALL. A STRIP FOOTING IS ALSO PROVIDED FOR A ROW OF COLUMNS WHICH ARE SO CLOSELY SPACED THAT THEIR SPREAD FOOTINGS OVERLAP OR NEARLY TOUCH EACH OTHER. IN SUCH A CASE, IT IS MORE ECONOMICAL TO PROVIDE A STRIP STRIP FOUNDATION FOOTING THAN TO PROVIDE A NUMBER OF SPREAD FOOTINGS IN ONE LINE. A STRIP FOOTING IS ALSO KNOWN AS CONTINUOUS FOOTING. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING FOUNDATION TYPE: 1. SHALLOW A SHALLOW FOUNDATION IS THAT FOUNDATION WHICH IS PLACED ON A FIRM SOIL NEAR THE GROUND, AND BENEATH THE LOWEST PART OF THE SUPERSTRUCTURE, GENERALLY 1 M TO 5-6 M. A MAT OR RAFT FOUNDATION IS A LARGE SLAB SUPPORTING A NUMBER OF COLUMNS AND WALLS UNDER THE ENTIRE STRUCTURE OR A LARGE PART OF THE STRUCTURE. A MAT IS REQUIRED WHEN THE ALLOWABLE SOIL PRESSURE IS LOW OR WHERE THE RAFT OR MAT FOUNDATION COLUMNS AND WALLS ARE SO CLOSE THAT INDIVIDUAL FOOTINGS WOULD OVERLAP OR NEARLY TOUCH EACH OTHER. MAT FOUNDATIONS ARE USEFUL IN REDUCING THE DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENTS ON NON-HOMOGENEOUS SOILS OR WHERE THERE IS A LARGE VARIATION IN THE LOADS ON INDIVIDUAL COLUMNS. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING FOUNDATION TYPE: 1. SHALLOW A SHALLOW FOUNDATION IS THAT FOUNDATION WHICH IS PLACED ON A FIRM SOIL NEAR THE GROUND, AND BENEATH THE LOWEST PART OF THE SUPERSTRUCTURE, GENERALLY 1 M TO 5-6 M. WHEN A DISTANCE BETWEEN THE TWO STRAP FOOTING OR CATILEVRED COLUMNS SUPPORTED ON COMBINED FOOTING BECOMES LARGE, THE COST INCREASES RAPIDLY. THE STRAP FOOTING IS AN ECONOMICAL OPTION IN SUCH CASES. XS ID1223:104089 BUILDING FOUNDATION TYPE: 2. DEEP A SHALLOW FOUNDATION IS THAT FOUNDATION WHICH IS PLACED ON A FIRM SOIL NEAR THE GROUND, AND BENEATH THE LOWEST PART OF THE SUPERSTRUCTURE, GENERALLY 1 M TO 5-6 M. PILES ARE USED AS DEEP FOUNDATION WHERE THE SOIL IS VERY WEAK AND HAS HIGHER GROUNDWATER TABLE. PILE FOUNDATION MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING FOUNDATION TYPE: 2. DEEP A SHALLOW FOUNDATION IS THAT FOUNDATION WHICH IS PLACED ON A FIRM SOIL NEAR THE GROUND, AND BENEATH THE LOWEST PART OF THE SUPERSTRUCTURE, GENERALLY 1 M TO 5-6 M. A DRILLED SHAFT, ALSO KNOWN AS DRILLED PIER, DRILLED CAISSON, CAISSON, BORED PILE, ETC., IS A VERSATILE FOUNDATION SYSTEM THAT IS USED EXTENSIVELY ON A WORLDWIDE BASIS.... THIS SIZE VERSATILITY ALLOWS A SINGLE DRILLED SHAFT TO BE DRILLED SHAFTS OR CAISSONS USED IN PLACE OF A DRIVEN PILE GROUP AND ELIMINATES THE NEED FOR A PILE CAP. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING POST/COLUMN: A RIGID RELATIVELY SLENDER STRUCTURAL MEMBER DESIGNED PRIMARILY TO SUPPORT AXIAL, COMPRESSIVE LOADS APPLIED AT THE MEMBER ENDS. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING POST/COLUMN: TYPES OF COLUMN 1. TIED COLUMN - THIS TYPE OF COLUMN IS C O M M O N LY C O N S T R U C T I O N F R O M REINFORCED CONCRETE. LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT ARE CONFINED WITHIN CLOSELY SPACED TIE REINFORCEMENT. IT IS ESTIMATED THAT 95% OF ALL COLUMNS IN BUILDINGS ARE TIED. MATERIALS: CONCRETE + ROUND BARS+ WIRES MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING POST/COLUMN: TYPES OF COLUMN 2. SPIRAL COLUMN - SPIRAL COLUMN IS ALSO CONSTRUCTION FROM REINFORCED CONCRETE. IN THIS TYPE OF COLUMN, LO N G I T U D I N A L BA R S A R E CO N F I N E D WITHIN CLOSELY SPACED AND C O N T I N U O U S LY WO U N D S P I R A L REINFORCEMENT. MATERIALS: CONCRETE + ROUND BARS+ WIRES MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING POST/COLUMN: TYPES OF COLUMN 3. C O M P O S I T E C O L U M N - WHEN THE LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT IS IN THE FORM OF STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTION OR PIPE WITH OR WITHOUT LONGITUDINAL BARS, IT IS CALLED AS A COMPOSITE COLUMN. THIS TYPE OF COLUMN HAVE HIGH STRENGTH WITH FAIRLY SMALL CROSS SECTION, IN ADDITION TO EXHIBIT GOOD FIRE PERFORMANCE. MATERIALS: CONCRETE + ROUND BARS+ WIRES + STEEL MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING POST/COLUMN: TYPES OF COLUMN 4. TIMBER COLUMN - IS A COST EFFICIENT BUILDING MATERIAL WHICH HAS MANY GREAT CHARACTERISTICS FOR OUTDOOR STRUCTURES AND PRODUCTS. IT IS OFTEN CHOSEN DUE TO ITS GOOD L ASTING PERFORMANCE