MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS.pptx

24 07/11/20 1 MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS PRESENTED BY EZE IKECHUKWU LUCKY DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOGNOSY KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, TANZANIA ...

24 07/11/20 1 MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS PRESENTED BY EZE IKECHUKWU LUCKY DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOGNOSY KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, TANZANIA  24 07/11/20 KIESELGUHR OR DIATOMITE 2  Diatomaceous earth is a soft sedimentary rock that resembles chalk.  Itis also referred to as diatomite, diahydro, kieselguhr, kieselgur, and celite.  Itis made up of the fossilized remains of hard-shelled algae called diatoms. Its color ranges from off-white to white, and it crumbles into a fine powder with ease.  The powder feels abrasive, like pumice powder, and is extremely light and porous.  USE 4 07/11/202 3 S uses for There are numerous diatomaceous earth: 1.It serves as an insecticide, 2.a light abrasive, 3. a liquid absorber, and 4. a filtering aid. 5.It'san ingredient in both dynamite and cat litter. 6.It can be utilized as a thermal insulator due to its heat resistance.  4 07/11/202 PROPERTIES: 4  Diatomite is made up of little, hollow particles that resemble coffins, which makes it extremely porous.  It also resists heat  works well as an absorbent: Can absorb up to twice its weight in liquid.  Eighty-sixpercent silica, five percent sodium, three percent magnesium, two percent iron, and other trace amounts make up its usual chemical composition.  Chemically Inert: Stable and non-reactive with most chemicals.  APPLICATIO 4 07/11/202 5 NS  FILTRATION  Diatomaceous earth is most frequently employed (65–70 percent) as a filter media because of its high porosity, particularly in swimming pools.  To separate extremely small particles that might otherwise flow through or clog filter paper, it serves as a filtration aid in chemistry.  Additionally, it is used to filter other liquids like beer and water, especially during the drinking water treatment process.  It can filter sugar and syrups as well.  It is used as a filling material in several sectors, including paper, paints, ceramics, soap, and detergents.  ABRASIVE  Diatomite has long been used as a mild abrasive. Its usage in toothpaste, metal polishes, and certain face scrubs are examples of this application.  APPLICATIONS 24 07/11/20 6 CONT’D  INSECTICIDE A. Due to its physico-sorptive qualities, diatomite is also utilized as an insecticide. B. The cuticle, the waxy exterior covering of insect exoskeletons, absorbs lipids from the fine powder, leading to the insects' dehydration. Arthropods are killed when the water pressure drops. C. This method is also effective against gastropods and is frequently used to get rid of garden slugs. D. But efficacy is quite low, as slugs live in humid conditions. It is being experimented with by beekeepers to see if it would stop little hive beetles from reproducing. E. To boost its potency, it is occasionally combined with an attractant or other chemicals. Diatomite of medical grade is occasionally used to deworm both humans and animals. F. Additionally, it aids in the management and eventual eradication of cockroach infestations.  24 07/11/20 7 ABSORBENT o Its absorbent qualities make it useful for the cleanup of harmful spills. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control recommends it to clean up toxic liquid spills. o More recently, it has been employed as a primary ingredient in a type of cat litter. The type of silica used in cat litter comes from freshwater sources and does not pose a significant health risk to pets or humans. o Example: Oil spill cleanup. o Relevance: Effective in absorbing and containing spills. HEAT RESISTANCE  Given its heat resistance, diatomite can be used as the barrier material in some fire-resistant safes. HYDROPONICS Freshwater diatomite can be used as a growing medium in hydroponic gardens.  4 07/11/202 8 INSULATION:  Example: Industrial heat insulation.  Relevance: Used in kilns, furnaces, and boilers for thermal insulation. ABRASIVE  Theoldest use of diatomite is as a mild abrasive. This application includes its use in toothpaste, metal polishes, and some facial scrubs.  Example: Toothpaste.  Relevance: Provides gentle abrasion to remove dental plaque.  4 07/11/202 CLASSIFICATIONS: 9 1. Natural Diatomite: Mined directly and used with minimal processing. 2. Calcined Diatomite: Heat-treated to enhance specific properties. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: a.Essential in industrial processes requiring fine filtration. b.Growing use in sustainable agriculture and environmental cleanup.  24 07/11/20 PREPARED 10 CHALK  PREPARED CHALK is made from finely crushed native calcium carbonate that has undergone a procedure known as elutriation to remove the majority of its impurities. Elutriation yields a purer form of calcium carbonate by washing the chalk to remove contaminants. In dentistry, this prepared chalk is frequently used for polishing.  