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 PLANTS: MORPHINE - FROM AIR DRIED MILK EXUDATE OF PHARMACOGNOSY P.somniferum - standard for anesthetic - pro...

 PLANTS: MORPHINE - FROM AIR DRIED MILK EXUDATE OF PHARMACOGNOSY P.somniferum - standard for anesthetic - prototype for narcotic analgesic Knowledge of drugs and pharmaceuticals INSULIN - BOVINE - Bos taurus Derived from Greek terms: - PORCINE - Sus scrofa - HUMAN - RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY Pharmakon= DRUG 1st company to produce RDT - ELI LILY COMPANY Gignosco= KNOWLEDGE MICROBES - Penicillin - Penicillium notatum - Biological source rn: Penicillum chrysagenum An applied science that deals with biological, biochemical, and economic features of drugs or biological origin and their constituents. Study of Drugs from natural sources (plants, animals, microbes) HISTORICAL BACKGROUND BABYLONIANS First to use clay models in studying plants or animals LAW OF HAMMURABI - how plants are being used - Incantations and Magic EGYPTIANS Knowledge in Embalming Papyrus Ebers: oldest and most important medical papyri HAO: Hemlock, Aloe, Opium Poison Hemlock - Death sentence GREEKS PEDANIOS DIOSCORIDES Wrote De Materia Medica libri Cinque Described 600 plants EBACO: Ergot, Belladonna, Aloe, Colchicum, Opium HISTORICAL BACKGROUND CLAUDIOS GALEN: Father of Pharmaceutical Compounding Describe the methods of preparing formulas containing plant and animal constituents. GALENICALS: Cold cream- aka Galen’s cerate’ most famous galenical HIPPOCRATES: Father of Medicine Described the origin and science of disease Hippocratic oath ( in doctors ) HISTORICAL BACKGROUND GERMANS C. A. SEYDLER 1815 Introduced the term pharmacognosy in Analecta Pharmacognostica “pharmakon” – drug; “gnosis” – knowledge J. A. SCHIMDT 1811 First to coin the word pharmacognosy in his writing Lehrbuch de Materia Medica published in Vienna HISTORICAL BACKGROUND GERMANS FRIEDRICH AUGUST FLUCKIGER stated the comprehensive scope of pharmacognosy “Pharmacognosy is simultaneous application of the various scientific principle to acquire knowledge of drugs in every point of view” Science that deals with the biologic, biochemical, and economic features of natural drugs and their constituents. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND INDIANS AYURVEDA The oldest surviving complete medical system Comprehensive outlook to a healthy life "the balance of elements" CHINESE LI SHIZHEN Pen Tsao Kang Mu Wrote the Chinese version of Materia Medica DR. TU YOUYOU Discovered Artemisinin - Novel Drug for Malaria ISOLATIONS/ DISCOVERIES Joseph Caventou & Pell ettier - Quinine Joseph Caventou Quinine and Caffeine Pierre Robiquet Codeine anti tussive Serturner Morphine opioid analgesic (prototype) Rudolf Brandes Hyoscyamine and Noscapine Rudolf Brandes and Philipp Geiger Atropine similar to hyoscyamine - racemic mixture of levo and dextro hyoscyamine Johannes Buchner Salicin and Nicotine alcohol glycoside Smoking cessation ISOLATIONS/ DISCOVERIES Albert Niemman Isolated cocaine 1st local anesthetic used in eye surgical procedures Carl Koller Demonstrated the clinical use of cocaine Felix Hoffman First made pure ASA Albert Hoffman LSD most active and potent hallucinogen Frederick Banting and Charles Best Isolated insulin from dog pancreas Jokiche Takamine Recognized isolator of epinephrine TERMS MATERIA MEDICA/ MEDICINAL MATERIALS It is synonymous with the substances and products derived from natural sources and employed by physicians in the old days. DRUGS Are substances whether natural or synthetic, having therapeutic or medicinal properties and chiefly used as medicines or an ingredients in medicines. TERMS Indigenous plants plants that is found in a specific locality Naturalized plants any foreign plant that is able to survive conditions of certain locality Crude Drugs vegetable and animal drugs that consist of natural substance that have undergone only the process of collection and drying Health foods are products of natural origin many of which without therapeutic effect used by the laity in the self-treatment of diseases. TERMS DERIVATIVES OR EXTRACTIVES Chief principles / constituents Substance or mixture of substances present in crude drugs which are separated by various means and are employed in a more specific manner. Solvent Substance Marc: solid part; to be discarded Alcohol Resin Menstruum: Liquid part; solvent Acetone Chlorophyll Acetic acid Solanin B.E QUESTION Hot benzene Chrysarobin Hexane Fats TERMS METHODS OF EXTRACTION Infusion- hot or cold water; 3-5 minutes only e.g TEA Maceration- soaked in solvent for long periods of time Percolation- filtering of fluids through porous materials Percolator and filter aids ( cotton, filter paper) Digestion- for hepatic encephalopathy Fructose + Galactose Brand name: Duphalac Produces by the alkaline rearrangement of lactose Use: Cathartic when lactulose is metabolized in the colon --------> acetic acid and lactic acid ---> irritation (laxative effect) IDEAL: myocardial iinfection and stroke GLYCOSIDIC BONDS DISACCHARIDE GLYCOSIDIC BONDS Maltose Glc α 1, 4 glc Cellobiose glc β1, 4 glc Reducing sugars Lactose gal β1, 4 glc Sucrose glc α1, β2 fru Trehalose glc α1, α1 glc Non reducing sugars BENEDICT: REDUCING VS NON REDUCING BARFOEDS: TEST TO DETECT THE PRESENCE OF REDUCING MONOSACCHARIDES Oligosaccharides 3 - 10 SUGAR UNITS SUGAR SUGAR UNITS RAFFINOSE Gal + Glu + Fru intermediate product of starch MALTOTRIOSE Glu + Glu + Glu SUCRALOSE Glu + Fru + Gal GENTIANOSE Glu + Glu + Fru  ACID POLYSACCHARIDE Polysaccharides - glycosaminoglycans - sulfuric ester group and carboxyl group Carbohydrate units (up to 1, 000, 000) All are NON-REDUCING CARBOHYDRATES Functions: storage and structure of cells for energy HOMOGLYCAN HETEROGLYCAN Contains the SAME type of Contain DIFFERENT types of monosaccharide monosaccharide subunits Starch Gums Glycogen Mucilage Inulin Dextran Cellulose Chitin HOMOGLYCANS STARCH Yield only one type of monosaccharide unit upon hydrolysis STARCH SOLUBLE STARCH Temporary storage form of photosynthetic products in plants DEXTRIN Most widely distributed organic compound in plants ENZYMES that breakdown starch: MALTOSE α-amylase –pancreatic juice and saliva β-amylase –hydrolyzes it to maltose 2 GLUCOSE uses: diluent, disintegrating agent suspension: antidote for iodine poisoning starch iodocomplex is CHANNEL LATTICE HOMOGLYCANS STARCH POLYMERS AMYLOSE AMYLOPECTIN Linear Branched (every 25 units) Composed of 250 to 300 D- Consists of 1000 or more glucopyranose units glucose units Linked by α-1,4 glycosidic bonds α-1,4 linkages, α-1, 6 (branching every 25 units) Soluble in water Less soluble in water Amylose + Iodine = DEEP BLUE Amylopectin + Iodine = DEEP COMPLEX BLUE-VIOLET COMPLEX HOMOGLYCANS STARCH PREPARATIONS Pregelatinized starch- mechanical or chemical process to rupture all parts of granules in the presence of water used as binders Sodium Starch Glycolate- tablet disintegrant Hetastarch- semisynthetic material used as plasma expander at 6% concentration HOMOGLYCANS GLYCOGEN stored in liver and skeletal muscle Well known to be Animal Starch Storage form of carbohydrates in animals α 1, 4 glucose and α 1, 6 every 8-10 units - more branched than amylopectin HOMOGLYCANS INULIN Aka hydrous inulin only fructofuranose Fructan; yields fructose units upon hydrolysis Primary source: Chicory (Chicorium intybus) Uses: To measure GFR Microbial culture media HOMOGLYCANS CELLULOSE - glucan ( B 1,4) Not digested by mammalian enzyme system because they lack CELLULASE hydrolyzes cellulose Most abundant organic matter Cell wall of plants ; major component CELLULOSE DERIVATIVES PURIFIED COTTON from the hair of the seeds of Gossypium hirsutum Uses: Textiles, mechanical protection against bacteria; surgical dressing Gossypol - Male contraceptive - it was found out that it cause infertility CELLULOSE DERIVATIVES POWDERED CELLULOSE purified, mechanically disintegrated cellulose used as a self-binding tablet diluent and disintegrating agent PURITY of cellulose is defined by its solubility in NaOH: The cellulose remaining insoluble is termed alpha-cellulose. The greater the quantity of alpha-cellulose present, the higher the quality of the material CELLULOSE DERIVATIVES PURIFIED RAYON Bleached Regenerated Cellulose 12.5% of Titanium Dioxide For clothing and surgical dressings CELLULOSE DERIVATIVES MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE Diluent Avicel® purified, partially depolymerized alpha-cellulose excipient made by acid hydrolysis of specialty wood HYPROMELLOSE active constituent/ generic name of Blue eyemo Eye lubricant Red Eyemo (Tetrahydrozoline HCL) Green (Boric acid)  Cotton HNO3 CELLULOSE DERIVATIVES H2SO4 Pyroxylin ALCOHOL (1) ETHER(3) PYROXYLIN/SOLUBLE GUN COTTON / NITROCELLULOSE