MMET 206 Lecture Notes 4 Polymers PDF
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These are lecture notes on polymers and their relationship with crude oil. The document covers various aspects of polymer science, including different types of polymers, their properties, and how they are created.
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MMET 206 Lecture Notes 4 Polymers 5 Lectures Outlines Part 1: Crude Oil/Monomers Part 2: Polymerization/Polymers Part 3: Synthetic Fibers Part 4: Plastics (Commodity, Engineering) Part 5: Rubbers (aka Elastomers) Part 1: Cru...
MMET 206 Lecture Notes 4 Polymers 5 Lectures Outlines Part 1: Crude Oil/Monomers Part 2: Polymerization/Polymers Part 3: Synthetic Fibers Part 4: Plastics (Commodity, Engineering) Part 5: Rubbers (aka Elastomers) Part 1: Crude Oil/Monomers Synthetic Polymers A polymer is a substance composed of molecules with large molecular mass made up of repeating structural units, or monomers, connected by covalent chemical bonds Go to IIlustrations Synthetic – Describes a substance that has been made artificially through chemical synthesis; i.e., one that does not come from a natural source. Synthetic Polymers – Fibers (e.g., aramid (Nomex, Kevlar, nylon), polyester) – Plastics (e.g., acrylics (plexiglass), PET (soft drink bottle)) – Elastomers or Rubbers (e.g., styrene butadiene (SBR tires)) – Protective Coating (e.g., paint, varnish) – Adhesives (e.g., cyanoacrylates (superglue)) How are polymers made? Natural Resource: crude oil or natural gas – Both crude oil & natural gas are mixtures of various hydrocarbons (HCs) Steps for Production of Polymers from Crude Oil Step 1: Extraction of needed HCs with Distillation process Physical separation of crude oil into: o Fractions (mixtures of a few HCs), then o Individual HC Step 2: Production of monomers with Cracking process Breaking up larger HCs into smaller ones including making monomers; i.e., further refining of saturated HCs into unsaturated HCs (monomers) Step 3: Production of polymers with Polymerization process Connecting monomers into a polymer thru polymerization process Crude Oil Polymers and Crude Oil LPG Storage Tanks (Butane + Propane) LPG: Liquefied Petroleum Gas Polymers account for only about 1.3% of overall petroleum production. Crude Oil (Hydrocarbons) Hydrocarbons (HCs) are compounds of H and C. They differentiate from each other by carbon counts. – C1: CH4 (Methane); C2: C2H6 (Ethane); C3: C3H8 (Propane); ……. Crude oil is a mixture of HCs of various molecular sizes (mostly between C5H12 to C18H38) and can be subdivided into 3 groups according to HCs’ structures: – Paraffins (~25%), – Naphthenes (~50%), – Aromatics (~17%), and other non-HCs. In terms of elements: – Carbon ~ 83-87% – Hydrogen ~ 11-15% – Sulfur – 1 to 6% – Nitrogen -
