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Questions and Answers
What is the primary active ingredient in Peyote that is known to cause hallucinations?
Which alkaloid is primarily responsible for the stimulant effects in coffee?
Which of the following is NOT a constituent found in coffee beans?
What is a primary use of Theophylline derived from tea leaves?
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Which alkaloid is primarily associated with the Kola nut?
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What is a characteristic of decaffeinated coffee?
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Which hallucinogenic compound is found in Psilocybe mushrooms?
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What is the major therapeutic use of aminophylline?
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What is the primary fatty acid content found in olive oil?
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What is the main use of Ipecac?
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Which olive oil grade is extracted with less pressure?
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Which compound is NOT a constituent found in Ipecac?
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What is the main advantage of solvent extraction compared to distillation?
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What is a unique characteristic of peanut oil?
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Which of the following is known to be an antibiotic adjunct for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis?
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Which of the following structures is NOT associated with the sources of volatile oils?
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Which volatile oil is recognized for its use as a dental analgesic?
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What is the primary source of opium alkaloids?
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Which oil is known for containing sesamolin, which acts as an insecticide?
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What are the components of the solid oxidized hydrocarbon portion of volatile oils called?
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Which test is used to standardize Tubocurarine chloride?
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What is the main fatty acid composition of corn oil?
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What is the primary enzyme involved in the hydrolysis of sinalbin and sinigrin to form allyl isothiocyanate?
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What is a key concern related to cottonseed oil?
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What is the primary action of Papaverene?
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What distinguishes almond oil from other oils described?
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What is the role of Codeine?
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What is the natural source of ambergris?
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Which of the following is true about Ipecac syrup?
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Which oil is primarily extracted from the Cocos nucifera plant?
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Which of the following is classified as a base note in perfumes?
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What type of compounds are terpenes primarily composed of?
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Which oil is noted for its antiseptic and antifungal properties?
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What is the primary use associated with Gossypol?
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What type of terpenoid is characterized by having 4 isoprene units?
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Which of the following oils is used for the treatment of parasitic conditions?
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Which plant constituent is associated with memory enhancement?
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What is a primary use of Artemisinin?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes a characteristic of resins?
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Which type of terpenoid is associated with having 30 carbons?
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What is the primary action of Paclitaxel?
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What is an oleoresin composed of?
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Study Notes
Olive Oil
- Olive oil is made up of 75% oleic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid.
- Olive oil is used in pharmaceuticals, soaps, plasters, and liniments.
- The Milons test is used to identify olive oil.
Olive Oil Grades
- First Grade Virgin Olive Oil is extracted with less pressure.
- Second Grade Virgin Olive Oil is extracted from the pulp of First Grade Virgin Olive Oil with more pressure.
- Technical Oil is extracted with hot water.
- Sulfur Grade is extracted with carbon disulfide and is of inferior quality.
- Tournant Oil is extracted from fallen, decomposing fruit.
Peanut Oil
- Peanut oil, also known as Arachis oil, is extracted from the ripe fruit or seed of Arachis hypogaea.
- Peanut oil is made up of 50-60% oleic acid and 18-30% linoleic acid.
- Peanuts are not a true nut because the immature pod penetrates the soil and ripens underground.
- Peanut oil is a good solvent for intramuscular injections and is rich in vitamin B1 (thiamine).
Sesame Oil
- Sesame oil, also known as Teel oil or Benne oil, is extracted from the seeds of Sesamum indicum.
- Sesame oil contains 43% oleic and 43% linoleic acid, as well as sesamolin, which acts as a synergist to pyrethroid insecticides.
- The Baudouin test is used to identify sesame oil.
- Sesame oil is a good solvent for intramuscular injections.
Corn Oil
- Corn oil, also known as Zea mays, is extracted from the kernels of corn.
- Corn oil is made up of 50% linoleic and 37% oleic acid.
- The residue left from corn oil extraction is called germ cake oil.
- Corn oil is widely used in food preparation and is a good solvent for intramuscular injections.
Cottonseed Oil
- Cottonseed oil is extracted from the seeds of Gossypium hirsutum or other Gossypium species.
- Cottonseed oil contains 45% linoleic and 30% oleic acid.
- Cottonseed oil also contains 0.6% gossypol, which can cause male infertility.
- The Halphen-Bevan test is used to identify cottonseed oil.
- Cottonseed oil is a good solvent for intramuscular injections.
Soybean Oil
- Soybean oil is extracted from the ripe seeds of Glycine soja.
- Soybean seeds contain about 35% carbohydrates, up to 50% protein, up to 20% fixed oil, and the enzyme urease.
- Soybean oil is made up of 50% linoleic and 30% oleic acid.