Collodion Obtained from the action of Nitric Acid and Sulfuric Acids on Cotton CASTOR OIL CAMPHOR Flexible collodion Pyroxylin + Alcohol + Ether (1:3)  COLLODION Collodion + castor oil (3%) (for flexibility) and camphor (for water- proofing) (2%)  FLEXIBLE COLLODION HOMOGLYCANS CHITIN STRUCTURAL POLYSACCHARIDE IN PLANTS N-acetylglucosamine polymer Found in exoskeletons of animals/ insect Component of fungal cell wall TARGET OF ANTIBIOTIC ECHINOCANDINS  HETEROGLYCANS Yield more than one type of monosaccharide units upon hydrolysis GUMS AND MUCILAGES Natural plant hydrocolloids that may be classified as anionic or non- ionic polysaccharides Produced by plants as a protective after injury GUMS MUCILAGES PATHOLOGICAL products PHYSIOLOGICAL products Produce OUTSIDE the plants cell Produce INSIDE the plant cell In water, sticky Soluble in water Insoluble in water slimy and paste like consistency Protective after injury Important for growth of plants suspending agent/thickener HETEROGLYCANS A. PLANT EXUDATE (SHRUB OR TREE EXUDATES) Karaya Gum Acacia Tragacanth Indian Gum A. PLANT EXUDATE (SHRUB OR TREE EXUDATES) KARAYA GUM Source: Sterculia urens (Sterculia species) AKA: Fetid gum / foul- smelling Least soluble of all exudates Uses: Suspending agent and laxative (karaya + frangula) MOVICOL A. PLANT EXUDATE (SHRUB OR TREE EXUDATES) ACACIA MOST RESISTANT TO ALCOHOL Sources: Acacia Senegal; Acacia arabica AKA: Gum acacia, Gum arabic Constituent: Arabin =calcium, magnesium, potassium Uses: Suspending agent and emulsifying agent 35-36% DISPERSION IN WATER A. PLANT EXUDATE (SHRUB OR TREE EXUDATES) TRAGACANTH Source: Astragalus gummifer MOST RESISTANT TO HYDROLYSIS AKA: Gum tragacanth; Hog gum BEST MUCILAGE Uses: 6% Suspending agent, stabilizing, solubilizing, viscosity-builder. 5-6% DISPERSION IN WATER A. PLANT EXUDATE (SHRUB OR TREE EXUDATES) TRAGACANTH Constituents: Bassorin 70% (Insoluble in H2O)- SWELLS Tragacanthin 30% (soluble in H2O) –THICKENER Arabinogalactan (Neutral). Forms: Vermiform worm - like - yellowish brown Sorts tear-like - yellowish brown Ribbon-like/ Flake flat Thin-sheets - commonly used, preferred A. PLANT EXUDATE (SHRUB OR TREE EXUDATES) INDIAN GUM Source: Anogeissus latifolia AKA: Ghatti gum used as substitute for Gum arabic good tonic to women after birth  Plant exudate Notes Sterculia urens Karaya/ Fetid gum Use: Suspending agent Acacia/ Gum Arabic Acacia senegal -it remains in solution, at alcohol Use: SuspendingAgent conc. below 60% Tragacanth Astragalus gummifer Tragacanthin (30%) Non-swelling Use: SuspendingAgent Bassorin- (70%) Swelling Anogeissus latifolia Indian Gum/ Ghatti Gum Use: substitute for acacia HETEROGLYCANS B. MARINE GUM components of cell walls and membranes of various algae where they serve as reserve food material. ALGIN CARAGEENAN AGAR DANISH AGAR B. MARINE GUM BROWN ALGAE - FOR HERPES = FUCOIDAN ALGIN Eudistomin - sponges ; antiviral alginate salts Source: brown seaweed - Macrocystis pyrifera --> GI disturbance AKA: Sodium alginate; Alginic acid sodium (Gaviscon) Uses: Film-forming agent in the rubber and paint industry Distinction Insoluble in organic solvents and acid Soluble in water Stabilizing colloid in ice cream manufacturing B. MARINE GUM CARAGEENAN Sources: red algae and seaweeds of Chondrus crispus & Gigartina mamillosa AKA: Irish moss, Chondrus Uses: Stabilizer in emulsion and suspension, gelating agents, bulk laxative Phlogistic agent for reducing inflammation Forms: KAPPA- gelling component IOTA- gelling component LAMBDA- non-gelling; THICKENER B. MARINE GUM AGAR Sources: Gelidium catilageneum, Gracilaria confervoides AKA: Japanese Isinglas Use: Gelatin Constituents: Agarose- low sulfate content Agaropectin- high sulfate Uses: Laxative, suspending agent, gellating agent, culture medium B. MARINE GUM DANISH AGAR Source: Furcellaria fastigiata Similar to Kappa carrageenan gelling component  Marine gum Source Constituents Brown seaweeds Mannuronic acid- major Algin Macrocystis pyrifera component Red algae Kappa – gelling component Carageenan or Chondrus crispus Iota – gelling component Irish Moss Gigartina mamillosa Lambda – nongellling; thickener Algae Agar or Japanese Gelidium catilageneum Agarose Isinglas Agaropectin Gracilaria confervoides Danish Agar Furcellaria fastigiata Similar to Kappa carrageenan HETEROGLYCANS C. SEED GUM Plantago/ Psyllium Locust Bean/ Carob pulp Guar Gum Cydonium/ Quince Seed C. SEED GUM PLANTAGO Sources: Plantago psyllium (spanish), Plantago ovato (blonde) AKA: Psyllium seed, Plantago ovata, Ispaghula Least soluble of all exudates Constituent: Xylose, Arabinose, Rhamnose, Galactouronic acid bulk laxative C. SEED GUM LOCUST BEAN Source: Ceretonia siliqua AKA: Carob Flour; Carob Gum (St. John’s bread). Resembles Chocolates chocolate substitute Seed gum Source Notes Dried seed of Plantago Constituent: Xylose, Psyllium psyllium - spanish Arabinose, Rhamnose, Plantago ovata – blonde Galactouronic acid Cydonium / Ripe seed of Cydonia Quince Thixotropic vulgaris seed Constituent: Guaran Guar gum or Endosperm of Cyamopsis Use: Bulk laxative, Guaran tetragonolobus disintegrant, thickener Locust Bean Endosperm of the seed of Gum/ Carob Resembles chocolate Ceratonia siliqua pulp HETEROGLYCANS C. MICROBIAL GUM produce by microorganisms during fermentation process Xanthan gum Dextran D. MICROBIAL GUM XANTHAM GUM Source: Xanthomonas compestris has pseudoplastic property which enable toothpastes and ointments to hold their shape and spread readily. DEXTRAN Source: Leuconostoc mesenteroides 10% solution as plasma expander causes hypersensestivity, anaphylaxis rxn. DRUGS CONTAINING COMPOUNDS METABOLICALLY RELATED TO SUGARS CHERRY JUICE Liquid expressed from fresh, ripe fruit of Prunus cerasus Linne (Rosaceae) contains NLT 1% malic acid can be sourced out from apples flavored vehicle ex. cherry syrup CITRIC ACID C6H5O7 Isolated in crystal form from lemon juice by Scheele in 1784 Acidulant (control acidity)  tartrate citrate LACTIC ACID from lactose breakdown too much lactic fermentation product of sugar granules too dry " crumble" "sticky" Acidulant (infant feeding formulas) pyridine + emerald green present in feminine wash acetic anhydride carmiine red TARTARIC ACID by-product of the wine industry substitute for citric acid in buffer system and in effervescent formulations FUMARIC ACID Used for drug salts (ex. Fe fumarate) SUGAR ALCOHOLS MANNITOL reduction of mannose or isolation from manna (dried exudate from Fraxinus ornus Linne (Oleaceae) 50-60% mannitol Diuretic osmotic SORBITOL (D-glucitol) ripe berries of mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia Linne (Rosaceae)) ingredient in toothpaste, chewing gum 1/2 as sweet as sucrose but no increase in blood sugar ALCOHOL Product of fermentation by yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) 95% ethanol by volume @15.56°C Uses: Disinfectant, Vehicles rubbing alcohol 70% tinctures, elixirs PLANT EXTRACTIVE Types of liquor PECTIN - Polygalactoronic acid + pentoses - Found in citrus rind and apple pomase a. Brandy- from grapes USES: antidiarrheal (Kaopectate) b. Whiskey- fermented malt grain KAOLIN + PECTATE c. Rum- fermented molasses d. Vodka- from unmalted grain/ potato e. Gin- from juniper berries f. Tequila- from agave GLYCOSIDES plant constituents which produce sugar (glucose, rhamnose) as a product of hydrolysis “sugar ethers” sugar non sugar glycone agylcone Can be alpha or beta but plants contains only beta glycosides. β form is more common and mostly hydrolyzed by enzymes. COMPONENTS: Aglycone, aglycon, or genin: non sugar component of glycosides Glycone: sugar component - glucose CLASSIFICATION OF THE GLYCOSIDES BASED ON THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE AGLYCONE GROUP Cardiac group Anthraquinone group Saponin group Cyanophore group Glucosinolate or Isothiocyanate group Flavonol group Alcohol group Aldehyde group Phenol group CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES Related to steroids, CPPP nucleus STRUCTURE: 3 Components 1. Deoxysugar keller killani test - reddish brown (+) 2. CPPP nucleus salkowski and lieberrman burchard test (+) red/violet (green/blue) unsaturated yellow - saturated 3. Lactone keddes test (+) blue - violet CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES Cardiac glycosides can be further classified based in their lactone a. Cardenolides b. Bufadienolides discovered from bufalin - isolated from skin of toad Cardenolides Bufadienolides More common Less common Optimum activity Less activity C-23 alpha and beta C-24 double bonded; unsaturated unsaturated 5-membered lactone ring 6-membered lactone ring CARDENOLIDES FOXGLOVES FOXGLOVES: Digitalis purpurea- DIGITOXIN GRECIAN FOXGLOVES: Digitalis lanata- DIGOXIN Use: Arrythmogenic positive inotropic effect increases contraction of