AND NATURAL APPEARANCE, DEPENDING ON TIMBER TYPE/GRADE. Advantage: It is readily available It is safe It is easy to work It is versatile and visually appealing It is naturally anti-corrosive. DISADVANTAGE: -AS TIMBER IS NATURAL AND CELLULAR IT MOVES WITH CHANGES IN CLIMATIC CONDITIONS. TIMBER SHRINKS, SWELLS, TWISTS, CRACKS AND BENDS OVER TIME AND DIFFERENT CLIMATIC CONDITIONS. -MOST TIMBERS ARE PRONE TO PEST, ROT, MOLD AND FUNGI ATTACKS, SOME ARE FAR BETTER THAN OTHERS BUT THEY BOTH REQUIRE A MINIMUM OF LOSP OR ACQ TREATMENTS FOR OUTDOOR STRUCTURES. TIMBERS TEND TO SILVER OR LOOK OLD IF LEFT NATURAL AND UNPAINTED. TIMBER MAINTENANCE CAN SEEM TO BE HIGHER THAN OTHER BUILDING MATERIALS. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING POST/COLUMN: TYPES OF COLUMN 5. VIBRO STONE COLUMN. VIBRO STONE COLUMNS OR AGGREGATE PIERS ARE AN ARRAY OF CRUSHED STONE PILLARS PLACED WITH A VIBRATING TOOL INTO THE SOIL BELOW A PROPOSED STRUCTURE. THIS METHOD OF GROUND IMPROVEMENT IS ALSO CALLED VIBRO REPLACEMENT. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING POST/COLUMN: TYPES OF COLUMN 6. S T O N E P I L L A R S / C O L U M N - A COLUMN OR PILLAR IN ARCHITECTURE AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING IS A STRUCTURAL ELEMENT THAT TRANSMITS, THROUGH COMPRESSION. MADE OF NATURAL STONE, MARBLE OR GRANITE, THAT ARE SCULPTURED TO CREATE ITS FORM. ONE PIECE OR SEVERAL CHUNK PIECES THAT ARE ATTACHED TOGETHER. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING POST/COLUMN: TYPES OF COLUMN 7. BRICKS COLUMN + MORTART- CAN BE BASED WITH CEMENT AND STEEL ROD MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING POST/COLUMN: TYPES OF COLUMN 8. STEEL COLUMN MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING POST/COLUMN: TYPES OF COLUMN 8. WROUGHT IRON MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING POST/COLUMN: TYPES OF COLUMN 9. HYBRID GFRC COLUMNS FIRST DEVELOPED BY THE RUSSIANS IN THE 1940S, GLASS F I B E R R E I N F O RC E D CO N C R E T E ( G F RC ) E M P LOYS LIGHTWEIGHT FIBERS TO SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASE THE QUALITIES OF PRECAST CONCRETE, A PROCESS NOW COMMON FOR ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS, STATUARY AND EXTERIOR BUILDING FAÇADE COMPONENTS, SUCH AS WALL PANELS THAT SIMULATE LIMESTONE. IN MANUFACTURE, LONG OR SHORT HIGH-STRENGTH GL ASS FIBERS ARE EMBEDDED IN A CEMENTITIOUS MATRIX TO ADD TENSILE STRENGTH AND LOAD-BEARING CAPACITY. ACCORDING TO FULLER, THE MIX FOR MAKING COLUMNS “HAS A LITTLE P O LY M E R I N I T, A N D F I B E RG L A S S , A N D CO N C R E T E AGGREGATE. THEN IT IS SPRAYED UP INTO A MOLD TO GIVE YOU THE LOOK AND FEEL OF STONE – AND IF YOU WANT, THE COLOR TOO, BUT IT CAN ALSO BE DONE IN PAINT GRADE.” MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING POST/COLUMN: TYPES OF COLUMN 9. HYBRID FRP COLUMNS AFTER WORLD WAR II, FIBERGLASS FOUND MANY NEW USES, ESPECIALLY WHEN EMBEDDED IN POLYESTER OR EPOXY RESIN. THESE ARE GENERALLY CATEGORIZED UNDER THE HEADING FRP (FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER), BECAUSE IT IS STRONG AND WATERPROOF, FRP HELPED PROPEL THE POSTWAR POPULARITY OF LEISURE PRODUCTS FORMERLY MADE OF WOOD, SUCH AS BOATS AND SKIS, AND BY THE 1990S IT HAD FOUND A NATURAL APPLICATION FOR MANUFACTURING COLUMNS. TODAY FRP COLUMNS ARE MADE WITH TWO BASIC PROCESSES. COLUMNS THAT ARE FILAMENT-WOUND EMPLOY A TECHNIQUE WIDELY USED TO MANUFACTURE CYLINDRICAL PRODUCTS WHERE, AS GLASS FIBERS ARE COATED WITH RESIN, THEY ARE WOUND AROUND ROTATING MOLD OR MANDREL, OFTEN WITH A CAREFULLY CONTROLLED ORIENTATION. “YOU ARE CREATING A RELATIVELY THIN SHELL,” SAYS FULLER, “ABOUT 3/16-IN. THICK IN A 24-IN. DIAMETER, BUT IT MAKES AN EXTRAORDINARILY STRONG COLUMN.” MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING POST/COLUMN: TYPES OF COLUMN 9. HYBRID COMPOSITE FIBERGLASS COLUMNS THE LATEST ADVANCE IN THE FRP COLUMN, WHICH FIRST APPEARED IN THE MARKET IN THE 1980S, IS WHAT IS OFTEN CALLED THE COMPOSITE C O L U M N. I N G R E D I E N T S A N D N A M E S VA RY W I T H E AC H MANUFACTURER BUT, ACCORDING TO FULLER, “WE ESSENTIALLY COMBINE LIMES TONE MARBLE DUS T, POLYES TER RESIN AND FIBERGLASS, AND THEN ROTOCAST THAT INTO A