Module 1 Biochemistry CHY1003 PDF

Course title: Biochemistry Course code: CHY1003 Course type: LTP Module No. 1 COURSE INSTRUCTOR: DR N. VIGNESH EMPLOYEE ID: 100589 DEPARTMENT: SCHOOL OF BIOSCIENCES ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SEMESTER: WINTER SEMESTER 2025-26 Distinguishing features of biotic phase Domains of life E...

Course title: Biochemistry Course code: CHY1003 Course type: LTP Module No. 1 COURSE INSTRUCTOR: DR N. VIGNESH EMPLOYEE ID: 100589 DEPARTMENT: SCHOOL OF BIOSCIENCES ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SEMESTER: WINTER SEMESTER 2025-26 Distinguishing features of biotic phase Domains of life Eubacteria inhabit soils, surface waters, and the tissues of other living or decaying organisms. Most of the well studied bacteria, including Escherichia coli, are eubacteria. The archaebacteria, more recently discovered, are less well characterized biochemically; most inhabit extreme environments—salt lakes, hot springs, highly acidic bogs, and the ocean depths. Eukarya, evolved from the same branch that gave rise to the Archaea The cytoplasm of E. coli contains about 15,000 ribosomes, thousands of copies each of about 1,000 different enzymes, numerous metabolites and cofactors, and a variety of inorganic ions. The distinguishing characteristics of eukaryotes are the nucleus and a variety of membrane bounded organelles with specific functions: mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complexes, and lysosomes. Cytoskeletal component is composed of simple protein subunits that polymerize to form filaments of uniform thickness. These filaments are not permanent structures; they undergo constant disassembly into their protein subunits and reassembly into filaments. Elements essential to animal life and health. The chemistry of living organisms is organized around carbon, which accounts for more than half the dry weight of cells. Carbon can form single bonds with hydrogen atoms, and both single and double bonds with oxygen and nitrogen atoms The organic compounds from which most cellular materials are constructed: the ABCs of biochemistry. Shown here are (a) six of the 20 amino acids from which all proteins are built (the side chains are shaded pink) (b) the five nitrogenous bases, two five carbon sugars, and phosphoric acid from which all nucleic acids are built; (c) five components of membrane lipids; and (d) D-glucose, the parent sugar from which most carbohydrates are derived. Note that phosphoric acid is a component of both nucleic acids and membrane lipids. Geometric isomers  A carbon atom with four different substituents is said to be asymmetric, and asymmetric carbons are called chiral centers For compounds with more than one chiral centre, the most useful system of nomenclature is the RS system. In this system, each group attached to a chiral carbon is assigned a priority the amino acids in proteins occur only as their L isomers; glucose occurs only as its D isomer.