the heart Pigeon – used in the bioassay (potency) Antidote: Digoxin Immune fab LIDOCAINE 1st line for ventricular tachycardia associated with digitalis toxicity Inotropic - increase force of contraction chronotropic - increase HR Dromotropic - increase conduction velocity CARDENOLIDES OLEANDER/ ADELFA Source: Nerium oleander Genocide in Sri lanka Component: Oleandrin, Digitalinum verum Oral ingestion – can cause poisoning Mimics digoxin CARDENOLIDES LILY OF THE VALLEY/ CONVALLARIA Source: Convallaria majalis Liliaceae Component: Convallotoxin DOGBANE/ APOCYNUM Aka. Black Indian Hemp Source: Apocynum cannabinum Component: Cymarin CARDENOLIDES STROPHANTHUS Strophanthus kombe: K-stropanthin Strophantus gratus: G- stropanthin (oubain) Oubain- 3rd most important glycoside available in the market for the discovery of sodium potassium ATPase pump ADONIS Aka: Pheasant’s eye Source: Adonis vernalis (Ranunculaceae) Constituent: Adonitoxin, Cymarin, K- Strophantin BUFADIENOLIDES SQUILL/ SQUILL BULB Source: Urginea maritima (Hyacinthaceae) Component: SCILLAREN- A, converts to scillarenin which is more active Use: expectorant Red variety: rodenticide BUFADIENOLIDES BLACK HELLEBORE Aka Christmas rose Source: Helleborous niger Ranunculaceae Constituent: Hellebrin Varieties: expectorant Black – glycosidal, cardiac stimulant (inotropic) Green and White – alkaloidal, cardiac depressant CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME ACTIVE COMPONENT Grecian foxglove Digitalis lanata Digoxin Foxglove Digitalis purpurea Digitoxin Convallaria/ Lily of the Convallaria majalis Convallatoxin valley Adonis/Pheasant’s eye Adonis vernalis Adonitoxin Black hellebore/ Helleborus niger Bufadienolides Christmas rose Strophantus Strophantus kombe Ouabain Strophantus gratus Apocynum/ Dogbane Apocynum cannabinum Cymarin Adelfa Nerium oleander Oleandrin Squill Urginea maritima Scillaren, Bufadienolides ALCOHOL GLYCOSIDES salicyl alcohol oxidation SALICIN salicylic acid Most willow and poplar barks yield salicin, but the acetylation principal sources are Salix purpurea and S. fragilis aspirin Salicin is hydrolyzed into D- glucose and saligenin (salicyl alcohol) by emulsin POPULIN (benzoylsalicin) a glycoside that is also associated with salicin in the barks of Salicaceae / willow family ALDEHYDE GLYCOSIDES VANILLA Sources: Mexican/ Vera Cruz/ Bourbon- Vanilla plantifolia Tahitian- Vanilla tahitiensis Constituent: aldehyde aglycone Active: vanillin- aglycone Glucovanillin- glucoside portion 1st most expensive saphron 2nd most expensive Vanillin is methylprotocathechuic aldehyde or 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde PHENOL GLYCOSIDES UVA URSI/ BEARBERRY Sources: dried leaf of Arctostaphylos uva ursi (Fam. Ericaceae) Constituent: Arbutin inhibits tyrosinase, important in melanin production component of whitening product Uses: antiseptic and astringent, diuretic (internal) aglycone - hydroquinone POISON IVY/ UROSHIOL Sources: Rhus radicans, Rhus toxicodendron known to cause contact dermatitis type IV - hypersensitivity FLAVONOL GLYCOSIDES Aglycone: Flavonoids Yellow pigments: rutin and quercetin Anthocyanin - blue to violet coloration Citrus bioflavonoids: hesperidin, hesperitin, diosmin, naringen Vitamin P= RUTIN AND HESPERIDIN permeability factor Use: used in the treatment of various conditions characterized by capillary bleeding and increased capillary fragility ex. hemorrhoids FLAVONOL GLYCOSIDES MILK THISTHLE Source: Silybium marianum Constituents: Silibinin and Silymarin Use: Hepatoprotective (LIVER AIDE) GINGKO Source: Gingko biloba Gingkolides, Bilolobides Use: Memory enhancer  keddes test LACTONE GLYCOSIDES COUMARIN Source: Tonka beans- Dipteryx odorata Sweet clover- Melliolotus albus Constituents: Bishydroxycoumarin dicumarol Use: Anticoagulant LACTONE GLYCOSIDES CANTHARIDES Source: Spanish flies, Russian flies or Blistering flies- Cantharis vesicatoria Constituents: Cantharidin Can cause priapism and blister formation Use: Irritant, vesicant, rubefacient, and aphrodisiac. sustained erection - painful LACTONE GLYCOSIDES PSORALEN OR / BISHOPS FLOWER/ WEED Source: Ammi majus Use: Photosensitizing agent, used to treat vitiligo METHOXALEN, 8- METHOXYPSORALEN is used to facilitate the repigmentation of idiopathic vitiligo (leukoderma) and for symptomatic control of severe, disabling psoriasis. LACTONE GLYCOSIDES SANTONIN Obtained from unexpanded flowers of Artemisia species and was formerly used as anthelmintic GRAPEFRUIT JUICE Constituents: Bergapten, bergamottin Use: CYP inhibitor. LACTONE GLYCOSIDES COMMON NAME BIOLOGICAL SOURCE ACTIVE COMPONENT/ USE Coumarin Tonka beans- Dipteryx Bishydroxycoumarin dicumarol odorata Use: Anticoagulant Sweet clover: Melliolotus albus- Dicumarol Cantharides insect Spanish flies, Russian flies or Cantharidin Blistering flies- Cantharis Causes blister formation and vesicatoria priapism Use: Irritant, vesicant, aphrodisiac, and rubefacient. Psoralen Ammi majus Photosensitizing agent Santonin Artemisia spp. Santonin Use: Anthelmintic Grapefruit juice Citrus paradisi Bergapten, Bergamottin Use: CYP inhibitor SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES forms colloidal structure with water which forms upon shaking (froth test) Steroidal in nature Hemolytic - hemolysis of RBC “Fish killers” Aglycone: Sapogenin; Toxic Aglycone; Sapotoxin Structure either: Tetracyclic ring; C27- widely distributed in nature, A. Steroidal/ neutral Ex. Diosgenin great pharmaceutical importance B. Triterpenoidal/ acidic Ex. Ginsenoside, Licorice pentacyclic ring; C30 SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES GLYCYRRHIZA dried rhizomes and roots Sources: Spanish licorice- Glycyrrhiza glabra Constituent: Glycyrrhizin 50x sweeter as sugar Demulcent, expectorant, flavoring agent Masks the bitter taste of quinine Eriodictyon - paralyze taste buds licorice extract - treatment of Peptic ulcer disease and addison's disease GLYCYRRHIZA’S CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS Glycyrrhizin - accounts for the sweet taste of licorice root. Glycyrrhetic acid- with anti-inflammatory effects Glycyrrhizic acid is a molecule composed of a hydrophilic part, two molecules of glucuronic acid, and a hydrophobic fragment, glycyrrhetic acid. Liquiritin - flavonoid content of the plant that gives a yellow color of licorice. Glabridin and hispaglabridins have significant antioxidant activity Glabridin possess estrogen-like activity. SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES DIOSCOREA/ YAM Sources: genus Dioscorea sp. (Dioscoreaceae) Mexican yam: Dioscorea floribunda Constituent: Diosgenin, botogenin, sapogenin anti inflammatory best source of steroid/cortisone precursor AGAVE Sources: Agave cantala Source of mollusicide- rich in fiber Pesticides SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES GINSENG Sources: Panax ginseng – Asian ginseng Panax quinquefolius – American ginseng Constituent: Ginsenosides, Panaxosides, chikusetsusaponins Use: Tonic stimulant, adaptogenic, aphrodisiac anti stress activity SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES COMMON NAME BIOLOGICAL ACTIVE SOURCE COMPONENT/ USE Glycyrrhhiza Dried rhizome and roots of Glycyrrhizin- active Glycyrrhiza glabra constituent (Spanish) -50x as sweet as sugar *glycyrrhetic acid- anti- inflammatory Dioscorea Dioscorea floribunda Diosgenin- major (Mexican yam)- best precursor of -AKA: Yam source of steroid glucocorticoids Ginseng Panax ginseng (Korea) Aphrodisiac Adaptogen Panax quinquefolius (American) Agave Agave cantala Source of mollusicide ISOTHIOCYANATE GLYCOSIDES AKA: GLUCOSINOLATES or mustard glycosides Sources; abundant in dicot families e.g Brassicaceae ISOTHIOCYANATE GLYCOSIDES BLACK MUSTARD AKA: brown mustard, Sinapis nigra Source; dried ripe seed of Brassica nigra or B. juncea aglycone (Brassicaceae) potassium myrosinate ally isothiocyanate myrosin Constituents: Sinigrin (Potassium myrosinate) allyl isothiocyanate (mustard oil - volatile) Uses: Local irritant, emetic, rheumatic arthritis ISOTHIOCYANATE GLYCOSIDES WHITE MUSTARD AKA: Sinapis alba, English mustard Source; dried ripe seed of Brassica alba (Brassicaceae) Constituents: Sinalbin (p– hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate) Acrynyl isothiocyanate (less volatile) Uses: same with black mustard myrosin P - hydroxybenzylisothiocyante Acrynyl isothiocyanate ISOTHIOCYANATE GLYCOSIDES RAPESEED Source: Brassica napus Constituents: Gluconapin WATERCRESS Source: Nasturtium officinale Constituents: Gluconastrin ISOTHIOCYANATE GLYCOSIDES allinase aliin allicin (active) GARLIC/ BAWANG (blood thinner) Source: bulb of Allium sativum (Liliaceae) Constituents: allicin active form Use: anti-hyperlipidemic activity, enhances blood fibrinolytic activity, inhibits platelet aggregation (antithrombotic