COLUMN.” IN ROTOCASTING, THE MOLD IS SPUN SO THAT CENTRIFUGAL FORCE DRIVES THE CASTING MIXTURE INTO THE OUTER CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE MOLD – THE DETAILED FINISHED SURFACE OF THE FUTURE COLUMN – UNTIL THE MIXTURE HARDENS. INCLUDING STONE DUST CONSERVES EXPENSIVE RESIN WHILE ADDING MECHANICAL ADVANTAGES AND I M P ROV I N G A P P E A R A N C E. “ T H E F I N I S H E D P RO D U C T H A S A COMPOSITION SIMILAR TO A BATHROOM COUNTERTOP, BUT SINCE IT CONTAINS LESS RESIN THAN A BATHROOM COUNTERTOP, IT IS HARDER, VERY IMPACT RESISTANT AND WILL CARRY A LOT OF WEIGHT,” SAYS FULLER. COMPOSITE COLUMNS ARE RELATIVELY INEXPENSIVE TO MANUFACTURE, HAVE SHOWN GOOD DURABILITY, AND THEREFORE HAVE BECOME VERY POPULAR OVER THE LAST 20 YEARS. “WHEN YOU TAP ON ONE,” SAYS FULLER, “IT EVEN FEELS LIKE STONE.” MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM: BEAMS MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM: A RIGID STRUCTURAL MEMBER DESIGNED TO CARRY AND TRANSFER TRAVERSE LOADS ACROSS SPACE TO SUPPORTING ELEMENTS. https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-beams-construction/24684/ MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM TYPES: 1. SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM - IT IS ONE OF THE SIMPLEST STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS THAT BOTH ENDS REST ON SUPPORTS BUT IS FREE TO ROTATE. IT CONTAINS PINNED SUPPORT AT ONE END AND A ROLLER SUPPORT AT THE OTHER END. BASED ON THE ASSIGNED LOAD, IT SUSTAINS SHEARING AND BENDING. https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-beams-construction/24684/ MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM TYPES: 2. FIXED BEAM- IT IS SUPPORTED AT BOTH ENDS AND FIXED TO RESIST ROTATION. IT IS ALSO CALLED A BUILT-IN BEAM. THE FIXED ENDS PRODUCE MOMENTS OTHER THAN THE REACTIONS. https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-beams-construction/24684/ MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM TYPES: 3. CANTILEVER BEAM- IF A BEAM IS FIXED AT ONE END AND SET TO BE FREE AT THE OTHER END, IT IS TERMED AS A CANTILEVER BEAM. THE BEAM DISTRIBUTES THE LOAD BACK TO THE SUPPORT WHERE IT IS FORCED AGAINST A MOMENT AND SHEAR STRESS. CANTILEVER BEAMS ALLOW THE CREATION OF A BAY WINDOW, BALCONIES, AND SOME BRIDGES. https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-beams-construction/24684/ MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM TYPES: 4. CONTINUOUS BEAM A CONTINUOUS BEAM HAS MORE THAN TWO SUPPORTS DISTRIBUTED ALONG ITS ENTIRE LENGTH. https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-beams-construction/24684/ MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM TYPES: 5. REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS IT IS CONSTRUCTED FROM CONCRETE AND REINFORCEMENT AS SHOWN IN FIG. 5. SOMETIMES REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM IS CONCEALED IN REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS AND IT IS CALLED HIDDEN BEAM OR CONCEALED BEAM https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-beams-construction/24684/ MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM TYPES: 6. STEEL BEAMS IT IS CONSTRUCTED FROM STEELS AND USED IN SEVERAL APPLICATIONS. https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-beams-construction/24684/ MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM TYPES: 7. TIMBER BEAMS THE TIMBER BEAM IS CONSTRUCTED FROM TIMBER AND USED IN THE PAST. HOWEVER, THE APPLICATION OF SUCH A BEAM IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IS SIGNIFICANTLY DECLINED NOW. https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-beams-construction/24684/ MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM TYPES: 8. COMPOSITE BEAMS COMPOSITE BEAMS ARE CONSTRUCTED FROM TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT TYPES OF MATERIALS, SUCH AS STEEL AND CONCRETE. FIG. 8 SHOWS DIFFERENT VALID CROSS-SECTIONS FOR THE COMPOSITE BEAM. https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-beams-construction/24684/ MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM TYPES: 9. CURVED BEAM BEAM WITH CURVED PROFILE, SUCH AS IN THE CASE OF CIRCULAR