MEDICAL PROPERTIES AND ACTION Prepared chalk has astringent (i.e. it could be used as a relief for constipation), absorbent, and antacid properties. It works as an antacid to balance out any excess acidity while also reducing mucous membrane discharge. Like magnesia, it accumulates in the intestines and creates intestinal concretions when taken internally for an extended period of time. For this reason, an occasional aperient is required.  24 07/11/20 THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS 11 1. Prepared chalk works wonders as an antacid for acidity-related diarrhea, 2. acid reflux disease, 3. gout, 4. advanced chronic bronchitis, 5. rachitis, and others 6. acid reflux-related conditions. 7. It is used externally to treat burns, ulcers, excoriations, and skin conditions. 8. It absorbs the drainage from ulcers and stimulates them somewhat, which stops them from spreading.  24 07/11/20 DENTAL 12 USES chalk  Prepared is primarily used in dentistry as an ingredient in dentifrices due to its antacid properties;  it is also used in powder form to reduce the acidity of oral fluids, which is done by rubbing it between teeth and letting it sit overnight;  additionally, because of its absorbent and antacid properties, it is used to obturate dentine, which is sensitive;  multiple applications over several days are recommended for this purpose;  in the dental laboratory, it is used as a polishing powder for metal and plastic work as well as to polish the  4 07/11/202 GELATI 13 N  Gelatin is a protein generated from collagen, which is found in the bones, cartilage, and skin of animals. It’s crucial for healthy joints. You might know gelatin from its use in desserts, but it’s also commonly used in broths, soups, sauces, candies, and even some medications. PROPERTIES  Gelatin is a collection of peptides and proteins produced by partial hydrolysis of collagen extracted from the skin, bones, and connective tissues of animals such as domesticated cattle, chicken, pigs, and fish.  Gelling Agent: Forms a gel when dissolved in water and cooled.  Clear and Colorless: Allows for versatile use in foods and pharmaceuticals  Non-reactive: Compatible with many substances.  PROPERTIES 4 07/11/202 14  CONT’D It is transparent and brittle  it can come as sheets, flakes, or as a powder  Polar solvents like hot water, glycerol, and acetic acid can dissolve gelatin, but it is insoluble in organic solvents like alcohol  Gelatin absorbs 5–10 times its weight in water to form a gel  The gel formed by gelatin can be melted by reheating, and it has an increasing viscosity under stress (thixotropic)  Gelatins have diverse melting points and gelation temperatures, depending on the source. For  COMPOSITION 24 07/11/20 15  Dry gelatin contains 98–99% protein, but because it lacks tryptophan and has low levels of isoleucine, threonine, and methionine, it is not a nutritionally complete protein.  Collagen and hydrolyzed collagen both have the same amount of amino acids.  Proline (Pro) (10–18%, hydroxyproline (Hyp) (7–15%), and glycine (Gly) (26–34%) make up the majority of the 19 amino acids found in hydrolyzed collagen, accounting for approximately 50% of the total amino acid composition.  Glycine is in charge of the chains' tightly packed structure.  The conformation is restricted when proline is present. This is crucial for the gelatin's ability to gel. Alanine (Ala) 8–11%, arginine (Arg) 8–9%, aspartic acid (Asp) 6–7%, and glutamic acid (Glu) 10–12% are other amino acids that make significant  PRODUCTI 24 07/11/20 16 ON  Commercial gelatin is produced from leftovers from the leather and meat sectors. pig skins, pig and cattle bones, or split cattle hides are the main sources of gelatin.  Some of the religious objections to the ingestion of gelatin are circumvented by gelatin manufactured from fish byproducts.  The raw materials are prepared by different curing, acid, and alkali processes that are employed to extract the dried collagen hydrolysate.  These processes may take several weeks, and differences in such processes have great effects on the properties of the final gelatin products.  You may also make gelatin at home. Gelatin dissolves into water when certain cartilaginous meat or bone slices are brought to a boil. The resulting stock will spontaneously form a jelly or gel when cooled, depending on the concentration. Aspic is processed using this method.  24 07/11/20 THE MANUFACTURING 17 PROCESSES  The manufacturing processes of gelatin consists of several main stages: a. Pretreatments b. Hydrolysis c. Extraction d. Recovery Pretreatments: If bones are the source of the raw material used to make the gelatin, calcium and other salts are extracted using diluted acid solutions. The fat content can be lowered with hot water or a combination of solvents; it shouldn't be more than 1% prior to the primary extraction stage. If the raw material is made up of hides and skins, then the hides and skins must be cleaned, degreased, and their size reduced in order to be ready for the hydrolysis process.  