agent), warfarin + asian decrease blood glucose ginseng = thrombosis G - herbs anti coagulant - Garlic warfarin - Ginger = increased risk of bleeding - Gingko biluba (anti - platelet) hemorrhage ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES Commonly used as cathartic: MOA: increase smooth muscle tone in the wall of the large intestine peristalsis Cascara sagrada Frangula Aloe Rhubarb Senna Chrysarobin Aglycone: Anthracene quinone with double ketone in ring ID test: Borntrager’s test - ammonium hydroxide ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES CASCARA SAGRADA AKA. Rhamnus pursha, sacred bark, bitter bark Source: Rhamnus purshianus (Rhamnaceae) Bitter taste MgO ( for curing) primary glycoside Constituent: of aloin Cascarosides A and B - optical isomer of barbaloin Cascarosides C and D - optical isomer of chrysalon use: cathartic Lane's Pill - casanthranol - purified anthranol glycosides derived from Cascara sagrada ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES FRANGULA AKA. Buckthorn bark Source: Rhamnus frangula Use: Laxative, purgative Karaya + frangula (MOVICOL) - for constipation ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES ALOE AKA. Aloe vera Source: Aloe barbadensis/Aloe vera (Curacao) Aloe ferox, aloe spicata (Cape aloe) Constituents: barbaloin- chief constituents Aloe emodin (B-glycosides) Aloin (C-glycosides) thickener in lotion and yogurt Uses: cathartic, pharmaceutical aide for compounding benzoin, management of xray burn, management of skin irritations and abrasions ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES RHUBARB AKA. Rheum, chinese rhubarb Sources: Chinese: Rheum officinale, Rheum planatum Indian/Himalayan: Rheum emodi, Rheum webbianum Ornamental: Rheum rhaponatum Rhein anthrones- principal constituent Use: Cathartic ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES SENNA AKA. Senna folium, senna leaves Sources: Alexandria senna – Cassia acutifolia (Fabaceae) Tinnevalley senna – Cassia angustifolia (Fabaceae) Constituent: Sennoside (Senokot) - more potent than cascarosides Use: Laxative ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES CHRYSAROBIN AKA. Goa powder Sources: Andira araroba Use: Keratolytic Only anthraquinone that is not used as a cathartic because it is very irritating. for oral use solvent: Hot benzene ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES ST. JOHNS WORT cyp inducer Sources: Hypericum perforatum Constituent: Hyperforin Use: Antidepressant COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME ACTIVE COMPONENT Cascara Sagrada Dried bark of Rhamnus Cascaroside AKA Sacred bark purshianus Use; cathartic Frangula Dried bark of Rhamnus frangula MOVICOL: -AKA Buckthorn bark Frangula and Karaya Use: cathartic, laxative Aloe Dried latex of leaves of Aloe Barbaloin- principal constituent barbadensis (Curacao) Aloe Use: Cathartic, tx for burns, spicata (Cape aloe) emollient Rhubarb Dried rhizome and root of Rheum Rheinanthrones- principal AKA: Rheum or officinale (China) Rheum constituent Chinese rhubarb webbianum (India) Rheum emodi Use: Cathartic (India) Chrysarobin Andira araroba Keratolytic -from Goa powder Senna Dried leaflet of Cassia acutifolia Sennoside (Alexandria) Cassia angustifolia Use: Cathartic; more potent than (Tinnevelly Cascara sagrada St. Johns Wort Hypericum perforatum Hyperforin Use: Antidepressant  CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES bound poisons Yields hydrocyanic acid as one of the products found in Rosaceae plants main glycoside Amygdalin is the most widely distributed Derivatives of mandelonitrile Cyanide-containing compounds: Prunasin, Laetrile/Vitamin B17, Amygdalin controversial treatment for sickle cell anemia Guignard test- BRICK RED COLORATION  Emulsin - Amygdalase + Prunase CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES SOURCES OF AMYGDALIN glu - glu - mandelonitrile (amygladin) BITTER ALMOND- Prunus amygdalus amygladase APRICOT- Prunus armeniaca glu-mandelonitrile CHERRY- Prunus cerasus prunase Mandelonitrile dissociation SOURCES OF PRUNASIN WILD CHERRY- Prunus serotina HCN BENZALDEHYDE Peach Prunus Persica CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES NEEM Source: Azadirachta indica Use: Insecticide, insect repellent, and oral dentifrice Has effects that similar to Reye’s syndrome. TANNINS Group of complex phenolic compounds capable of combining with proteins Polypeptides that are difficult to separate because they do not crystallize Precipitates proteins from solutions and can combine with proteins, rendering resistant to proteolytic enzymes Industrial use: leather tanning, ink manufacture. Medical use: astringent, hemostatic, antidiarrheal, antidote in alkaloid and tx of bleeding or burns heavy metals toxicity. In laboratory: reagent for detection of proteins, alkaloids and heavy metals because of their precipitating properties  General test: Gelatin Test CLASSIFICATION OF TANNINS BASED IN GOLDBEATER’S SKIN TEST GOLD BEATER’S SKIN TEST no can ppt leather PSEUDOTANNINS TRUE TANNINS chlorogenic acid quinic acid HYDROLYZABLE NON-HYDROLYZABLE - Soak a small piece of goldbeater's skin in 20% hydrochloric acid - Rinse with distilled water and place in the solution to be tested for 5 min. - Wash with distilled water and transfer to a 1% solution of ferrous sulphate. - A brown or black color on the skin denotes the presence of tannins. HYDROLYSABLE TANNINS Esters of sugars and phenolic acid molecules Heating with hydrochloric or Sulfuric acids yield gallic or ellagic acids GALLIC ACID Examples: Rhubarb Gall Clove ELLAGIC ACID Examples: Pomegranate Eucalyptus HYDROLYSABLE TANNINS Converted to pyrogallol derivatives upon dry distillation. Soluble in water and produces bluish- black color with ferric chloride. No precipitate in bromine water Leather type: Bloom NON-HYDROLYSABLE/ CONDENSED TANNINS Proanthocyanidins treatment with acids or enzymes  red insoluble compounds known as phlobaphenes. On dry distillation, they yield catechol derivatives. Soluble in water and produces green color with ferric chloride. Precipitate in bromine water Leather type: Tanners red NON-HYDROLYSABLE/ CONDENSED TANNINS MATCH STICK TEST: When a match stick is dipped in tannin extract followed by HCl & warmed near a flame it turns pink in color. lignins Upon hydrolysis of the tannins due to HCl, phloroglucinol is formed which reacts with the lignin of the wood to produce the pink color.  HYDROLYZABLE NON- TANNINS HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS Other names Pyrogallotannins Phlobatannins Condensed tannins Composition Glucose, phenolic acids Flavonols Dry distillation Pyrogallol Pyrocatechin Leather type Bloom Tanners red Bromine No precipitate Precipitate FeCl3 Black to blue coloration Brown and green KMnO4 (+) decolorization (-) decolorization Condy's crystal violet SOURCES OF TANNINS HAMMAMELIS/ WITCH HAZEL/ HAZEL NUT SN: Hammamelis virginiana (Hammamelidaceae) Constituent: Hammamelitannin, 2 hexen-1-al anti hemmoroids Uses: Astringent, hemostatic/antihemorrhagic, mild anti-hemorrhoids tx for insect bite and stings SOURCES OF TANNINS NUTGALL excresence from the twigs of Quercus infectoria (Fagaceae) – gall wasps Insect: Cynips tinctoria (Cynipdae) when hymenopterous insect punctures the plant Most important source of tannic acid - universal antidote 50-70% Uses: Hemostatic, antidote for alkaloids, tanning and dyeing tannic acid - astringent tx for alkaloidal poisoning SOURCES OF TANNINS BLACK CATECHU Acacia catechu, Acacia chundra (Leguminosae) Uses: Astringent, treatment of ulcers, diarrhea, and used in tanning industry PSEUDOTANNINS MW : 1000 - 5000 Compounds of lower molecular weight than true tannins and they do not respond to the goldbeater's skin test. dont convert animal hide into leather Examples of drugs containing Pseudotannins are: Catechins: Guarana, Cocoa Chlorogenic acid: Mate, Coffee Ipecacuanhic acid: ipecacuanha Ipecac  Vehicles for IM injections, Cottonseed, Corn oil, peanut oil, Sesame oil Cathartic - castor oil LIPIDS Manufacture of paints, varnish. Drying oils High calorie value - nutrient in manuf. of TPN Esters of long chain fatty acids and alcohols, or of closely related derivatives consists of fixed oils, fats and waxes known as lipins or lipoids protein - amino acid NOT CONSIDERED TO BE POLYMERS carbs - monosaccharide no monomer units nucleic acid - nucleotides FIXED OILS FATS WAXES Long chain unsaturated FA Long chain saturated fatty FA Long chain FA + High + glycerol + glycerol MW alcohol Liquid at room temperature Solid at room temperature Solid to semi solid Low melting point High melting point from vegetables from animals either plants or animals only solid oil: Theobroma oil only liquid oil: cod liver oil only liquid wax: Jojoba oil PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS CHEMICAL Hydrolysis: Triglycerides yield glycerol and fatty acid Oxidation Rancidity Heating Formation of propenal/ acrolein (CH2OH)2CHOH → CH2=CHCHO + 2 H2O glycerol acrolein/ propenal - cause black marking in filter paper or in cheese cloth Saponification : FA + Alkali  Soap FA + KOH = SOFT SOAP FA + NaOH = CaOH - Hard SOAP PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS USP TESTS Acid value: mg of KoH needed to neutralize free FA in 1 gram of sample Ester value: mg of KoH needed to saponify esters in 1 gram Saponification value/ Koettsdorfer value: AV + EV Hydroxyl value: mg KOH neutralize acid combined by acylation and to hydrolyze esters Acetyl value (Free acid) mg KOH neutralize the acetic acid free by hydrolysis Iodine value: gram of iodine absorbed by 100 grams of sample measures the degree of unsaturation PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS IODINE VALUE gram of iodine absorbed by 100 grams of sample Measures the degree of UNSATURATION IODINE VALUE RANGE EXAMPLES Non-drying 120 Linseed, Cod liver oil FATTY ACIDS KINDS OF ACIDS Based on the number of carboxyl group 1. MONOCARBOXYLIC ACIDS- one carboxylic acid group A. Saturated FA B. Unsaturated FA A. SATURATED FATTY ACIDS B. UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS essential fatty acid Palmitoleic – 16:1 (9)/ ω- 7 Oleic acid – 18:1 (9)/ ω- 9 Linoleic acid – 18:2 (9,12)/ ω- 6 precursor or arachidonic Linolenic acid – 18:3 (9,12,15)/ ω- 3 precursor of omega-3-fatty acids Arachidonic acid – 20:4 (5,8,11,14) Eicosapentaenoic acid – 20:5 (5,8,11,17) OMEGA-3-FA Docosahexanoic – 22: 6 (4,7,10,13, 16, 19) B. UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS TYPES: A. Monounsaturated FA- has only one double bonds B. Polyunsaturated FA- more than one double bond Eloidic acid (trans form) gamma form - evening primrose - for menstrual cramps FATTY ACIDS 2. DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS- Two carboxylic acid group #C NAME 2 Oxalic 3 Malonic 4 Succinic 5 Glutaric 6 Adipic 7 Pimelic 8 Suberic 9 Azelaic 10 Sebacic BIOLOGICAL SOURCES OF OIL BIOLOGICAL SOURCES OF OILS CASTOR OIL From the ripe seed of Ricinus communis Linne’ (Fam. Euphorbiaceae) contains 75% tricinolein stimulant cathartic at 15- 60 ml 3% used externally for emollient effect and a plasticizer in flexible collodion Manufacture of soaps RICIN- toxic Lubricant in combustion engines RICINOLEIC ACID- an ingredient in a vaginal jelly for restoration and maintenance for vaginal acidity. BIOLOGICAL SOURCES OF OILS CASTOR OIL RICINOLEIC ACID and derivatives a. Undecyclenic acid- pyrolysis (antifungal) b. Azelaic acid- ozonolysis (anti-acne) component of our lipsticks BIOLOGICAL SOURCES OF OILS OLIVE OIL distinct taste AKA. Sweet oil, Oil of Europe, Pericarp oil obtained from the ripe fruit of Olea europea Linne’ (Fam. Oleaceae) 75% oleic acid monosaturated FA Use; pharmaceutic aid, preparation of soaps, plasters, liniments ID TEST: MILONS TEST BIOLOGICAL SOURCES OF OILS OLIVE OIL GRADES First Grade Virgin Olive Oil – extracted with less pressure Second Grade Virgin Olive Oil - pulp in the above-mentioned grade is extracted with more pressure Technical Oil - extracted with hot water Sulfur Grade - extracted with Carbon Disulfide; inferior quality Tournant Oil - fallen and decomposing fruit BIOLOGICAL SOURCES OF OILS PEANUT OIL AKA. Arachis oil Ripe fruit or seed of Arachis hypogaea Linne’ (Fam. Fabaceae) 50-60% oleic acid and 18-30% linoleic acid Not a true nut because the immature pod penetrates the soil and ripens underground SOLVENT FOR IM INJ. RICH IN VITAMIN B1 (thiamine) BIOLOGICAL SOURCES OF OILS SESAME OIL AKA. Teel oil, Benne oil Obtained from sesamum seed or sesame seed of one or more cultivated varieties of Sesamum indicum Linne’ (Family Pedaliaceae) 43% oleic acid, 43% linoleic acid contains sesamolin - synergest to pyrethoid = insecticide ID TEST: BAUDOUIN TEST SOLVENT FOR IM INJ. BIOLOGICAL SOURCES OF OILS CORN OIL SN: Zea mays 50% linoleic acid and 37% oleic acid germ cake oil – residue upon expression SOLVENT FOR IM INJ. widely used in food preparations BIOLOGICAL SOURCES OF OILS COTTONSEED OIL Refined fixed oil, obtained from the seed of cultivated plants of various varieties of Gossypium hirsutum or of other species of Gossypium (Fam. Malvaceae) 45% linoleic acid, 30% oleic contains 0.6% gossypol- male infertility male contraceptive but cause infertility ID TEST: HALPHEN-BEVAN TEST SOLVENT FOR IM INJ BIOLOGICAL SOURCES OF OILS SOYBEAN OIL From the ripe seed of Glycine soja (Fam. Fabaceae) Seeds contain about 35% of carbohydrates, up to 50% of protein substance, up to 20% of the fixed oil, and the enzyme, UREASE 50% linoleic and 30% oleic acid Source of lecithin and stigmasterol BIOLOGICAL SOURCES OF OILS ALMOND OIL AKA. Teel oil, Benne oil Obtained from the ripe seeds of the different varieties of Prunus amygdalus (Fam. Rosaceae) 77% oleic acid MONOSATURATED FA NON DRYING OIL EMOLLIENT IN COSMETICS BIOLOGICAL SOURCES OF OILS DRUPE COCONUT OIL SN:Cocos nucifera Linne’ (Fam. Arecaceae) Source: seed kernels of the coconut palm SATURATED FA 80% lauric acid and 15% myristic acid Contains high amounts of short chain fatty acids Lowest iodine value of the common fixed oils used in cooking and soap making BIOLOGICAL SOURCES OF OILS SAFFLOWER OIL SN: Catharamus tinctoria Natural oil source of linoleic acid (an essential omega-6-fatty acid) 75% linoleic acid Antilipemic agents reduce the levels of lipids and lipoproteins in the blood High good cholesterol (HDL) NICOTINIC ACID (NIACIN, B3 ) INCREASES HDL BIOLOGICAL SOURCES OF OILS SUNFLOWER OIL SN: Helianthus annuus 68% linoleic and 23% oleic acid alternative to safflower BIOLOGICAL SOURCES OF OILS PALM OIL obtained from freshly part (mesocarp) of the fruit of Elaeis guineensis Family: Arecaceae PALM KERNEL OIL obtained from palm kernels after separation, drying and cracking of the shell of the nut. key ingredient in soap and skin creams BIOLOGICAL SOURCES OF OILS RAPESEED OIL obtained from the seeds of Brassica campestris / B. napus Consists of mixture of triacylglycerols that are rich in unsaturated fatty acids canola oiI. 50% erucic acid - overtime use - adverse effect in the heart Not marketable because not good for the body Canola oil - erucic acid ( 0.2 -2%) used as cooking oil BIOLOGICAL SOURCES OF OILS LINSEED OIL AKA. Flaxseed oil obtained from the dried, ripe seed of Linum usitatissimum Linne’ ( Fam. Linaceae) DRYING OIL COMMONLY EMPLOYED IN PAINTS AND VARNISHES BIOLOGICAL SOURCES OF OILS POPPY SEED + IODINE ETHIODIZED OIL iodine addition of production of the ethyl ester of fatty acid of poppy seed Radiopaque for gynecological procedures FIXED OIL TEST Vegetable oil Serger’s test Cottonseed oil Halphen and Bevan test Teel Oil/ Sesame oil Badouin test Sweet Oil/ Olive oil Millon test FATS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS FATS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS THEOBROMA OIL COCOA BUTTER - most common as a good suppository base (rectal) AKA: Food for the gods POLYMORPHISM ALPHA - 22 degrees C ONLY SOLID OIL BETA - 28 Degrees C BETA PRIME - 34.5 degrees C - most stable GAMMA - 18 degrees C Nibs – broken cacao kernel Bitter chocolate– pure cacao butter that is congealed at room temperature Sweet chocolate– cacao butter with sugar and congealed at room temperature beverage FATS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS COD LIVER OIL From the fresh livers Gadus morrhua Linne ONLY LIQUID FAT Active constituent: Myristic and Palmitic acid Uses: SCOTTS EMULSION Sources of Vitamin A and D Topical emollient SODIUM MORRHUATE- Sclerosing agent FATS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS LANOLIN purified fat-like substance from the wool of sheep Ovis aries (bovidae) Lanolin (Hydrous wool fat) – contains 25 water: used as an ointment base Anhydrous lanolin (wool fat) – contain 0.25% water; Water- absorbable ointment base FATS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS BUTTER FAT Source: Bos Taurus contains Palmitic and oleic acid LARD Fat from internal fat of the pig contains Oleic, palmitic, and stearic acid UTILIZED FOR COOKING SUET Fat from the abdomen of Ovis aries contains oleic, palmitic, and stearic acid WAXES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS WAXES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS SPERMACETI Head of sperm whale Physeter macrcrocephalus Contains C16 (cetyl) esters used as a base in creams/ ointments Synthetic: CETYL ESTER WAX ESTER OF SATURATED FATTY ALCOHOLS AND SATURATED FATTY ACIDS WAXES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS JOJOBA OIL Obtained from the seeds of Simmondsia chinensis (Buxaceae) ONLY LIQUID WAX LOTION AND OINTMENT WAXES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS BEESWAX/ YELLOW WAX NATURALLY YELLOW ( PRESENCE OF PROPOLIS) Obtained from the honeycomb of Apis mellifera Main component: Myricycl palmitate Use: Stiffening agent in plaster and cerates WHITE WAX- Bleached yellow wax Preparation of ointments and cold creams WAXES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS CARNAUBA WAX Obtained from the leaves of Copernicia prunifera Main component: Myricycl cerotate Use: candles, cosmetics, furniture, polishes, emollient Substitute to beeswax ALKALOIDS metabolic byproducts of amino acids basic heterocyclic nitrogenous compounds of plant origin that are physiologically active. most of the alkaloids are crystalline solids, although a few are amorphous. CANS all are solids except, coniine, arecoline, nicotine, and sparteine, which lack oxygen in their molecules, are liquids. alkaloids (free) - insoluble in sparingly soluble in water - soluble in ether and choloroform Alkaloidal salts - Soluble in water insoluble in ether and choloroform ALKALOIDAL REAGENTS + reddish brown ppt + cream ppt + orange-red color + buff - colored ppt VALSER - HgI2 + red ppt A. INDOLE ALKALOIDS RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA/SNAKEROOT Is the dried root of Rauwolfia serpentina (Fam. Apocynaceae) Hypotensive effect inhibits the vesicular storage of NE - Depiction of NE = Depression Sedative and tranquilizing property Constituent: Reserpine also used in snakebites A. INDOLE ALKALOIDS YOHIMBINE An indole alkaloid from the bark of West African tree Pausinystalia yohimbe (Fam. Rubiaceae) Treats impotence in patients with vascular or diabetic problems block or inhibit post synapse adrenergic 2 receptor = prevents erection A. INDOLE ALKALOIDS PERIWINKLE/CHICHIRICA Catharanthus roseus (Fam. Apocynaceae), formerly designated Vinca rosea Linne’ The common periwinkle/Chichirica Oral hypoglycemic agent - folkloric use Consituent: Vincristine and Vinblastine (antineoplastic) associated with neurotoxicity associated with bone marrow toxicity A. INDOLE ALKALOIDS NUX VOMICA a dried ripe seed of Strychnos nux vomica Linne' (Fam. Loganiaceae) chief alkaloids Constituent: MOA; inhibits glycine in the spinal cord = inreased excretory impulses = seizures Strychnine - toxic; tonic clonic seizure ID TEST: Mandelins Test Brucine - alcohol denaturant A. INDOLE ALKALOIDS PHYSOSTIGMA, CALABAR BEAN OR ORDEAL BEAN a dried ripe seed of Physostigma venenosum (Fam. Fabaceae) Calabar bean contains several alkaloids – physostigmine (eserine), eseramine, geneserine, and physovenine Use: treatment for glaucoma A. INDOLE ALKALOIDS ERGOT, RYE ERGOT OR SECALE CORNUTUM Claviceps purpurea (parasitic method) Claviceps paspali (saprophytic method) Accidental ingestion of ergot: ergotism/St. Anthony’s Fire Constituent: Rye: secale cereale uterine contraction Ergonovine/ergometrine – water soluble, oxytocic, post partum vagina hemorrhage Ergotamine tartrate – water insoluble, for migraine (vasoconstriction) A. INDOLE ALKALOIDS Methysergide maleate – Methergine - serotonin antagonist; prophylaxis of vascular headache Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) - discovered by Albert Hoffman - hallucinogenic - most active and most psychotomimetic agent known Vinca rauwolfia serpentina serpentina nux vomica Ergot yohimbine Physostigmine A. INDOLE ALKALOIDS B. IMIDAZOLE ALKALOIDS PILOCARPINE HCL Obtained from the dried leaf of Pilocarpus jaborandi or of P. microphyllus It is hygroscopic Used in treatment of glaucoma Increase aqueous humor clearance C. ALKALOIDAL AMINES aka protoalkaloids – nitrogen of these substances are outside the heterocycle Ephedrine Colchicine Khat Peyote Psilocybe C. ALKALOIDAL AMINES EPHEDRINE can be a precursor of methamphetamine Ephedra, Ma Huang Entire plant or the over ground portion of Ephedra sinica Stapf (Fam. Gnetaceae) Boost metabolism -> burn calories - weight loss Found in dietary supplements “energy boosters”, diet pills (Metabolife®) Constituent: ephedrine – adrenergic, decongestant (before) Use: bronchodilator C. ALKALOIDAL AMINES COLCHICINE Autumn crocus is the dried, ripe seed of Colchicum autumnale Linne (Fam. Liliaceae) Use: acute gouty arthritis (microtubule synthesis inhibitor), antimitotic C. ALKALOIDAL AMINES KHAT Abyssinian tea Fresh leaves of Catha edulis forskal (Fam. Celatraceae) chewed Leaves are used to alleviate sensations of hunger and fatigue (Africa, arabia) Contains potent phenylalkylamine alkaloid called cathionine -similar effects to amphetamine C. ALKALOIDAL AMINES PEYOTE aka mescal buttons Consists of the dried tops of Lophophora williamsii (Fam. Cactaceae) It disturbs normal mental function and causes concomitant hallucinations and euphoria Constituent: Mescaline - hallucinogen euphoric agent Psilocybe: Psilocybe mexicana Psilocybin = hallucinogenic and psychedelic C. ALKALOIDAL AMINES D. PURINE ALKALOIDS - xanthine alkaloids NATURAL METHYLXANTHINES Caffeine –1, 3, 7-trimethylxanthine* Theophylline –1, 3-dimethylxanthine Theobromine –3, 7- dimethylxanthine D. PURINE ALKALOIDS COFFEE BEAN OR COFFEE SEED Dried ripe seed of Coffea Arabica, or C. liberica (Fam. Rubiaceae), deprived of most of the seed coat Aroma is caused by caffeol - released when roasting Constituent: 1 to 2% of caffeine about 0.25% of trigonelline (N-methylbetaine of nicotinic acid) from 3 to 5% of tannin about 15% of glucose and dextrin 10 to 13% fatty oil consisting chiefly of trioleoylglycerol and tripalmitoylglycerol and 10 to 13% of proteins D. PURINE ALKALOIDS DECAFFEINATED COFFEE Prepared by extracting most of the caffeine from the coffee bean yet retaining the pleasant characteristic aroma of coffee Such preparations normally contain up to 0.08% of caffeine D. PURINE ALKALOIDS THEOPHYLLINE – thea, tea From prepared leaves or leaf buds of Camelia sinensis (Fam. Theaceae) Use: smooth muscle relaxant, antiasthma, diuretic for bronchial asthma Aminophylline - semi-synthetic theophylline derivative not used in pediatric patients because of narrow therapeutic index (use Theophylline instead) for bronchial asthma D. PURINE ALKALOIDS KOLA NUTS Cola nitida Caffeine (small amounts) Coca-cola® THEOBROMINE OR 3,7-DIMETHYLXANTHINE Compound prepared from the dried, ripe seed of Theobroma cacao (Fam. Sterculiaceae) or is made synthetically A diuretic and a smooth muscle relaxant It has little stimulant action on the CNS D. PURINE ALKALOIDS E. PYRIDINE AND PIPERIDINE ALKALOIDS - nicotine or tobacco like LIQUID ALKALOIDS NICOTINE Nicotiana tobacum bound to an ion exchange resin in a chewing gum base as a temporary aid to the cigarette smoker seeking to give up smoking CNS STIMULANT - nicoderm - transdermal patch, upper part of the body E. PYRIDINE AND PIPERIDINE ALKALOIDS ARECOLINE arecoline = antihelmintic - taenicide Areca, betel nut Catechutannin - causes oropharyngeal cancer Dried ripe seed of Areca catechu Linne (Fam. Palmae) Use: stimulant masticatory Chewed with lime and piper betle E. PYRIDINE AND PIPERIDINE LOBELIA OR INDIAN TOBACCO consists of the dried leaves and tops of Lobelia inflata Linne’ (Fam. Lobeliaceae). Its emetic properties were first observed in 1785, and the drug was introduced into medicine in 1807. The drug contains 14 alkaloids, of which lobeline is the major and toxic doses cause paralysis most important pungent volatile oil, resin, lipids, and gum for asthma and chronic bronchitis E. PYRIDINE AND PIPERIDINE IPIL-IPIL Leucaena leucocephala Contains a pyridine piperidine alkaloid Use: anthelminthic POISON HEMLOCK Conium maculatum Coniine (poison) – death sentence E. PYRIDINE AND PIPERIDINE ALKALOIDS  Contains an acid - tropic acid SOLANACEOUS F. TROPANE ALKALOIDS COCA ALKALOID derived from ornithine SOLANACEOUS Atropine - deadly nightshade, belladonna leaf, belladonna herb racemic mixture of dextro and levo hyoscyamine o Atropa belladonna (Fam. Solanaceae) o Use: anticholinergic, mydriatic control excess motor activity of the GI tract and spasm of urinary tract Hyoscyamine - Henbane stramonium o Hyoscyamus niger o Leaves are burned for asthma o Use: parasympatholytic 0.04 % alkaloids Egyptian hyoscyamine - H. muticus 1.5% alkaloids  Scopolamine – hyoscine; Buscopan o Datura fastuosa, D. metel (Fam. Solanaceae) /Talampunay o Upon hydrolysis yields tropic acid and scopoline (resembles tropine) o Use: motion sickness, can cause amnesia (+ morphine = twilight sleep) Stramonium jimson weed, Jamestown weed o Datura stramonium o Use: anticholinergic  European mandrake ( mandragora officinalis) mandragorine - emetic Withania commerical source of atropine o Withania somnifera dunal o Use: sedative o The principle responsible for the sedative action of the drug has not yet been determined Duboisia o Dried leaves of Duboisia myoporoides o Chief source of atropine COCA ALKALOID Coca or coca leaves - Divine food of the Incas o Erythroxylum