BUILDINGS. https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-beams-construction/24684/ MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM TYPES: 10. TAPERED BEAM BEAM WITH TAPERED CROSS SECTION. https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-beams-construction/24684/ MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM TYPES: 11. PRECAST CONCRETE BEAM THIS TYPE OF BEAM IS MANUFACTURED IN FACTORIES. SO, THE CONSTRUCTION CONDITION IS MORE CONTROLLABLE COMPARE WITH ON-SITE CONSTRUCTION. CONSEQUENTLY, THE QUALITY OF THE CONCRETE OF THE BEAM WOULD BE GREATER. VARIOUS CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES CAN BE MANUFACTURES SUCH AS T- BEAM, DOUBLE T-BEAM, INVERTED T-BEAM, AND MANY MORE. https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-beams-construction/24684/ MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM TYPES: 12. DEEP BEAM A DEEP BEAM HAS CONSIDERABLE DEPTH, AS SHOWN IN FIG. 21, AND ITS CLEAR SPAN TO DEPTH RATIO IS LESS THAN FOUR, AS PER ACI CODE. A SUBSTANTIAL LOAD IS CARRIED TO THE SUPPORTS BY A COMPRESSION FORCE COMBINING THE LOAD AND THE REACTION. CONSEQUENTLY, THE STRAIN DISTRIBUTION IS NO LONGER CONSIDERED LINEAR, AS IN THE CASE OF CONVENTIONAL BEAMS. https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-beams-construction/24684/ MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM TYPES: 13. GIRDER BEAMS THAT TAKE HEAVY LOADS, GENERALLY STEEL SECTIONS ARE USED. https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-beams-construction/24684/ MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM TYPES: LINTEL - IS A BEAM PLACED ACROSS THE OPENINGS LIKE DOORS, WINDOWS ETC. IN BUILDINGS TO SUPPORT THE LOAD FROM THE STRUCTURE ABOVE. THE WIDTH OF LINTEL BEAM IS EQUAL TO THE WIDTH OF WALL, AND THE ENDS OF IT IS BUILT INTO THE WALL.... HORIZONTAL LINTELS ARE EASY TO CONSTRUCT AS COMPARED TO ARCHES. https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-beams-construction/24684/ MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM: WALL SYSTEM MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM A 'wall' is a usually solid structure that defines and sometimes protects an area. M o s t c o m m o n l y, a w a l l delineates a building and supports its superstructure, separates space in buildings into rooms, or protects or delineates a space in the open a i r. W O O D , C O N C R E T E , B R I C K S, G LA SS, M E TA L , HYBRID. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM There are three principal types of structural walls: building walls, exterior boundary walls, and retaining walls. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM Building walls have two main purposes: to support roofs and ceilings, and to divide space, providing security against intrusion and weather. 2 TYPES OF WALL: LOAD BEARING NON-LOAD BEARING MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM : DRY WALL CAN BE DRY WALL SYSTEM: VERTICAL SLATS HORIZONTAL SLATS SOLE PLATE TOP PLATE CRIPPLE MATERIALS IN FRAME SUPPORT: STEEL TUBES WOOD FURRING CONSIDERATIONS: MATERIALS: EXTERIOR SHEATHING+INSULATION SAFETY AND SECURITY +WATER PROOFING SHEET+ INTERIOR WALL MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM : CHB SYSTEM (INTERIOR) REINFORCED MASONRY WALLS REINFORCED MASONRY WALLS CAN BE LOAD BEARING WALLS OR NON-LOAD BEARING WALLS. THE USE OF REINFORCEMENT IN WALLS HELPS IT TO WITHSTAND TENSION FORCES AND HEAVY COMPRESSIVE LOADS. THE UN- REINFORCED MASONRY WALLS ARE PRONE TO CRACKS AND FAILURE UNDER HEAVY COMPRESSIVE LOADS AND DURING EARTHQUAKES. THEY HAVE LITTLE ABILITY TO WITHSTAND LATERAL FORCES DURING HEAVY RAIN AND WIND. CRACKS ALSO DEVELOP IN UN-REINFORCED MASONRY WALLS DUE TO EARTH PRESSURE OR DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM : CHB SYSTEM POST-TENSIONED MASONRY WALLS POST-TENSIONED MASONRY WALLS ARE CONSTRUCTED TO STRENGTHEN THE MASONRY WALLS AGAINST THE FORCES THAT MAY INDUCE TENSION IN THE WALL SUCH AS EARTHQUAKE FORCES OR WIND FORCES. THESE WALLS ARE CONSTRUCTED FROM THE FOUNDATION LEVEL AND POST-TENSIONING RODS ARE ANCHORED INTO THE FOUNDATION. THESE RODS ARE RUN VERTICALLY BETWEEN THE WYTHES OR IN THE CORE OF CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM : MONOLITH CONCRETE WALL SYSTEM MONOLITHIC WALL, IN WHICH THE WALL IS BUILT OF A MATERIAL PLACED IN FORMS DURING THE CONSTRUCTION.... FRAME WALL, IN WHICH THE WALL IS CONSTRUCTED AS A FRAME OF RELATIVELY SMALL MEMBERS, USUALLY OF TIMBER, AT CLOSE INTERVALS WHICH TOGETHER WITH FACING OR SHEETHING ON ONE OR BOTH SIDES FORM A LOAD-BEARING SYSTEM. isang buhusan MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM : PREFAB PREFABRICATION, THE ASSEMBLY OF BUILDINGS OR THEIR COMPONENTS AT A LOCATION OTHER THAN THE BUILDING SITE. THE METHOD CONTROLS CONSTRUCTION COSTS BY ECONOMIZING ON TIME, WAGES, AND MATERIALS. PREFABRICATED UNITS MAY INCLUDE DOORS, STAIRS, WINDOW WALLS, WALL PANELS, FLOOR PANELS, ROOF TRUSSES, ROOM-SIZED COMPONENTS, AND EVEN ENTIRE BUILDINGS. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM : PREFAB Precast concrete is a construction product produced by casting concrete in a reusable mold or "form" which is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site and lifted into place ("tilt up"). In contrast, standard concrete is poured into site- specific forms and cured on site. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM : STONE WALL - Stone walls are a kind of masonry construction that has been used for thousands of years. The first stone walls were constructed by farmers and primitive people by piling loose field stones into a dry stone wall. Later, mortar and plaster were used, especially in the construction of city walls, castles, and other fortifications before and during the Middle Ages MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM : BRICK A BRICK IS A T YPE OF BLOCK USED TO BUILD WALLS, PAVEMENTS AND OTHER ELEMENTS IN MASONRY CONSTRUCTION. PROPERLY, THE TERM BRICK DENOTES A BLOCK COMPOSED OF DRIED CLAY, BUT IS NOW ALSO USED INFORMALLY TO DENOTE OTHER CHEMICALLY CURED CONSTRUCTION BLOCKS. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM : GLASS A CURTAIN WALL SYSTEM IS AN OUTER COVERING OF A BUILDING IN WHICH THE OUTER WALLS ARE NON- STRUCTURAL, UTILIZED ONLY TO KEEP THE WEATHER OUT AND THE OCCUPANTS IN.... WHEN GLASS IS USED AS THE CURTAIN WALL, AN ADVANTAGE IS THAT NATURAL LIGHT CAN PENETRATE DEEPER WITHIN THE BUILDING. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM : GLASS 2 types of Glass Wall Framed Frameless Glass Frame profile MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM : METAL A WI D E VA R I E T Y OF PA N E L I Z E D M E TA L WA L L S YS T E M S AR E AVAI L AB L E F OR I N S TAL L AT I ON AS A B U I L D I N G S EXTERIOR WALL CLADDING.... METAL WALL PANELS ARE USUALLY FABRICATED OF ALUMINUM BUT CAN ALSO BE MANUFACTURED FROM STEEL, STAINLESS STEEL, COPPER, OR COMPOSITE MATERIALS. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM : METAL ALUMNIMUM COMPOSITE PANEL MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM : HYBRID- PLASWALL PLASWALLTM : - FAST, HASSLE - FREE, HYGIENIC AND ECONOMICAL CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM, - FROM LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE SYSTEMS TO THERMALLY INSULATED WALLS ESPECIALLY DESIGNED FOR HOT AND COLD CLIMATES, - IT IS A LOST IN PLACE FORMWORK SYSTEM, WHERE IN TWO FIBER CEMENT BOARDS (FCB) OF 6MM THICKNESS ARE USED. IT USES HIMI (HIGH IMPACT MOLDED INSERTS) BONDED BETWEEN TWO SHEETS OF FCB IN SITU AND ERECTED TO PRODUCE A STRAIGHT-TO-FINISH WALL. - A MONOLITHIC STRUCTURE IS THEN CREATED BY FILLING THE ENTIRE STRUCTURE WITH CONCRETE. ADDITIONAL LOAD CAPACITY CAN BE OBTAINED BY PROVIDING EXTRA REINFORCING BARS AND/OR INCREASING THE GRADE OF THE CONCRETE. - CAN BE MADE USING MANY TYPES OF WOODGRAINED SHEETS. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM : HYBRID- PLASWALL MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM : HYBRID- PLASWALL MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM : HYBRID- PLASWALL MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM : PARTS OF PANELLED WALL 1. CORNICE - A PROJECTING MOLDING LOCATED WHERE THE CEILING AND WALL MEET. 1 2. FRIEZE - A PANEL BELOW THE UPPER MOULDING OR CORNICE OF A WALL. 2 3. PICTURE MOULDING OR PICTURE RAIL - A MOULDING ON THE UPPER PART OF A WALL FROM WHICH THE PICTURES ARE HANG. 3 4. FIELD - THE UPPER PART OF A WALL, BETWEEN THE FRIEZR OR CORNICE AND THE DADO. 5. RAISED AND FIELDED PANEL - A PANEL WITH A PLAIN RAISED CENTER. 