- Soybean oil is a source of lecithin, a phospholipid, and stigmasterol, a plant sterol.
Almond Oil
- Almond oil is extracted from the ripe seeds of Prunus amygdalus.
- Almond oil is made up of 77% oleic acid, making it monounsaturated.
- Almond oil is non-drying and is used as an emollient in cosmetics.
Coconut Oil
- Coconut oil is extracted from the fruit of Cocos nucifera.
- The leaves of coconut trees are chewed in Africa and Arabia to alleviate feelings of hunger and fatigue.
- Coconut oil contains the potent phenylalkylamine alkaloid cathionine, which has similar effects to amphetamine.
Peyote
- Peyote, also known as mescal buttons, is extracted from the dried tops of Lophophora williamsii.
- Peyote disrupts normal mental function, causing hallucinations and euphoria.
- Peyote contains mescaline, a hallucinogen and euphoric agent.
Psilocybe
- Psilocybe mushrooms, such as Psilocybe mexicana, contain the hallucinogenic and psychedelic compound psilocybin.
Caffeine
- Caffeine is a naturally occurring methylxanthine found in coffee, tea, and kola nuts.
- Caffeine is a stimulant and is often used in beverages such as Coca-Cola®.
Theophylline
- Theophylline, also known as thea, is a methylxanthine found in tea, Camellia sinensis.
- Theophylline is a smooth muscle relaxant, antiasthmatic, and diuretic.
- Theophylline is often used for bronchial asthma.
- Aminophylline is a semi-synthetic theophylline derivative that is not used in paediatric patients due to its narrow therapeutic index.
Theobromine
- Theobromine is a methylxanthine found in cacao beans, Theobroma cacao.
Ipecac
- Ipecac is extracted from the roots of Cephaelis ipecacuanha.
- Ipecac is used as an anticholinergic and amebicide.
- Ipecac contains emetine, cephaeline, and psychotrine, all of which are emetic.
- The fluid extract of ipecac is 14 times stronger than the syrup and is used for emesis.
- The usual dose of ipecac syrup is 15 ml for children and 30 ml for adults.
- Ipecac combined with opium (Dover's powder) is used as a diaphoretic, analgesic, to induce sweating, and to reduce muscle spasms.
Goldenseal
- Goldenseal, also known as Hydrastis canadensis , is extracted from the rhizome and roots of the plant.
- Goldenseal was used by Cherokee Indians as a dye and internal remedy.
- Goldenseal contains hydrastine and berberine, a yellow substance that is an antibiotic adjunct for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
- Goldenseal is an astringent used for inflammation of the mucous membrane.
Sanguinaria
- Sanguinaria, also known as Sanguinaria canadensis, is extracted from the dried rhizome of the plant.
- Sanguinaria was used by Indians to stain their faces and is an acrid emetic.
- Sanguinaria is used in homemade cough remedies and contains sanguinarine, a red pigment.
- Sanguinaria acts as a stimulant expectorant.
Curare
- Curare is a crude dried extract from the bark and stems of Strychnos castelnae, S. crevauxii, or Chondodendron tomentosum.
- Curare is used to relax muscles.
- Tubocurarine chloride is a standardized form of curare that is tested in rabbits with a "head drop" test.
Opium Alkaloids
- Opium alkaloids are extracted from the milky exudates of the ripe poppy capsule, Papaver somniferum.
- Opium is legally sourced from India.
- Opium has been referred to as the "Stone of Immortality".
- The Marquis test is used to identify opium alkaloids.
Morphine
- Morphine is the most important opium alkaloid and is an analgesic.
- Morphine is considered the gold standard for analgesia and is the precursor to other opioids.
Codeine
- Codeine is a methylated form of morphine that is used as an antitussive and is the most widely used opioid.
Thebaine
- Thebaine is a dimethylmorphine that is inactive but is a precursor to naloxone/naltrexone, which are antidotes for opioid toxicity.
- Thebaine is also used as an antitussive.
Papaverine
- Papaverine is a smooth muscle relaxant and antitussive.
Solvent Extraction
- Volatile oils can be extracted using petroleum ether or benzene.
- Solvent extraction offers the advantage of creating uniform extractions with a natural odor.
Sources of Volatile Oils
- Secretory structures produce volatile oils:
- Glandular Hairs - Lamiaceae (mint)
- Modified Parenchymal Cells - Piperaceae (pepper)
- Oil Tube Vitae - Oleaceae
- Lyzogenous or Schizogenous Passages - Pinaceae, Rutaceae
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
- Sinalbin and Sinigrin are isothiocyanate glycosides that can be hydrolyzed by the enzyme myrosin.