coca, Huanuco coca o or of E. truxillense Rusby, known commercially as Truxillo coca (Fam. Erythroxylaceae). o Use: local anesthetic - Cocaine HCl: Brompton’s cocktail; used to control severe pain associated with terminal cancer Morphine + Cocaine HCl + Alcohol = Brompton’s Cocktail F. TROPANE ALKALOIDS G. QUINOLINE OR CINCHONA ALKALOIDS Tryptophan is a precursor of quinine in cinchona Cinchonism: due to overdose of cinchona products o Tinnitus (ringing of the ears), impaired sight, vertigo, flushing CINCHONA o Red cinchona: Cinchona succiroba Cinchonie - parent alkaloid of the quinine series o Yellow cinchona: Cinchona calisaya o Constituent: quinine (anti-malarial) quinidine - antiarrhythmic G. QUINOLINE OR CINCHONA ALKALOIDS CUPREA o Remijia purdiena o Consituent: quinidine commerical source of antiarrythmic o Use: antiarrythmic H. ISOQUINOLINE ALKALOIDS Derived from phenylalanine or tyrosine IPECAC o Cephaelis ipecacuanha (Fam. Rubiaceae) o Use: anticholinergic amebicide o Constituent: emetine (methylcephaline), cephaeline, psychotrine emetic o Syrup should not be confused with fluidextract which is 14x stronger o Dose: 15ml children, 30ml adults o Ipecac + opium (Dover’s powder) = diaphoretic analgesic induce sweating reduce muscle spasm H. ISOQUINOLINE ALKALOIDS HYDRASTIS Goldenseal sanguinarine Dried rhizome and roots of Hydrastis canadensis Cherokee Indians: dye and internal remedy Constituents Hydrastine Berberine - yellow - antibiotic adjunct for multidrug resistance tuberculosis Astringent (inflammation of mucous membrane H. ISOQUINOLINE ALKALOIDS SANGUINARIA OR BLOODROOT dried rhizome of Sanguinaria canadensis Linne (Fam. Papaveraceae). Indians: stained their faces, acrid emetic Use: homemade cough remedies / STIMULANT EXPECTORANT SANGUANARINE - RED CURARE - Crude dried extract from bark and stems of Strychnos castelnae, S. crevauxii, Chondodendron tomentosum - Tubocurarine chloride is standardized by the "head drop"test in rabbits  H. ISOQUINOLINE ALKALOIDS OPIUM ALKALOIDS From the milky exudates of ripe poppy capsule (Papaver somniferum) Only legal source is India “Stone of Immortality” Opiates- naturally found opioids Gold standard for anesthetics o Morphine - analgesic; most important of the opium alkaloids methylation of morphine ID TEST: o Codeine (methylmorphine) – antitussive; most widely used MARQUIS TEST o Thebaine (dimethylmorphine) – inactive; precursor of naloxone/naltrexone antidote for Narcotic/ Opioid toxicity -anarcotic - antitussive Papaverene - smooth muscle relaxant, antitussive H. ISOQUINOLINE ALKALOIDS synthetic Opioids- acts on opioid receptors o Heroin (diacetylmorphine) – addictive; 10x more potent than morphine emetic o Apomorphine – morphine dehydrated by HCl; for parkinsonism o Hydromorphone – more potent narcotic analgesic o Hydrocodone - antitussive H. ISOQUINOLINE ALKALOIDS Preparations: o Laudanum - opium tincture or deodorized opium tincture / Denarcotized tincture o Paregoric – camphorated opium tincture, antiperistaltic o Dover’s powder – opium + ipecac; diaphoretic o Brompton’s cocktail – opium + cocaine POWDER OPIUM - 10-15% morphine H. ISOQUINOLINE ALKALOIDS H. ISOQUINOLINE ALKALOIDS I. STEROIDAL ALKALOIDS CPP NUCLEUS Precursor: squalene Black hellebore Pseudoalkaloids - cardiac glycoside Green hellebore Germidine Germetine o Veratrum viride o Use: cardiac depressant White hellebore – European hellebore o Veratrum album / Protroveratene o Use: hypotensive agent, insecticide  Often analyzed by Gas chromatography V IF ketone/aldehyde ETHEREAL OR ESSENTIAL OILS - Hydroxylamine method Odorous principals found in various plant parts. If aldehyde - Bisulfite method Immiscible with water; miscible with organic solvents Optically active; High refractive index Oxidized to form RESINS Can be distilled from their natural sources Photolabile and thermolabile ROLE IN PLANTS: Insect attractants and insect repellants V VOLATILE OILS FIXED OILS Terpenes aromatic Esters of glycerol and FA Cannot be saponified Can be saponified Grease test: No permanent Permanent spot black markigs spot Resinify Rancid Distillation Saponification Immiscible in water; Immiscible in water and miscible with oganic solvent organic solvent PROCESSES OF OBTAINING VOLATILE OIL 1. WET DISTILLATION A. Water- used for dried parts and not subject to injury with boiling (e.g Turpentine oil) B. Water and Steam – dried and fresh parts which may be injured by boiling (e.g. cinnamon and clove oils) C. Steam – fresh plant part not subject to boiling (Spearmint and peppermint) PROCESSES OF OBTAINING VOLATILE OIL NO VEHICLE; W/out AIR 2. DESTRUCTIVE or DRY DISTILLATION Produces empyreumatic oils ( BURNT LIKE ODOR/ SMOKE ODOR Conducted in plants from Pinaceae and Cupressiaceae family Resultant mass: charcoal PROCESSES OF OBTAINING VOLATILE OIL 3. EXPRESSION Scarification process Citrus plants Mechanical “equlle a piquer” – obtained by puncturing the oil glands of a fruit by rolling it over a trough lined with sharp projections enough to pierce the rind 4. EXPRESSION Most expensive flower petals placed on a fatty pomade Extraction is conducted with alcohol Method used in preparing perfumes  Concrete - initial product PROCESSES OF OBTAINING VOLATILE OIL Impurities Absolute 5. SOLVENT EXTRACTION Uses petroleum ether and benzene Advantage over distillation: formation of uniform extraction with a natural SOURCES OF VOLATILE OILS odor - Specialized secretory structures 1. Glandular Hairs ---Lamiaceae (mint) 2. Modified Parenchymal cells -- Piperaceae (pepper) 3. Oil Tube Vitae - Oplaceae 4. Lyzogenous or shizogenous passages - Pinaceae, Rutaceae 6. ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS sinalbin and sinigrin Isothiocyanate glycoside Enzyme: Myrosin myrosin Potassium myrosinase -----------------> allyl Isothiocyanate MEDICINAL AND COMMERCIAL USES OF VOLATILE OILS In medicine; flavorants and carminatives Clove oil – Dental analgesic Thyme oil- Anti-fungal, antibacterial Pine oil- Disinfectant Wintergreen- antirheumatic In industry; Fabrication of perfumes MEDICINAL AND COMMERCIAL USES OF VOLATILE OILS Fabrication of perfumes FIXATIVES TOP NOTES MIDDLE NOTES BASE NOTES High volatility Intermediate volatility Low volatility High tenacity Leave the skin readliy and tenacity Lasts longer Lemon, lavender, Thyme, Neroli, Rose Vanillin, Tonka, anise, clove Balsams, Musk, Civet, Ambergris PROCESSES OF OBTAINING VOLATILE OIL MUSK Dried secretion from the preputial follicles of the male musk deer of asia CIVET (Paradoxurus hemaphroditus) A glandular secretion appearing in an outwardly discharging pocket underneath the posterior appendage of both male and female civet cats AMBERGRIS VERY EXPENSIVE Pathologic product formed in the stomach of the sperm whale when it is feeding on squid or cattlefish V COMPONENTS STEREOPTENE- solid oxidized hydrocarbon portion Camphor Anethole Menthol Thymol ELEOPTENE- liquid hydrocarbon portion Methyl salicylate Eucalyptol Eugenol V COSTITUENTS TERPENE- natural product composed of isoprene units 1 terpene= 2 isoprene units 1 isoprene units= 5C V BIOSYNTHESIS OF VOLATILE OIL CONSTITUENTS TERPENE DERIVATIVES- Mevalonic Acid Pathway (e.g. Eucalyptol, Menthol, Camphor) PHENYLPRONANOIDS- Shikimic acid pathway (e.g Thymol, Eugenol, Anethole, Methyl salicylate) SHIKIMIC ACID PATHWAY (Phenylpropanoid derivatives) VOLATILE OILS EXAMPLE PHENOL EUGENOL BENZALDEHYDE AROMATIC ALDEHYDES CINNAMALDEHYDE VANILIN ANETHOLE SAFFROLE PHENOLIC ETHER MYRSTICIN (from nutmeg) V MONOTERPENES  HNO3 - aqua fortis A. HYDROCARBON TURPENTINE OIL NaOH (Distillation) TURPENTINE OIL REFTIFIED TURPENTINE SN: Pinus palustris HNO3 Constituent: terpene, pinene, camphene TERPIN HYDRATE Use: Counterirritant RECTIFIED TURPENTINE OIL Distillation from an aqueous solution of NaOH Use. Expectorant TERPIN HYDRATE/ TERPINOL Formed by the action of HNO3 on rectified turpentine oil in presence of alcohol Use. Expectorant, Stimulant to mucous membrane B. ALCOHOL Acyclic Monocyclic Dicyclic  B. ALCOHOL VOLATILE OILS PLANT SOURCE CONSTITUENTS Peppermint oil Mentha piperita Menthol FLAVONOL CARMINATIVE Japanese peppermint oil Mentha arvensis Menthol Coriander oil Coriandrum sativum Coriandrol, linalool SPICES FOR COOKING Cardamom oil Elettaria cardamom cineole Rose oil Rosa gallica geraniol, citronellol, nerol Orange Flower Oil Citrus aurantium linalool NEROLI OIL Juniper Oi Juniperus communis borneol Pine Oil Pinus palustris α-terpineol and pinene German - Matricaria chamomilla Bisalolol(GI distress), chamazolene - blue oil Chamonile Roman - Anthemis nobilis C. ALDEHYDE VOLATILE OILS CINNAMON OIL AKA: CASSIA OIL Sources: Cinnamomum laureirii, Cinnamommum zeylanicum, Cinnamommum cassia (source of cassia oil) Constituent: cinnamaldehyde AROMATIC ALDEHYDE Use: flavorant, carminative & antiseptic C. ALDEHYDE