Module 1 Lecturette 1 - KPE264 - Exercise Physiology PDF

Module 1: Lecturette 1 KPE264: Exercise Physiology  Learning Objectives Describe the importance of research in the field of exercise physiology Identify research tools used in exercise physiology research laboratories Explain the difference between cross-sectional and...

Module 1: Lecturette 1 KPE264: Exercise Physiology  Learning Objectives Describe the importance of research in the field of exercise physiology Identify research tools used in exercise physiology research laboratories Explain the difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal exercise physiology research designs Describe confounding factors in exercise physiology research Interpret common graph types used in exercise physiology Research: the foundation of understanding! new research question to leads Fig. 0.11 Exercise Physiology Research Labs within KPE Exercise Physiology Research Tools within KPE g  Research Designs Longitudinal research tests the same subjects and compares results over time. Cross-sectional research collects data from different populations and compares groups in that population.  Research Designs Acute exercise responses (i.e., responses to a single session of exercise) Chronic exercise responses (i.e., responses to repeated sessions of longitudinal exercise) Research must control for confounding variables Confounder not temperature 7 M L - ~ -  u Confounding factors in exercise physiology control variables needto  Eg Reading and Interpreting Graphs The x-axis represents the independent variable, or the factor controlled by the study design. The y-axis represents the dependent variable, which changes depending on how the independent variable is manipulated.  & Common types of graphs in exercise physiology ax is label  Mentimeter Check-In Go to: https://www.menti.com/alm1zo64sc6r Or www.menti.com Code: 2256 2034 Module 1: Lecturette 2 KPE264: Exercise Physiology  Learning Objectives Describe the fundamental concept of energy transfer in bioenergetics Explain what ATP is, how we generate it, and why it is importance for bioenergetics  of Lungs O2 CO2 storefuel liver tissues liver/heart adipose delivery of Oc & CO2 lactate > - muscle release from fuels by-products Supply Heart and Removal Tissues Circulation Tissues heat fuel by-products, O2, fuels CO2, heat Skeletal Muscle  g ENERGY PRODUCTION “Bioenergetics”: Energy Transfer in the Body as transfer chemical energy nutrient- > (ATP) > do work/exercise generate energy - consume Transfer of chemical energy from food into ‘work’  Bioenergetics & “Study of energy transfer via chemical reactions in living tissues” “Thermodynamics ” active myosin moving heat mechanical ↑ to potential do work action chemical electrical 1st Law: “Energy (E) cannot be created nor destroyed... only transferred from one form to another” use effectively ∆E= “Usable” E + “Non-usable” E (free E) (heat)  Theoretical example of energy transfer B A→B efficient ∆E = 100 units 80 % > - mechanical electric Fuel A input 100 release 100 units units 25% efficient > - down glucose break will be B 40 % but only used forwork aas Some used for work never 100 % efficient Most lost as heat Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): Basic Structure Of Adenine “high energy” phosphate bond is store energy where Adenosine P P P Ribose (sugar) ADP a itInnospor ATP 3 phosphate group  Importance of ATP in Energy Transfer 40 % efficiency regenerate ATP Constantly to do work broken down o need to getting start off allow the cycle much energy as possible ~ take up as Fuel Energy Work Fuel Sources Used to Regenerate ATP in the Body 8 on set of exercise 1. Phosphocreatine (PCr) glucose/glycogen 2. Carbohydrates triglyceride & free fatty acid 3. Fats regenerate and create ATP 4. Proteins  …why don’t we store large amounts of ATP? & heavy to store in skeletal nurse ~1 kg of ATP consumed per hour at rest rate of ATP use can  100-fold during exercise! …what about ATP supplements? $100.00 for 1 g (20x50 mg) bottle consume all prior to intense exercise provides ~0.04 sec of energy!  H2O g Purity? Survive digestive system intact? Delivered in blood to target tissue? Billy’s new supplement “dihydrogen monoxide” didn’t taste much different from water, but at only $10 per bottle it seemed like a really good deal!  Mentimeter Check-In Go to: https://www.menti.com/ald3f3ov56zt Or www.menti.com Code: 2270 8788 it goes from chemical to mechanical Module 1: Lecturette 3 KPE264: Exercise Physiology  Learning Objectives e Explain the importance of enzymes in bioenergetics Describe how enzymes influence chemical reactions Explain common factors that affect enzyme activity.  