ملخص الاحتمالات 1 PDF
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Summary
This document is a summary of probability. It covers basic probability laws, different types of probabilities, combined probabilities, and applications in statistics, science and economics. Includes examples and questions.
Full Transcript
ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻫﻲ ﻓﺮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ.ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ،ﻣﺜﻞ...
ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻫﻲ ﻓﺮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ.ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ،ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺼﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ. ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻯ .1ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ -ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ: -ﻳﻨﺺ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺣﺪﺛﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ، ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺛﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻓﻴﻴﻦ )ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺤﺪﺛﺎ ﻣﻌﺎ(. -ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ P(A :ﺃﻭ (B) = P(A) + P(B -ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺏ: -ﻳﻨﺺ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺣﺪﺛﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺤﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ. -ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ P(A :ﻭ | B) = P(A) * P(B )A -ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ: -ﻳﻨﺺ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺤﺪﻭﺙ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺤﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ،ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ. -ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ* (P(A | B) = [P(B | A : )P(A)] / P(B .2ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ -ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ: -ﻫﻮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ،ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ. -ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ = (P(A :ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﻟـ / A ﻋﺪﺩ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ -ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﻲ: -ﻫﻮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ،ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺤﺪﻭﺙ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺁﺧﺮ. -ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ P(A | B) = P(A :ﻭ / (B )P(B -ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ: -ﻫﻮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺣﺪﺛﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻌﺎ. -ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ: -ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻙ :ﻫﻮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺣﺪﺛﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺎ. -ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻞ :ﻫﻮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺣﺪﺛﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺎ ،ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺃﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ. .3ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ -ﺍﻻﺣﺼﺎﺀ :ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ. -ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ :ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﺎﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ،ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻘﺲ. -ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ :ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﻭﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ. .4ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ -ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ :ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻛﺮﺓ ﺣﻤﺮﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺯﺭﻗﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ 5ﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﺣﻤﺮﺍﺀ ﻭ 3 ﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﺯﺭﻗﺎﺀ ﻫﻮ1 = (3/8) + (5/8) : -ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺏ :ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻛﺮﺓ ﺣﻤﺮﺍﺀ ﺛﻢ ﻛﺮﺓ ﺯﺭﻗﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ 5ﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﺣﻤﺮﺍﺀ ﻭ 3ﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﺯﺭﻗﺎﺀ ﻫﻮ15/56 = (3/7) * (5/8) : -ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ :ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﺼﺎﺑﺎ ﺑﻤﺮﺽ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺽ ﻫﻮ)P] :ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ | ﻣﺮﺽ( * )Pﻣﺮﺽ([ )P /ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ( .5ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻲ -ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻛﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ. -ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻛﻤﺮﺟﻊ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ. -ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻛﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﻠﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ. ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ: -ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ P(A :ﺃﻭ (B) = P(A) + P(B -ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺏ P(A :ﻭ B) = P(A) * P(B )| A -ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ(P(A | B) = [P(B | A : )* P(A)] / P(B -ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ = (P(A :ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﻟـ A /ﻋﺪﺩ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ -ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﻲ P(A | B) = P(A :ﻭ (B )/ P(B .1ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ؟ .2ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ؟ .3ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﻲ؟ .4ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﻲ؟ .5ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ؟ .6ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ؟ .7ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ؟ .8ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻙ؟ .9ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻞ؟ .10ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ؟ .16ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ 5ﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﺣﻤﺮﺍﺀ ﻭ 3 ﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﺯﺭﻗﺎﺀ ،ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻛﺮﺓ ﺣﻤﺮﺍﺀ؟ .17ﻓﻲ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ 52ﻭﺭﻗﺔ، ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻣﻠﻚ؟ .18ﻓﻲ ﺭﻣﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻧﻘﻮﺩ ﻣﺮﺗﻴﻦ ،ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻭﺟﻬﻴﻦ؟ .19ﻓﻲ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ 10ﻛﺮﺍﺕ، 3ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺣﻤﺮﺍﺀ ﻭ 7ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺯﺭﻗﺎﺀ ،ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻛﺮﺓ ﺣﻤﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﻤﺮﺍﺀ؟ .20ﻓﻲ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ 10ﺃﺳﺌﻠﺔ ،ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺠﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ 7ﺃﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﻫﻮ 0.7؟ .1ﻓﻲ ﺭﻣﻲ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﻧﺮﺩ ،ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ 4؟ .2ﻓﻲ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺐ ،ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ) 10ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟـ 10 ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ(؟ .3ﻓﻲ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ 100ﺷﺨﺺ %60 ،ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ. ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ 40ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ؟ .4ﻓﻲ ﺭﻣﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻧﻘﻮﺩ 5ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ،ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ 3ﺭﺅﻭﺱ؟ .5ﻓﻲ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ 10ﻛﺮﺍﺕ، 3ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺣﻤﺮﺍﺀ ﻭ 7ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺯﺭﻗﺎﺀ ،ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻛﺮﺓ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ 5ﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﺯﺭﻗﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ 3ﺳﺤﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ؟ .2ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ /ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ: .6ﻓﻲ ﺭﻣﻲ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﻧﺮﺩ ،ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻗﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ 5؟ .7ﻓﻲ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺐ ،ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ 7؟ .8ﻓﻲ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ 100ﺷﺨﺺ %60 ،ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ. ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ 30ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ؟ .9ﻓﻲ ﺭﻣﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻧﻘﻮﺩ 5ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ،ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ 2ﺭﺅﻭﺱ؟ .10ﻓﻲ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ 10ﻛﺮﺍﺕ، 3ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺣﻤﺮﺍﺀ ﻭ 7ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺯﺭﻗﺎﺀ ،ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ 2ﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﺣﻤﺮﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ 3ﺳﺤﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ؟ .3ﻣﺰﻳﺞ ﻣﻦ "ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ"" ،ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ"" ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ"" ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ": .11ﻓﻲ ﺭﻣﻲ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﻧﺮﺩ ﻣﺮﺗﻴﻦ ،ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ 7ﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ 4؟ .12ﻓﻲ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺐ ،ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ 8ﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ 10؟ .13ﻓﻲ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ 100ﺷﺨﺺ %60 ،ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ. ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ 20ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ ﻭ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ 50ﺭﺟﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ؟ .14ﻓﻲ ﺭﻣﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻧﻘﻮﺩ 5ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ،ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ 3ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﻭ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ 5 ﺫﻳﻮﻝ؟ .15ﻓﻲ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ 10ﻛﺮﺍﺕ، 3ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺣﻤﺮﺍﺀ ﻭ 7ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺯﺭﻗﺎﺀ ،ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ 1ﻛﺮﺓ ﺣﻤﺮﺍﺀ ﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ 2ﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﺯﺭﻗﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ 4ﺳﺤﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ؟