VOLATILE OILS CITRONELLA OIL Source: leaves of Cymbopogon winterianus Constituent: Citronellal Use: insect repellant LEMON OIL Source: leaves of Citrus limon Constituent: Limonene, CITRAL Use: flavorant, stimulant, & carminative TEREBINTHENATE - high risk of resinification and auto-oxidation TERPENELESS - higher quality; more expensive C. ALDEHYDE VOLATILE OILS HAMAMELIS OIL Source: Witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) ASTRINGENT Constituent: 2-hexanal Use: Hemorrhoidal preparations ORANGE OIL Source: Citrus sinensis LEMON GRASS OIL Source: Cymbopogon citratus C. ALDEHYDE VOLATILE OILS PLANT SOURCE Cinnamon oil Cinnamomum laureirii Orange oil Citrus sinensis Citronella oil Cymbopogon winterianus Hamamelis water/ witch hazel Hamamelis virginiana Lemon oil Citrus limon Lemon grass Cymbopogon citratus D. KETONE Monocyclic Dicyclic D. KETONE VOLATILE OILS PLANT SOURCE NOTES Camphor Cinnamomum camphora Natural camphor: Dextro ANTIPRURITIC, RUBEFACIENT Synthetic camphor: Racemic Spearmint Mentha spicata - Carvone FLAVORANT, CARMINATIVE Caraway Carum carvi +Carvone Limonene SPICE, FLAVORANT Buchu Berosma betulina Diosphenol Urinary antiseptic Wormwood Artemisia absinthium Thujone, camphene, phellandrene, B- caryophyllene Cedar leaf Thuja occidentalis (+)thujone (-) fenchone  E. PHENOL VOLATILE OILS PLANT SOURCE NOTES Thymol, Carvacrol Thyme Thymus vulgaris Use: antifungal, antibacterial Eugenol - make vanillin Clove oil Eugenia caryophyllus Use: toothache drops Myricia, Bay oil Pimenta racemosa Eugenol Juniper Tar or Cadinene Juniperus oxycedrus Cade Oil Use: anti-eczema; anti psoriasis Thymol, Carvacrol Oregano Origanum vulgare Use: antiseptic, antifungal Creosote oil Fagus grandifolia Main phenol precursor - guiacol - guiafenesein - Disinfectant in dewitts tootache drops F. PHENOLIC ETHER VOLATILE OILS PLANT SOURCE NOTES Myristicin and saffrole Hallucinogenic Nutmeg Oil Myristica fragrans Use: Hallucinogen agent for prison inmates Trans-anethole, anisaldehyde Anise Oil Pimpinella anisum Use: flavoring and condiment Trans-anethole, fenchone Fennel Oil Foeniculum vulgare Use: flavorant Chinese Star Trans-anethole Illicium verum Anise Oil Use: flavoring and condiment  Wintergreem, tearberry, checker berry Counterirritant, liniments G. OXIDE VOLATILE OILS PLANT SOURCE NOTES Cineole = eucalyptul + cajuptol Eucalyptus Oil Eucalyptus globulus Uses: Flavor Antiseptic Diaphoretic Expectorant cineole, terpineol acetate Cajeput Melaleuca leucodendron Use: stimulant treatment of several parasitic conditions Cineole, terpin 4-ol Tea Tree Oil Melaleuca alternifolia Use: antiseptic, antifungal Wormseed oil/ Ascaridole Chenopodium ambrosioides Chenopodium oil Use: anthelmintic V SESQUITERPENES SESQUITERPENES PLANT SOURCE NOTES Valerian Valeriana spp. Sedative, anti-anxiety Parthenolide Feverfew Tanacetum pathenium Use: antipyretric, antimigraine Artemisinin Artemisinin Artemisia annua Use: Antimalarial Gossypol Cotton plant Gossypium hirsutum Use: Male contraceptive Diuretic, treatment of liver ailments Chicory Chicorium intybus V DITERPENES DITERPENES GINGKO SN: Gingko biloba Constituent: Gingkolides Use: Memory enhancer PACIFIC YEW Source: Taxus brevifolia Constituent: Paclitaxel Use: inhibit microtubule synthesis TERPENOIDS NAME # OF ISOPRENE # OF CARBONS EXAMPLES Monoterpene 2 10 Most volatile oils Sesquiterpene 3 15 Artemissinin, gossypol, parthenolide Diterpenes 4 20 Paclitaxel, retinoids, phytol Triterpenes 6 30 Squalene, sterols Tetraterpene 8 40 Lycopene, beta-carotene RESINS Oxidation product of volatile oils Found in schizogenous and lysogenous ducts Found alone or in combination with volatile oils or gums HARD TRANSPARENT/ TRANSLUCENT SOLIDS Isolated by: Extraction of solvents Use of alcohol Distillation Capaiba, turpentine Punctures Mastic  Resin alcohol Resinotannins or resinols-free state RESIN C Oleoresin- Resin + Volatile oils Oleo-gum-resin- Volatile oil + Gum + Resin Balsams- mixtures that contains cinnamic acid, benzoic acid, or esters of both acids Resin acids- Oxyacids (COOH and phenol) soluble in alkali, soap like suspensions Metallic salts - Resinates Glycoresin- Carbohydrate + Resins  A. RESINS PLANT SOURCE NOTES Rosin or colophony Pinus palustris Stiffening agent for plasters, ointments diuretic in veterinary use Podophyllum Podophyllum peltatum Podophyllin - caustic agents for warts Potophyllotoxin - treatment for cancer American Mandrake Peltatin - Purgative Eriodictyon or Yerba Eriodictyon californicum Use to disguise the bitterness of santa quinine by paralyzing the taste buds Jalap Exogonium purge Cathartic and drastic purgative only common glycoresin Mastic Pistacia lentiscus Dental varnish to seal cavities Alpha resin - mastichic acid, beta resin - masticin Kava-kava Piper methysticum Skeletal muscle relaxant or tranquilliser Cannabis/Hashish Cannabis sativa Psychoactive agent  B. OLEORESINS PLANT SOURCE NOTES Turpentine or Gum Pinus palustris Counterirritant turpentine or Gum thus Capsicum or Cayenne Capsicum frutescens Rubefacient, irritant, carminative pepper Chill pepper capsicum - vesicant Ginger Zingiber officinale Flavour, condiment, carminative White pine Pinus strobus Expectorant Copaiba or Balsam Copaifera spp. Genitourinary disinfectant copaiba Diuretic is not a balsam C. OLEO-GUM-RESINS PLANT SOURCE NOTES Myrrh Commiphora molmol Counterirritant Embalming agent of the egyptians Stimulant antiseptic in moutwash Asafetida Ferula asafoetida Devil's dung most fetid resin Carminative Frankincense Boswellia spp. Fumigation for insects Olibanum Incense D. BALSAMS PLANT SOURCE NOTES Stimulant and expectorant Storax Liquidambar orientalis Pharmaceutical aid for compound benzoin tincture Peru balsam Myroxylon pereirei Rubefacient, irritant, carminative Local protectant Tolu balsam Myroxylon balsamum Pharmaceutical aid for FLAVORANT, Fragrant compound benzoin tincture Benzoin Styrax benzoin Antiseptic 10 HALAMANG GAM BAYABAS SN: Psidium guajava Use: Antiseptic Astringent Anti-inflammatory Anti-spasmodic Antioxidant 10 HALAMANG GAM AMPALAYA SN: Momordica charantia Use: effective in the treatment of diabetes (diabetes mellitus) 10 HALAMANG GAM BAWANG SN: Allium sativum Use: Antihypertensive Antibacterial Anti-inflammatory Antihyperlipidemic 10 HALAMANG GAM YERBA BUENA SN: Mentha cordifolia, Clinopodium douglasii Use: Mentha arvensis analgesic to relive body aches and pain due to rheumatism and gout 10 HALAMANG GAM PANSIT-PANSITAN/ ULASIMANG BATO SN: Peperomia pellucida Use: treatment for arthritis and gout Lowers uric acid 10 HALAMANG GAM LAGUNDI 5 leaved chaste tree SN: Vitex negundo Use: treatment of coughs, colds, and fever relief of asthma and pharyngitis 10 HALAMANG GAM AKAPULKO RINGWORM BUSH SN: Cassia alata Use: Antifungal 10 HALAMANG GAM NIYOG-NIYOGAN SN: Quisqualis indica Use: Anthelmintic ELIMINATES INTESTINAL PARASITE 10 HALAMANG GAM TSAANG GUBAT SN: Ehretia microphylla Carmona retusa Use: taken as tea to treat skin allergies antidiarrheal 10 HALAMANG GAM SAMBONG SN: Blumea balsamifera Use: Diuretic used to treat kidney stones PLANT ENZYMES PEPSIN Stomach of Sus scrofa (Suidae) Assist in gastric digestion PANCREATIN Substance containing amylase, lipase, and protease Obtained from the pancreas of Sus scrofa/Bos Taurus Use: digestive ingredient in the predigested foods PAPAIN Latex of Carica papaya (Caricaceae) Uses: Relieve symptoms of episiotomy, cleaning solution of soft contact lenses, and beef tenderizer PLANT ENZYMES BROMELAIN Mixture of protein digesting & milk clotting enzymes present in the juice of Ananas comosus Uses: Adjunctive therapy to reduce edema and inflammation; accelerate tissue repair after episiotomy STREPTOKINASE Purified bacterial protein elaborated by Group C B-hemolytic streptococci Use: Treatment of embolism & thrombosis UROKINASE Isolated from urine from kidney cells Use: Treatment of embolism and thrombosis PLANT ENZYMES SUTUILAINS Proteolytic enzymes from Bacillus subtilis COLLAGENASE Enzyme from Clostridium histolyticum Use: Wound debridement, dermal ulcers, burned areas L-ASPARAGINASE Enzyme from Escherichia coli MOA: Degrades L-asparagine  major auxin in plants - indole 3 - acetic acid PLANT HORMONES apical dominance phototropism AUXIN 1st plant hormone to be discovered isolated from human urine Produced in the stem tip that promotes cell elongation. Present in the seed embryo and young leaves. Produced primarily in plant parts that are actively growing like the stem. GIBBERELLIN subapical elongation involved in the natural process of breaking dormancy and other aspects of germination It promote stem elongation between nodes on the stem. Delays senescence in leaves and citrus fruits. PLANT ENZYMES ETHYLENE promotes hair and root formation stimulates or regulates the ripening of fruit, the opening of flow