Olive and Peanut Oil Properties Quiz

Olive Oil

• Olive oil is made up of 75% oleic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid.
• Olive oil is used in pharmaceuticals, soaps, plasters, and liniments.
• The Milons test is used to identify olive oil.

Olive Oil Grades

• First Grade Virgin Olive Oil is extracted with less pressure.
• Second Grade Virgin Olive Oil is extracted from the pulp of First Grade Virgin Olive Oil with more pressure.
• Technical Oil is extracted with hot water.
• Sulfur Grade is extracted with carbon disulfide and is of inferior quality.
• Tournant Oil is extracted from fallen, decomposing fruit.

Peanut Oil

• Peanut oil, also known as Arachis oil, is extracted from the ripe fruit or seed of Arachis hypogaea.
• Peanut oil is made up of 50-60% oleic acid and 18-30% linoleic acid.
• Peanuts are not a true nut because the immature pod penetrates the soil and ripens underground.
• Peanut oil is a good solvent for intramuscular injections and is rich in vitamin B1 (thiamine).

Sesame Oil

• Sesame oil, also known as Teel oil or Benne oil, is extracted from the seeds of Sesamum indicum.
• Sesame oil contains 43% oleic and 43% linoleic acid, as well as sesamolin, which acts as a synergist to pyrethroid insecticides.
• The Baudouin test is used to identify sesame oil.
• Sesame oil is a good solvent for intramuscular injections.

Corn Oil

• Corn oil, also known as Zea mays, is extracted from the kernels of corn.
• Corn oil is made up of 50% linoleic and 37% oleic acid.
• The residue left from corn oil extraction is called germ cake oil.
• Corn oil is widely used in food preparation and is a good solvent for intramuscular injections.

Cottonseed Oil

• Cottonseed oil is extracted from the seeds of Gossypium hirsutum or other Gossypium species.
• Cottonseed oil contains 45% linoleic and 30% oleic acid.
• Cottonseed oil also contains 0.6% gossypol, which can cause male infertility.
• The Halphen-Bevan test is used to identify cottonseed oil.
• Cottonseed oil is a good solvent for intramuscular injections.

Soybean Oil

• Soybean oil is extracted from the ripe seeds of Glycine soja.
• Soybean seeds contain about 35% carbohydrates, up to 50% protein, up to 20% fixed oil, and the enzyme urease.
• Soybean oil is made up of 50% linoleic and 30% oleic acid.
• Soybean oil is a source of lecithin, a phospholipid, and stigmasterol, a plant sterol.

Almond Oil

• Almond oil is extracted from the ripe seeds of Prunus amygdalus.
• Almond oil is made up of 77% oleic acid, making it monounsaturated.
• Almond oil is non-drying and is used as an emollient in cosmetics.

Coconut Oil

• Coconut oil is extracted from the fruit of Cocos nucifera.
• The leaves of coconut trees are chewed in Africa and Arabia to alleviate feelings of hunger and fatigue.
• Coconut oil contains the potent phenylalkylamine alkaloid cathionine, which has similar effects to amphetamine.

Peyote

• Peyote, also known as mescal buttons, is extracted from the dried tops of Lophophora williamsii.
• Peyote disrupts normal mental function, causing hallucinations and euphoria.
• Peyote contains mescaline, a hallucinogen and euphoric agent.

Psilocybe

• Psilocybe mushrooms, such as Psilocybe mexicana, contain the hallucinogenic and psychedelic compound psilocybin.

Caffeine

• Caffeine is a naturally occurring methylxanthine found in coffee, tea, and kola nuts.
• Caffeine is a stimulant and is often used in beverages such as Coca-Cola®.

Theophylline

• Theophylline, also known as thea, is a methylxanthine found in tea, Camellia sinensis.
• Theophylline is a smooth muscle relaxant, antiasthmatic, and diuretic.
• Theophylline is often used for bronchial asthma.
• Aminophylline is a semi-synthetic theophylline derivative that is not used in paediatric patients due to its narrow therapeutic index.