24 07/11/20 HYDROLYS 18 IS  Following raw material processing, which includes the removal of some contaminants like fat and salts, hydrolysis is used to turn partially purified collagen into gelatin.  There are three techniques for hydrolyzing collagen: enzymatic, alkali, and acid hydrolysis.  Acid treatment usually takes 10 to 48 hours and is particularly useful for less fully cross-linked materials like collagen from pig skin. More complicated collagen, such that found in cow skins, responds well to alkali treatment, which takes longer—typically several weeks.  The alkali treatment aims to break down some of the remaining chemical crosslinks in collagen. In the gelatin business, type-A gelatin is the gelatin derived from raw materials treated with acid, while type-B gelatin is the gelatin derived from raw materials treated with alkali.  Through the enzymatic hydrolysis of collagen, advances are being made to maximize the output of gelatin. The process yields nearly full conversion to the pure product and requires less treatment time than  24 07/11/20 EXTRACTI 19 ON  Either water or acid solutions are used for extraction, depending on the temperature.  Neutral or acid pH values are the foundation of all industrial processes because, while alkali treatments accelerate conversion, they also encourage degradation processes.  The industry uses acidic extraction conditions a lot, albeit the level of acid varies depending on the method.  This is a multi-step extraction method, and in order to minimize thermal degradation of the extracted gelatin, the extraction temperature is often raised in subsequent extraction processes.  RECOVER 4 07/11/202 20 Y  There are multiple processes in this process, including sifting, grinding, drying, evaporation, and filtering.  These processes depend on the specific gelatin that is utilized as well as concentration.  The recovery procedure uses the lowest temperature feasible in order to prevent and limit gelatin deterioration.  In order to prevent significant peptide structural degradation, the majority of recoveries are quick and involve multiple steps.  USE 4 07/11/202 21  Sa texturizer, thickening, or stabilizer. It can also be used to foods that have less fat to Culinary uses: Gelatin can be added to meals like yogurt, cream cheese, and margarine as provide volume and mimic the feeling of fat.  Cosmetics: Hydrolyzed collagen is used in topical creams in cosmetics as a moisturizer and conditioner for the texture of the product. In addition to treating additional issues like wrinkle look, inadequate contours, and acne scars, dermal fillers or collagen implants are also utilized.  Medicine: they act as Stabilizer in vaccines.  Color gels are used by some theatrical and professional lighting equipment to alter the color of the beam. Color gel got its name since in the past, gelatin was used to make these.  Unrefined gelatin could be present in some animal glues, including hide glue.  Silver halide crystals are held in an emulsion in almost all photographic films and photographic sheets by it. It has taken a lot of work, but no acceptable replacement for gelatin's stability and affordability has been discovered.  When utilized as a separating, coating, or carrier agent for other chemicals, it renders β-carotene soluble in water, giving soft drinks that contain the material its characteristic yellow hue.  Ballistic gelatin is a tool used in gunshot performance testing and measurement. Applications and Examples: 24 07/11/20 Food Industry: Example: Jell-O, gummy candies. 22 Relevance: Provides texture and stability. Pharmaceuticals: Example: Gel capsules. Relevance: Encapsulates medication for easy ingestion. Cosmetics: Example: Face masks, shampoos. Relevance: Adds protein and texture to products. Classifications: Type A Gelatin: Derived from acid-cured tissues. Type B Gelatin: Derived from alkaline-cured tissues. Economic Importance: Integral to food processing and pharmaceutical manufacturing. Increasing use in beauty and wellness products.  4 07/11/202 RELIGIOUS 23  Certain animals' gelatin may be beyond limits due to cultural taboos or CONSIDERATIONS religious regulations.  Jewish kosher and Islamic halal standards typically demand gelatin from sources other than pigs, such fish (which both Jews and Muslims are permitted to eat) or cattle that have been slaughtered in accordance with religious laws (halal or kosher).  However, some Islamic jurists have contended—a position that is particularly prevalent in the medical field—that the chemical process "purifies" the gelatin sufficiently for it to always be halal.  Similarly, it has been suggested that since gelatin is not used as food, it is acceptable in medicine within Judaism.  The Rabbinical Assembly, an organization of Conservative Jewish rabbis, publishes The Jewish Dietary Laws, a book of kosher guidelines, which states that all gelatin is pareve because it has undergone a chemical transformation during the manufacturing process, changing its physical and chemical makeup.  Given that nearly all Jains, some Sikhs, and many Hindus follow  24 07/11/20 FISH BODY 24 OILS  Oily fish such as mackerel, tuna, anchovies, and herring are used to extract fish oil. It has omega-3 fatty acids, which are beneficial to health in many ways.  