- Potassium myrosinase, when reacted with myrosin, produces allyl isothiocyanate.
Medicinal and Commercial Uses of Volatile Oils
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Medicinal Uses:
- Flavorants and carminatives
- Clove oil - Dental analgesic
- Thyme oil - Antifungal, antibacterial
- Pine oil - Disinfectant
- Wintergreen oil - Antirheumatic
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Industrial Uses:
- Fabrication of perfumes
Top Notes, Middle Notes, and Base Notes in Perfumes
- Top Notes: High volatility, leave the skin quickly; examples include lemon, lavender, anise, and clove.
- Middle Notes: Intermediate volatility and tenacity; examples include thyme, neroli, and rose.
- Base Notes: Low volatility, high tenacity, last longer; examples include vanillin, tonka beans, balsams, musk, civet, and ambergris.
Processes for Obtaining Volatile Oils
- Musk: Dried secretion from the preputial follicles of the male musk deer of Asia.
- Civet: Glandular secretion from the civet cat.
- Ambergris: Pathologic product formed in the stomach of the sperm whale.
Components of Volatile Oils
- Stereoptene: Solid, oxidized hydrocarbon portion; examples include camphor, anethole, menthol, and thymol.
- Eleoptene: Liquid hydrocarbon portion; examples include methyl salicylate, eucalyptol, and eugenol.
Terpenes
- Terpenes are natural products composed of isoprene units.
- One terpene is composed of two isoprene units.
- One isoprene unit consists of five carbons.
Biosynthesis of Volatile Oil Constituents
- Terpene derivatives are produced through the Mevalonic Acid Pathway.
Oxide Volatile Oils
- Eucalyptus Oil - Extracted from Eucalyptus globulus. Contains cineole, also known as eucalyptol or cajuptol, as well as terpineol acetate. Used as a flavorant, antiseptic, diaphoretic, and expectorant.
- Cajeput Oil - Extracted from Melaleuca leucodendron. Contains cineole, terpineol acetate, and terpin-4-ol. Used as a stimulant and for the treatment of parasitic conditions.
- **Tea Tree Oil **- Extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia. Contains cineole and terpin-4-ol. Used as an antiseptic, antifungal.
- Wormseed Oil or Chenopodium oil - Extracted from Chenopodium ambrosioides. Contains ascaridole. Used as an anthelmintic.
Sesquiterpenes
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Valerian Oil - Extracted from Valeriana spp. Used as a sedative and anxiolytic.
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Feverfew Oil - Extracted from Tanacetum parthenium. Contains parthenolide. Used as an antipyretic and antimigreine.
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Artemisinin Oil - Extracted from Artemisia annua. Contains artemisinin. Used as an antimalarial.
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Cotton Plant Oil - Extracted from Gossypium hirsutum. Contains gossypol. Used as a male contraceptive, diuretic, and treatment for liver ailments.
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Chicory Oil - Extracted from Chicorium intybus.
Diterpenes
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Gingko Oil - Extracted from Gingko biloba. Contains ginkgolides. Used as a memory enhancer.
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Pacific Yew Oil - Extracted from Taxus brevifolia. Contains paclitaxel. Used to inhibit microtubule synthesis.
Terpenoids
- Monoterpene - 2 isoprene units, 10 carbons; most volatile oils.
- Sesquiterpene - 3 isoprene units, 15 carbons; examples include artemisinin, gossypol, parthenolide.
- Diterpenes - 4 isoprene units, 20 carbons; examples include paclitaxel, retinoids, and phytol.
- Triterpenes - 6 isoprene units, 30 carbons; examples include squalene and sterols.
- Tetraterpene - 8 isoprene units, 40 carbons; examples include lycopene and beta-carotene.
Resins
- Resins are oxidation products of volatile oils, found in schizogenous and lysogenous plant ducts.
- Resins are hard transparent or translucent solids.
- Resins are often found in combination with volatile oils or gums.
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Resins are isolated by:
- Extraction with solvents.
- Use of alcohol.
- Distillation.
- Examples of resins include: Capaiba and turpentine.
Resin Types
- Resin alcohol.
- Resinotannins or resinols - free state.
- Oleoresin - Resin + Volatile oil.
- Oleo-gum-resin - Volatile oil + Gum + Resin.
- Balsams - Mixtures that contain cinnamic acid, benzoic acid, or esters of both acids.
- Resin acids - Oxyacids containing -COOH and phenol groups, soluble in alkali.
- Glycoresin - Carbohydrate + Resin.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the properties and grades of olive oil and peanut oil. This quiz covers extraction methods, compositions, and unique characteristics of these oils. Learn about their uses in various applications as well.