Bioenergetics S “Study of energy transfer via chemical reactions in living tissues” “Enzymes ” Enzymes  the rate of chemical reactions (“catalyst”) facilitate do not cause a reaction do not alter free energy change lower “activation energy” required  & Non-catalyzed Enzyme-catalyzed Activation speed up reaction Free energy energy Activation energy high amount of energy substrate staysthere Usable Energy product  Enzyme Mechanism of Action 6 substrate E-S complex adding a substrate and enzyme “transition Enzyme state” active site product product formation Enzyme Some Factors that Affect Enzyme Activity E regulator of come enzyme Substrate and product concentrations activate or inhibit enzyme control glycogen Modulator (e.g., ADP) Temperature pH Effect of [Substrate] on Enzyme Activity e Vmax = maximum rate of reaction more substrate -> fast metabolism Velocity, V [S] Effect of [Substrate] on Enzyme Activity & increase in mitochondrial enzyme trained people in more all enzyme are binded to substrate > - fastest reaction not fast a more binding of enzyme ~ inactivee Effect of [Product] on Enzyme Activity A PFK lactate Ittions facilitate to take us the energy from the fuel Effect of Modulators: Stimulators and Inhibitors E “stimulator” enzyme augment Velocity, V ATP “inhibitor” substrate [S]  Modulators: Mechanism of Action g Inhibition Stimulation substrate inhibitor stimulator (ADP) Locubstratee bind allow to side reaction to occure make active site avalible to be binded enzyme Effect of Temperature and pH on Enzyme Activity 41°rapid drop e 38° -body temp. 35° V Temp (°C) Effect of Temperature and pH on Enzyme Activity 41° g 7.5 38° 7.0 35° 6.5 V Temp (°C) V pH Effect of Temperature and pH on Enzyme Activity 7.5 G 7.0 6.5 musee e me However V pH Effect of Temperature and pH on Enzyme Activity 7.5 & 7.0 6.5 ~7 5 It starting point to. > increase supplement- ↓ when you start exercising -> the plt goes down to 70 to let you to be in the good point the making plt ideal during exercise V pH Effect of Temperature and pH on Enzyme Activity e 7.5 7.0 6.5 V pH  ⑳ Ergogenic Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate LR McNaughton, J Siegler and A Midgley University of Hull, Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Hull, England. Current Sports Medicine Reports 7:230-236, 2008. “We conclude that both sodium bicarbonate and sodium short citrate are effective as buffering agents for both short-term and long-term high intensity exercise...” “However, both buffers can contribute to GI upset and may not be tolerated well (and) we recommend that athletes test their response before any competitive event.”  Mentimeter Check-In Go to: https://www.menti.com/alzjnanastr3 Or www.menti.com Code: 2159 7254 ~ enzyme ~ decrease Module 1: Lecturette 4 KPE264: Exercise Physiology  C Learning Objectives Describe the concept of “metabolism” Identify the major fuels and tissues in energy metabolism Explain components of ATP “demand” and “supply” during exercise  Bioenergetics “Study of energy transfer via chemical reactions in living tissues” E “Metabolism” “the sum of all chemical reactions in the body” Catabolism in exercise Catabolism breakdown of molecules Anabolism - recovery , carb & protein Anabolism synthesis of molecules  Cellular Metabolism E and store nutrients food consume  Exercise Metabolism: Major Fuels ⑫ Carbohydrates Lipids Protein glucose fatty acids (FAs) amino acids (AAs) more structural & functional I glycogen triglycerides (TGs) low carbs... on when have really. tissue& skeletal muscle store in adipose 95-100% of total energy Exercise Metabolism: Key Tissues E I" is used up here most Skeletal Muscle most O , consumption lactate to liver goes fatty acidgosa a breakdownglycogea to store and release go skeletal muscle Incose molecule 9 molecule not just fat store energy breakdowrid eatty glycerol Liver acid & glycerolgoestolive another e Triglyceride Adipose Tissue  Average Body Stores of Fuels and Energy O Carbohydrates important for brain function Grams Kcal carbs 14kal per gram Liver glycogen 110 451 Muscle glycogen 500 2,050 blood glucose liver maintain during exercise Glucose in body fluids 15 62 Fat Grams Kcal fat you can see-visible /between organs fat Adipose tissue triglycerides (subcutaneous and visceral) have fatty acid that can be used as energy during exercise 7,800 73,320 9 kcal per gram Intramuscular triglycerides already in muscle for energy 161 1,513 Total 7,961 74,833 Note. Estimates based on 65 kg person (143 lb) with ~12% body fat.  O ATP Homeostasis: Supply vs Demand  allow & Myosin crossbridge formation allow contraction to occur ATPase reticulum Ca sarcoplasmic 2+ in breakdown diP Cat to SR to return Na+/K+ transport of K" into Nat out of the cell cell ATPase ATPase ATPase facilitated by build up ADP ATP + H2O breakdown ATP to do muscle contraction ADP + Pi “Demand” need to meet the demand “Supply” energy ② Phosphagen Non-Oxidative Oxidative anaerobic glycolysis Breakdown Glycolysis Metabolism  O *Exercise creates an energy demand or Bo ATP demand = Increased ADP and decreased ATP Need to find a way to regenerate ATP Energy/ATP supply comes from the energy pathways which are “turned on” by the D high ADP accumulation PCr System Anaerobic Glycolysis Oxidative Metabolism …More on the “supply” in Module 2!  Type I and II Fibers During Exercise & TYPE I FIBERS (slow twitch) Can maintain exercise for prolonged periods. Require oxygen for ATP production. Recruited for low-intensity aerobic exercise and daily activities. TYPE II FIBERS (fast twitch) Fatigue quickly (poor aerobic endurance). Produce more force Produce ATP anaerobically. PCr system Mycolytic not much milo-can't use oxidative system Type IIa vs. IIx more aerobic most anaerobic Type I and II Fibers During Exercise & Type I Type II Type IIx Overview of Muscle Energy Systems in next module ② System Location O2? Fuel Storage Form Phosphagen cytosol X phosphocreatine (PCr) Glycolytic cytoplasm/cytosol X glucose glycogen , acid aminoacid fatty triglyceride Oxidative mitochondria v glucose , glycogen , FAs , TGs AA , , Overview of Muscle Energy Systems in next module System Location O2? Fuel Storage Form ~ Phosphagen Glycolytic Oxidative once in leave glucese get muscle it's it can't trapped false , ~ false insulin