mitosis-1.pdf

Cell Division—Mitosis Notes Cell Division — process by which a cell divides into 2 new cells Why do cells need to divide? 1.Living things grow by producing more cells, NOT because each cell increases in size 2.Repair of damaged tissue 3.If cell gets too big, it cannot get enough nu...

Cell Division—Mitosis Notes Cell Division — process by which a cell divides into 2 new cells Why do cells need to divide? 1.Living things grow by producing more cells, NOT because each cell increases in size 2.Repair of damaged tissue 3.If cell gets too big, it cannot get enough nutrients into the cell and wastes out of the cell  The original cell is called the parent cell; 2 new cells are called daughter cells Before cell division occurs , the cell replicates (copies) all of its DNA, so each daughter cell gets complete set of genetic information from parent cell Each daughter cell is exactly like the parent cell – same kind and number of chromosomes as the original cell 2 Daughter Cells Parent Cell  Many organisms, especially unicellular organisms, reproduce by means of cell division – called asexual reproduction – Ex: bacteria DNA DNA is located in the nucleus and controls all cell activities including cell division Long and thread-like DNA in a non-dividing cell is called chromatin Doubled, coiled, short DNA in a dividing cell is called chromosome Consists of 2 parts: chromatid and centromere o 2 identical “sister” chromatids attached at an area in the middle called a centromere o When cells divide, “sister” chromatids separate and 1 goes to each new cell  Chromatin to chromosomes illustration: Chromatin Coils up into Duplicates chromosomes itself Why does DNA need to change More efficient division from chromatin to chromosome? Chromosome number Every organism has its own specific number of chromosomes Examples: Human = 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs Dog = 78 chromosomes or 39 pairs Goldfish = 94 chromosomes or 47 pairs Lettuce = 18 chromosomes or 9 pairs  All somatic (body) cells in an organism have the same kind and number of chromosomes Examples: Human = 46 chromosomes Human skin cell = 46 chromosomes Human heart cell = 46 chromosomes Human muscle cell = 46 chromosomes Fruit fly = 8 chromosomes Fruit fly skin cell = 8 chromosomes Fruit fly heart cell = 8 chromosomes Fruit fly muscle cell = 8 chromosomes Cell Cycle -- series of events cells go through as they grow and divide Cell grows, prepares for division, then divides to form 2 daughter cells – each of which then begins the cycle again Interphase—period of cell growth and development DNA replication (copying) occurs during Interphase During Interphase the cell also grows, carries out normal cell activities, replicates all other organelles The cell spends most of its life cycle in Interphase Mitosis – division of the nucleus into 2 nuclei, each with the same number of chromosomes Mitosis occurs in all the somatic (body) cells So each new daughter cell Why does mitosis occur? has nucleus with a complete set of chromosomes  4 phases of nuclear division (mitosis), directed by the cell’s DNA (PMAT) Prophase Metaphase—(Middle) Anaphase—(Apart) Anaphase—(Apart) Telophase—(Two) Prophase Chromosomes coil up Nuclear envelope disappears Spindle fibers form Metaphase—(Middle) Chromosomes line up in middle of cell Spindle fibers connect to chromosomes Anaphase—(Apart) Chromosome copies divide Spindle fibers pull chromosomes to opposite poles Telophase—(Two) Chromosomes uncoil Nuclear envelopes form 2 new nuclei are formed Spindle fibers disappear Cytokinesis — the division of the rest of the cell (cytoplasm and organelles) after the nucleus divides In animal cells the cytoplasm pinches in In plant cells a cell plate forms After mitosis and cytokinesis, the cell returns to Interphase to continue to grow and perform regular cell activities Summary: Cell Cycle Interphase Mitosis (PMAT) Cytokinesis When cells become old or damaged, they die and are replaced with new cells Cell Division Control DNA controls all cell activities including cell division Some cells lose their ability to control their rate of cell division – the DNA of these cells has become damaged or changed (mutated) These super-dividing cells form masses called tumors  Benign tumors are not cancerous – these cells do not spread to other parts of the body Malignant tumors are cancerous – these cells break loose and can invade and destroy healthy tissue in other parts of the body (called metastasis)  Cancer is not just one disease, but many diseases – over 100 different types of cancers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6hn3sA0ip0&t =56s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6hn3sA0ip0&t =92s  Chromosome Phase Important Events Appearance & Location DNA replication, cell grows Interphase DNA copies itself; chromatin and replicates organelles Nuclear envelope Prophase Chromosomes coil up disappears, spindle fibers form Chromosomes line up in Spindle fibers connect to Metaphase the middle chromosomes Chromosome copies divide Spindle fibers pull Anaphase and move apart chromosome copies apart to opposite poles Nuclear envelopes reform, Chromosomes uncoil back Telophase 2 new nuclei are formed, into chromatin spindle fibers disappear Division of the rest of the Cytokinesis Chromatin cell: cytoplasm and organelles