Omega-3s, together with vitamins A and D, make up about 30% of fish oil from a reliable source. Omega-3s from fish oil are more beneficial to health than those from plant-based sources.  Fishoil primarily contains two types of omega-3 fatty acids: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is the type of omega-3 fatty acid found in plant sources..  4 07/11/202 WHAT ARE THE MAJOR BENEFITS 25 OF FISH OIL?  SUPPORT HEART HEALTH: Studies reveal that heart disease risks are significantly lower in individuals who consume a lot of fish. Eating fish or fish oil appears to lower some heart disease risk factors. The following are some of the heart health advantages of fish oil:  reduce cholesterol  reduce the triglycerides  lower blood pressure  stop the artery-hardening plaque from forming. There is some evidence to suggest that omega-3 fatty acids can lessen the severity and death rate from heart disease. If omega-3 has any correlation with preventing stroke or lowering stroke mortality, more research is required to ascertain this.  4 07/11/202  HELP TREAT CERTAIN MENTAL HEALTH CONDITIONS 26  A weight measurement of the brain without fluid will reveal that polyunsaturated fatty acids, including omega-3, make up 20% of its mass. Thus, omega-3 fatty acids are necessary for normal brain function.  Having more omega-3 fatty acids may help avoid the emergence of some mental health issues like depression or relieve their symptoms. In fact, evidence reveals that patients with certain mental health conditions have lower blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids.  SUPPORT EYE HEALTH  Except for dry eye illness, there is evidence that those who do not consume enough omega-3 fatty acids are more likely to develop eye disorders.  In addition, the condition of the eyes deteriorates with age, increasing the risk of age- related macular degeneration (AMD). While there is evidence that eating fish lowers the incidence of AMD, the evidence supporting the use of fish oil supplements is less.  REDUCE INFLAMMATION  Fish oil may aid in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases due to its anti-inflammatory qualities. For instance, gaining weight or experiencing stress might occasionally lead to elevated inflammatory markers.  SUPPORT HEALTHY SKIN 4 07/11/202   The largest organ in your body, your skin is rich in omega-3 fatty acids. 27  Supplemental fish oil may be helpful for dermatitis and psoriasis, among other skin conditions.  SUPPORT PREGNANCY AND EARLY LIFE  Early growth, especially in the first trimester of pregnancy and beyond, depends on omega-3 fatty acids.  Supplementing with fish oil during pregnancy or lactation may assist enhance the child's cognitive development, but further research is required to make this claim with certainty.  Having said that, consuming fish oil supplements while pregnant or nursing may also enhance the development of the baby's eyes and lower the likelihood of allergies.  REDUCE LIVER FAT  The majority of the fat in your body is processed by your liver, which may contribute to weight gain.  Supplementing with fish oil can help reduce inflammation and enhance liver function, which helps lessen the amount of fat in your liver and the symptoms of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).  IMPROVE ATTENTION AND HYPERACTIVITY IN CHILDREN  Many childhood neurodevelopmental disorders involve both hyperactivity and inattention, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).  Supplementing youngsters with fish oil may help reduce their perceived levels of aggression, impulsivity, hyperactivity, and inattention. Early life learning may benefit from this. However, further study is required.  HELP PREVENT SYMPTOMS OF MENTAL DECLINE 4 07/11/202   28 Fish eaters typically see a slower deterioration in brain function as they age.  A meta-analysis of 48 papers published in 2023 found that omega-3 supplementation may help prevent dementia and age-related cognitive impairment by up to 20%.  IMPROVE ASTHMA SYMPTOMS AND ALLERGY RISK  Breathlessness and lung edema are classic symptoms of asthma, which is increasingly prevalent.  According to Research, omega-3 can lessen inflammation associated with asthma, the intensity of symptoms, and even the requirement for asthma medicine. Nevertheless, additional study is required to validate this impact.  IMPROVE BONE HEALTH  Omega-3 fatty acids may also be helpful for bone health, although calcium and vitamin D are still crucial, particularly as people age.  It's possible that those with higher blood levels and omega-3 consumption have superior bone mineral density.  CLASSIFICATIONS: 29 Cod Liver Oil: Rich in vitamins A and D. 4 07/11/202 KrillOil: High in phospholipids and antioxidants.  ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Significant in the health supplement market. Contributes to livestock nutrition and skincare products.  24 07/11/20 SIL 30  Originally,it K thought was that an ancient Chinese princess was the first to discover the method for producing silk fabric from the filament fiber produced by silkworms.  