4 6. DADO - LOWER WALL SURFACE FROM THE CHAIR RAIL, DOWN TO THE SKIRTING BOARD OR BASEBOARD. 6 DADO CAP/CHAIR RAIL - A WALL MOULDING THAT TOPS THE DADO AND PREVENTS CHAIRS PSH AGAINST THE WALL FROM DAMAGING THE SURFACE. 5 WAINSCOAT - A DECORATIVE OR PROTECTIVE FACING APPLIED TO THE LOWER PORT- ION OF AN INTERIOR PARTITION OR WALL, SUCH AS WOOD PANELING OR OTHER FACING MATERIAL. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM : PARTS OF PANELLED WALL 7. BASEBOARD - THE FLAT MOULDING RUNNING AROUND THE BASE OF A WALL, ALSO CALLED SKIRTING BOARD. 8. CASEMENT/CASING - MOULDING COVERING THE SPACE BETWEEN DOOR JAMB AND WALL. 9. CORNER BLOCK - DECORATIVE BLOCK ON THE EDGE OF THE DOOR ATTACHED TO CASEMENT 9 10. PLINTH - THE BLOCK WHERE BASEBOARD AND CASING MEET. 11. MANTLE/MANTEL - THE FRAME SURROUNDING A FIREPLACE, OFTEN USED TO DENOTE JUST THE SHELF (MANTLE SHELF) 12. FIREPLACE OVER MANTEL - A DECORATIVE TREATMENT ABOVE A FIREPLACE. 8 OFTEN INCORPORATING A PAINTING OR MIRROR. 7 10 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM: FLOOR SYSTEM MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 FLOOR SYSTEM: WOOD MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 FLOOR SYSTEM: CONCRETE SLAB GF MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 FLOOR SYSTEM: STEEL DECKING MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 FLOOR SYSTEM: MONOLITH CONCRETE SLAB MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 FLOOR SYSTEM: PRECAST- MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 FLOOR SYSTEM: PRECAST MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 FLOOR SYSTEM: COMBINATION: BRIDGING SUPPORT MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM: ROOF SYSTEM MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ROOF: A roof is the uppermost, covering, part of a building. The purpose of the roof is to protect both the building itself and its living or material contents from the effects of weather. A roof protects primarily against rain. Temple roof Chang Mai, Thailand with a decorated The overhanging eaves of China gable end and ceramic tile covering. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ROOF: A roof is the uppermost, covering, part of a building. The purpose of the roof is to protect both the building itself and its living or material contents from the effects of weather. A roof protects primarily against rain. The polychrome tiles of the Hospice of Beaune, France. Imbrex and tegula tiles on the dome of Florence Cathedral. The marble dome of the Taj Mahal MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ROOF: A roof is the uppermost, covering, part of a building. The purpose of the roof is to protect both the building itself and its living or material contents from the effects of weather. A roof protects primarily against rain. Corrugated iron sheeting a house under construction in Northern Australia. Shows two gables and external cyclonic fastenings. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 TYPES OF ROOF MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 TYPES OF ROOF MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 TYPES OF ROOF MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 TYPES OF ROOF MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ROOF SYSTEM MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ROOF SYSTEM MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM: ROOF INSULATION MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 INSULATION: SPRAY FOAM ROOF INSULATION - Polyurethane spray foam is applied to the underside of the roof directly onto the slates, tiles or roofing felt and bonds them to each other and to the load bearing rafter timbers. Once installed this can reduce your energy bills by up to 20% and additionally significantly reduce your CO₂ footprint. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ROOFING MATERIALS: INSULATION AND WATER PROOFING ROLLED ROOFING ROLLED ROOFIN G (OR ROLL ROOFIN G) IS A MINERAL-SURFACED ROOFING PRODUCT, OR MSR, THAT COMES IN ROLLS OF 100 SQUARE FEET. ROLLED ROOFING IS EASY TO OBTAIN AND CAN BE FOUND AT ALL HOME IMPROVEMENT STORES. ONE MSR ROOFING ROLL IS USUALLY ABOUT 36 FEET LONG BY 36 INCHES WIDE. SO IN TERMS OF QUANTITY, A ROOFING ROLL IS ABOUT THE SIZE OF ONE COMPOSITE SHINGLE SQUARE. SQUARE IS A ROOFING TERM THAT REFERS TO ONE ROOFING UNIT OF 100 SQUARE FEET. https://www.thespruce.com/basic-types-and-cost-of-roofing-materials-1822016 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ROOFING MATERIALS: INSULATION AND WATER PROOFING BUILT-UP ROOFING (BUR) BUILT-UP ROOFING (BUR) IS ONE OF THE OLDEST OPTIONS FOR MATERIAL FOR FLAT ROOFS OR ROOFS THAT ARE VERY LOW IN PITCH. BUR SYSTEMS ARE CONSTRUCTED WITH SEVERAL LAYERS OF ROOFING FELT IMPREGNATED WITH ASPHALT THAT IS APPLIED HOT. THE FELT IS APPLIED IN OVERLAPPING LAYERS TO FORM A BARRIER TWO TO FOUR LAYERS T H I C K , T H E N A L AY E R O F F I N E LY CRUSHED STONE IS EMBEDDED IN HOT TAR OVER THE TOP TO CREATE A VERY DURABLE AND IMPENETRABLE ROOF. https://www.thespruce.com/basic-types-and-cost-of-roofing-materials-1822016 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ROOFING MATERIALS: INSULATION AND WATER PROOFING MEMBRANE ROOFING ANOTHER CHOICE FOR FLAT OR VERY LOW-PITCH ROOFS IS A MEMBRANE ROOF. THERE ARE SEVERAL TYPES OF MEMBRANE THAT CAN BE USED, INCLUDING: NEOPRENE (POLYCHLOROPRENE) EPDM (ETHYLENE PROPYLENE DIENE MONOMER) PVC (POLYVINYL CHLORIDE) CHLORINATED POLYETHYLENE AND CHLOROSULFONATED POLYETHYLENE SHEETS POLYMER-MODIFIED BITUMENS ONE OF THE BEST MEMBRANES IS EPDM. EPDM IS A SYNTHETIC ROOFING MATERIAL OFTEN REFERRED TO AS "RUBBER ROOFING." IT IS SIMILAR TO ROLLED ASPHALT ROOFING IN THAT IT IS APPLIED IN LARGE SHEETS THAT LIMIT THE NUMBER OF SEAMS WHERE WATER CAN INFILTRATE. https://www.thespruce.com/basic-types-and-cost-of-roofing-materials-1822016 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ROOFING MATERIALS: INSULATION AND WATER PROOFING ASPHALT COMPOSITE SHINGLES MADE FROM A FIBERGLASS BASE TOPPED WITH ASPHALT AND MINERAL GRANULES, THESE THREE-TAB SHINGLES ARE AN ALL-AROUND GOOD CHOICE FOR MOST HOME ROOFING NEEDS. THEY TYPICALLY COME WITH A 20- TO 30-YEAR WARRANTY, AND REPLACING INDIVIDUAL SHINGLES THAT ARE DAMAGED IS A FAIRLY EASY JOB. VIRTUALLY EVERY ROOFING COMPANY IS FAMILIAR WITH INSTALLING THESE SINGLES.COMPOSITE SHINGLES EXCEL AT FLEXING AND ADAPTING TO A ROOF'S MOVEMENTS DUE TO EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION. https://www.thespruce.com/basic-types-and-cost-of-roofing-materials-1822016 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ROOFING MATERIALS: INSULATION AND WATER PROOFING STANDING SEAM METAL ROOFING (LONG SPAN) THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF METAL ROOF IS THE STANDING SEAM ROOF, SO NAMED BECAUSE THE ALUMINUM OR STEEL ROOFING PA N E L S M E E T I N R A I S E D S E A M S T H AT INTERLOCK TO KEEP MOISTURE OUT. METAL ROOFS OF ALL KINDS ARE INCREASINGLY P O P U L A R I N R E G I O N S W I T H H E AV Y SNOWFALL OR WHERE THERE IS A NOTABLE DANGER OF WILD FIRES SINCE THIS IS A R O O F I N G M AT E R I A L T H AT I S F U L LY FIREPROOF. METAL ROOFS ARE VERY LONG-LIVED AND ARE FULLY RECYCLABLE WHEN THEY FINALLY DO WEAR OUT. BUT INSTALLATION REQUIRES SPECIAL SKILLS AND NOT EVERY ROOFING COMPANY IS PREPARED TO INS TALL A STANDING SEAM METAL ROOF. https://www.thespruce.com/basic-types-and-cost-of-roofing-materials-1822016 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ROOFING MATERIALS: INSULATION AND WATER PROOFING METAL SHINGLES/SHAKES THERE ARE STEEL OR ALUMINUM SHINGLES OR SHAKES NOW AVAILABLE. MADE FROM STAMPED METAL AND FINISHED WITH EITHER A HIGH-QUALITY BAKED-ON COATING OR MINERAL GRANULES, METAL SHINGLES CAN BE FABRICATED TO LOOK VERY MUCH LIKE TRADITIONAL ASPHALT SHINGLES, WOODEN SHAKES, OR EVEN SLATE OR CLAY TILES. THEY ARE AN EXCELLENT CHOICE WHERE APPEARANCE IS A CRITICAL CONCERN. https://www.thespruce.com/basic-types-and-cost-of-roofing-materials-1822016 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ROOFING MATERIALS: INSULATION AND WATER PROOFING WOOD SHINGLES OR SHAKES WOOD ROOFS ARE VERY ATTRACTIVE, BUT THEY ARE ALSO QUITE EXPENSIVE AND HAVE LIMITATIONS. THEY ARE NOT PARTICULARLY LONG-LIVED, AND THEY ARE A POOR CHOICE IN AREAS THAT GET LOTS OF MOISTURE OR WHERE