Theobromine

• Theobromine is a methylxanthine found in cacao beans, Theobroma cacao.

Ipecac

• Ipecac is extracted from the roots of Cephaelis ipecacuanha.
• Ipecac is used as an anticholinergic and amebicide.
• Ipecac contains emetine, cephaeline, and psychotrine, all of which are emetic.
• The fluid extract of ipecac is 14 times stronger than the syrup and is used for emesis.
• The usual dose of ipecac syrup is 15 ml for children and 30 ml for adults.
• Ipecac combined with opium (Dover's powder) is used as a diaphoretic, analgesic, to induce sweating, and to reduce muscle spasms.

Goldenseal

• Goldenseal, also known as Hydrastis canadensis , is extracted from the rhizome and roots of the plant.
• Goldenseal was used by Cherokee Indians as a dye and internal remedy.
• Goldenseal contains hydrastine and berberine, a yellow substance that is an antibiotic adjunct for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
• Goldenseal is an astringent used for inflammation of the mucous membrane.

Sanguinaria

• Sanguinaria, also known as Sanguinaria canadensis, is extracted from the dried rhizome of the plant.
• Sanguinaria was used by Indians to stain their faces and is an acrid emetic.
• Sanguinaria is used in homemade cough remedies and contains sanguinarine, a red pigment.
• Sanguinaria acts as a stimulant expectorant.

Curare

• Curare is a crude dried extract from the bark and stems of Strychnos castelnae, S. crevauxii, or Chondodendron tomentosum.
• Curare is used to relax muscles.
• Tubocurarine chloride is a standardized form of curare that is tested in rabbits with a "head drop" test.

Opium Alkaloids

• Opium alkaloids are extracted from the milky exudates of the ripe poppy capsule, Papaver somniferum.
• Opium is legally sourced from India.
• Opium has been referred to as the "Stone of Immortality".
• The Marquis test is used to identify opium alkaloids.

Morphine

• Morphine is the most important opium alkaloid and is an analgesic.
• Morphine is considered the gold standard for analgesia and is the precursor to other opioids.

Codeine

• Codeine is a methylated form of morphine that is used as an antitussive and is the most widely used opioid.

Thebaine

• Thebaine is a dimethylmorphine that is inactive but is a precursor to naloxone/naltrexone, which are antidotes for opioid toxicity.
• Thebaine is also used as an antitussive.

Papaverine

• Papaverine is a smooth muscle relaxant and antitussive.

Solvent Extraction

• Volatile oils can be extracted using petroleum ether or benzene.
• Solvent extraction offers the advantage of creating uniform extractions with a natural odor.

Sources of Volatile Oils

• Secretory structures produce volatile oils:
  • Glandular Hairs - Lamiaceae (mint)
  • Modified Parenchymal Cells - Piperaceae (pepper)
  • Oil Tube Vitae - Oleaceae
  • Lyzogenous or Schizogenous Passages - Pinaceae, Rutaceae

Enzymatic Hydrolysis

• Sinalbin and Sinigrin are isothiocyanate glycosides that can be hydrolyzed by the enzyme myrosin.
• Potassium myrosinase, when reacted with myrosin, produces allyl isothiocyanate.

Medicinal and Commercial Uses of Volatile Oils

• Medicinal Uses:
  • Flavorants and carminatives
  • Clove oil - Dental analgesic
  • Thyme oil - Antifungal, antibacterial
  • Pine oil - Disinfectant
  • Wintergreen oil - Antirheumatic
• Industrial Uses:
  • Fabrication of perfumes

Top Notes, Middle Notes, and Base Notes in Perfumes

• Top Notes: High volatility, leave the skin quickly; examples include lemon, lavender, anise, and clove.
• Middle Notes: Intermediate volatility and tenacity; examples include thyme, neroli, and rose.
• Base Notes: Low volatility, high tenacity, last longer; examples include vanillin, tonka beans, balsams, musk, civet, and ambergris.

Processes for Obtaining Volatile Oils

• Musk: Dried secretion from the preputial follicles of the male musk deer of Asia.
• Civet: Glandular secretion from the civet cat.
• Ambergris: Pathologic product formed in the stomach of the sperm whale.

Components of Volatile Oils

• Stereoptene: Solid, oxidized hydrocarbon portion; examples include camphor, anethole, menthol, and thymol.
• Eleoptene: Liquid hydrocarbon portion; examples include methyl salicylate, eucalyptol, and eugenol.

Terpenes

• Terpenes are natural products composed of isoprene units.
• One terpene is composed of two isoprene units.
• One isoprene unit consists of five carbons.

Biosynthesis of Volatile Oil Constituents

• Terpene derivatives are produced through the Mevalonic Acid Pathway.

Oxide Volatile Oils

• Eucalyptus Oil - Extracted from Eucalyptus globulus. Contains cineole, also known as eucalyptol or cajuptol, as well as terpineol acetate. Used as a flavorant, antiseptic, diaphoretic, and expectorant.
• Cajeput Oil - Extracted from Melaleuca leucodendron. Contains cineole, terpineol acetate, and terpin-4-ol. Used as a stimulant and for the treatment of parasitic conditions.
• **Tea Tree Oil **- Extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia. Contains cineole and terpin-4-ol. Used as an antiseptic, antifungal.
• Wormseed Oil or Chenopodium oil - Extracted from Chenopodium ambrosioides. Contains ascaridole. Used as an anthelmintic.

Sesquiterpenes

• Valerian Oil - Extracted from Valeriana spp. Used as a sedative and anxiolytic.

• Feverfew Oil - Extracted from Tanacetum parthenium. Contains parthenolide. Used as an antipyretic and antimigreine.

• Artemisinin Oil - Extracted from Artemisia annua. Contains artemisinin. Used as an antimalarial.

• Cotton Plant Oil - Extracted from Gossypium hirsutum. Contains gossypol. Used as a male contraceptive, diuretic, and treatment for liver ailments.

• Chicory Oil - Extracted from Chicorium intybus.

  Diterpenes

• Gingko Oil - Extracted from Gingko biloba. Contains ginkgolides. Used as a memory enhancer.

• Pacific Yew Oil - Extracted from Taxus brevifolia. Contains paclitaxel. Used to inhibit microtubule synthesis.

Terpenoids

• Monoterpene - 2 isoprene units, 10 carbons; most volatile oils.
• Sesquiterpene - 3 isoprene units, 15 carbons; examples include artemisinin, gossypol, parthenolide.
• Diterpenes - 4 isoprene units, 20 carbons; examples include paclitaxel, retinoids, and phytol.
• Triterpenes - 6 isoprene units, 30 carbons; examples include squalene and sterols.
• Tetraterpene - 8 isoprene units, 40 carbons; examples include lycopene and beta-carotene.

Resins

• Resins are oxidation products of volatile oils, found in schizogenous and lysogenous plant ducts.
• Resins are hard transparent or translucent solids.
• Resins are often found in combination with volatile oils or gums.
• Resins are isolated by:
  • Extraction with solvents.
  • Use of alcohol.
  • Distillation.
• Examples of resins include: Capaiba and turpentine.

Resin Types

• Resin alcohol.
• Resinotannins or resinols - free state.
• Oleoresin - Resin + Volatile oil.
• Oleo-gum-resin - Volatile oil + Gum + Resin.
• Balsams - Mixtures that contain cinnamic acid, benzoic acid, or esters of both acids.
• Resin acids - Oxyacids containing -COOH and phenol groups, soluble in alkali.
• Glycoresin - Carbohydrate + Resin.