WILDFIRES ARE A DANGER. STILL, THEY ARE AMONG THE MOST ATTRACTIVE OF ALL ROOFING MATERIALS, WHICH MAKES THEM A POPULAR CHOICE FOR LUXURY HOMES. ALTHOUGH BOTH ARE MADE FROM NATURAL WOOD, USUALLY CEDAR OR REDWOOD, THERE IS A D I F F E R E N C E B E T W E E N WO O D S H A K E S A N D SHINGLES. SHINGLES ARE TYPICALLY THIN, WEDGE- SHAPED SLABS OF WOOD THAT ARE PRODUCED BY PRECISE SAWING. SHAKES ARE PRODUCED BY SPLITTING AND ARE THICKER WEDGES WITH A ROUGHER TEXTURE. https://www.thespruce.com/basic-types-and-cost-of-roofing-materials-1822016 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ROOFING MATERIALS: INSULATION AND WATER PROOFING CLAY TILE CLAY TILE IS MADE FROM EARTHEN CLAYS MOLDED INTO ROLLED OR INTERLOCKING SHAPES AND FIRED FOR HARDNESS. IT IS OFTEN LEFT UNGLAZED, WITH THE CHARACTERISTIC REDDISH-ORANGE COLOR; OR IT CAN BE GLAZED AND FIRED TO FORM CERAMIC ROOFING TILES. CL AY TILE IS A VERY GOOD ROOFING MATERIAL FOR HOT CLIMATES OR WHERE SALT AIR IS PRESENT, WHICH IS WHY THESE ROOFS ARE SEEN SO OFTEN IN SOUTHERN COASTAL REGIONS OR DESERT REGIONS. https://www.thespruce.com/basic-types-and-cost-of-roofing-materials-1822016 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ROOFING MATERIALS: INSULATION AND WATER PROOFING CONCRETE TILE CONCRETE TILE IS AN ALTERNATIVE TO CLAY TILE, WITH SIMILAR INSTALLATION TECHNIQUES AND SIMIL AR ADVANTAGES. CON CRETE TILES ARE MOLDED FROM STANDARD SAND-MIX CONCRETE COLORED TO WHATEVER HUES ARE DESIRED. A VARIETY OF PROFILES ARE AVAILABLE, SOME OF WHICH RESEMBLE ROLLED CLAY TILES, OTHERS THAT ARE LOW-PROFILE RESEMBLING WOOD SHAKES. CONCRETE TILE IS SOMETIMES FINISHED WITH A DECORATIVE COATIN G. IT IS A VERY HEAVY ROOFING MATERIAL, MAKING IT A GOOD CHOICE IN HIGH-WIND REGIONS. https://www.thespruce.com/basic-types-and-cost-of-roofing-materials-1822016 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ROOFING MATERIALS: INSULATION AND WATER PROOFING SLATE SHINGLES A SLATE ROOF IS PERHAPS THE FINEST ROOFING MATERIAL THERE IS—A C HOICE FOR THE HOMEOWNER WHO WILL ACCEPT ONLY THE FINEST. THERE ARE SLATE ROOFS HUNDREDS OF YEARS OLD THAT ARE STILL FUNCTIONING. TRUE SLATE ROOFING IS JUST AS IT SOUNDS: AUTHENTIC, THIN SHEETS OF REAL STONE. BECAUSE SLATE HAS A TENDENCY TO CLEAVE OFF IN THIN SHEETS, IT IS EASY TO QUARRY, MAKING IT IDEAL FOR ROOFING. BUT INSTALLING SLATE IS A VERY SPECIALIZED SKILL, AND QUALIFIED INSTALLERS CAN BE HARD TO FIND. https://www.thespruce.com/basic-types-and-cost-of-roofing-materials-1822016 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ROOFING MATERIALS: INSULATION AND WATER PROOFING SYNTHETIC (RUBBER) SLATE TILE SYNTHETIC SLATE SHINGLES ARE A SURPRISINGLY CONVINCING STAND-IN FOR NATURAL SLATE, BUT THIS MATERIAL IS CONSTRUCTED FROM ENGINEERED POLYMERS COMBINED WITH RECYCLED PLASTIC AND RUBBER. FROM THE GROUND, IT CAN BE VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO DISTINGUISH THIS ENGINEERED ROOFING FROM NATURAL SLATE. AND SYNTHETIC SLATE IS QUITE LIGHTWEIGHT, MAKING IT A VIABLE OPTION FOR HOUSES THAT CANNOT SUPPORT THE HEAVY WEIGHT OF NATURAL SLATE. https://www.thespruce.com/basic-types-and-cost-of-roofing-materials-1822016 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 INSULATION: SPRAY FOAM ROOF INSULATION - Polyurethane spray foam is applied to the underside of the roof directly onto the slates, tiles or roofing felt and bonds them to each other and to the load bearing rafter timbers. Once installed this can reduce your energy bills by up to 20% and additionally significantly reduce your CO₂ footprint. -SPRAY FOAM SYSTEMS GIVE GREATER ACOUSTIC INSULATION THAN CONVENTIONAL FIBREGLASS AND OTHER FORMS OF INSULATION. AT 75MM THICKNESS, THE ACOUSTIC BENEFIT IS GENERALLY ACCEPTED TO BE EQUIVALENT TO DOUBLE GLAZING. -SPRAY FOAM WILL EXTEND THE LIFE OF YOUR EXISTING ROOF AND MAY REDUCE FUTURE MAINTENANCE BILLS. -A SPRAY FOAM SYSTEM GUARANTEES A WARMER PROPERTY IN THE WINTER AND A COOLER PROPERTY IN SUMMER PROVIDING GREATER ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND COMFORT. AS MANY ALLERGY SUFFERERS WILL CONFIRM, DUST CAN MAKE EVERYDAY ACTIVITIES UNBEARABLE. A SPRAY FOAM SYSTEM SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCES WIND DRIVEN DUST BEIN