Despite popular belief, China was the first country to create silk fabric.  According to Kadolph, Langford, Hollen, and Saddler (1993), China was the sole producer of silk for almost 3,000 years before it spread to other Asian countries.  Japanpresently produces more silk than any other country in the world.  SIL 24 07/11/20 K  In nature, silk is a protein fiber. Natural denotes 31 that it comes from insects like spiders, moths, and even certain kinds of clams. Although many insects are capable of making silk, the moth larvae, or caterpillars, are the ones responsible for the silk that we are most familiar with.  To be even more precise, these moth larvae's cocoons include silk threads. The larvae create cocoons in which to develop until they pupate and become moths. Each of these cocoons is constructed from a single, lengthy silk strand that the larvae make with their saliva.  A cocoon's silk strands can be anywhere from 300 to 900 meters long on average. A silk fiber, however, has a  4 07/11/202 Silk fibers can be extracted by unwinding the cocoons. We must first soften the cocoons and remove any that are damaged. 32  Either soaking them in hot water or boiling them will soften the cocoons. The lengthy silk strands are unwound and then spun together to create a thread that is used to make silk fabrics.  The fibers from one or more cocoons can be joined to make one thread, depending on the desired yarn thickness.  One of the reasons silk costs more than other materials is the time, effort, and artistry required to process cocoons. WHAT IS A SILKWORM? The silkworm, or Bombyx Mori in Latin, is the only species of moth caterpillar from which the majority of the world's silk is produced. The larvae of the domestic silkmoth are known as silkworms. The silkmoth is extinct from the wild and is incapable of flying due to domestication. The moths are now reliant on us.  24 07/11/20 TYPES OF 33  Silk SILK is commonly referred to as the "queen of fibers." It is produced as part of the silk cocoon's life cycle. There are two types of silk: farmed silk and wild silk. Without these, there are many different sorts of silk. Major types are listed below. 1. Silk 2. Wild silk 3. Thrown silk 4. Organize silk 5. Tram silk 6. Chappell silk  PROPERTI 34 ES  Soft and Lustrous: Smooth texture with a natural sheen. 4 07/11/202  Strong and Durable: High tensile strength.  Breathable: Allows air circulation. APPLICATIONS AND EXAMPLES: Textiles: Example: Silk dresses, ties. Relevance: Valued for luxury and comfort. Medical Applications: Example: Surgical sutures. Relevance: Biocompatible and strong. Cosmetics: Example: Silk protein creams. Relevance: Adds smoothness and hydration. 1) Silk: It refers to cultivate silk. 2) Wild or tussah silk: Wild or Tussah silk is a tan-colored fiber from the cultivated silk worm which feeds on so rub oak. As the cocoon are 35 always pierced the fibers are shorter than reeled silk. It is different both physically and chemically from ordinary silk. It is brown in colure, 4 07/11/202 considerably stiffer and coarser. It is less reactive towards chemical. It is used in the shantung pongee. 3) Thrown or Greg silk: Thrown silk consists of two or more threads of raw silk reeled tighter and given a slight twist. 4) Organize silk: Organize silk is produced from best cocoons. It contains two or more stands each composed of number of greges twist together slightly. These threads are then doubled and retwisted in the opposite direction to the original twist in the strands (Strand mean a number of flexible strings twisted together into a rope. Organize silk is used for warp threads when high tensile strength is required. 5) Tram silk: Tram silk is usually made from cocoons of lower grade, like organize. It is composed of two or more strands of thrown silk lightly twisted together and then doubled. 6) Chappell silk: When silk is still in the green is spun the yarn is known as chappell.  4 07/11/202 MANUFACTURING PROCESS 36 Silk waste Carding Combing Slow drawing Fast drawing Spinning Spun silk yarn THE MANUFACTURING STEPS OF 37 SILK ARE, 4 07/11/202  Sericulture  Sorting cocoons  Softening the sericine  Reeling  Throwing  4 07/11/202 38 Sericulture: Caring for and nurturing silk caterpillars may be a time-consuming and painful process. Worm cultivation is known as sericulture. The technique begins with silk mouth, which uses less eggs on specially prepared paper. Softening Cocoons: Cocoons are shorted based on color, shape, and texture. Softening: Silk heated produces sericine, a water-soluble material that surrounds a double strand of silk fibers. Reeling: Reeling is the technique of extracting filament from cocoons. The filament has such a small diameter that reeling it reduces its commercial worth. Furthermore, double filament is too fragile to handle alone. ADVANTAGES OF SILK FABRIC: 39 1. Luxurious hand (the feel of a fiber, yarn, or fabric to the 4 07/11/202 wearer) 2. Excellent drape (a fabric’s ability to fold while worn) 3. Wonderful luster (reflection of light on fabric) 4. Hydrophilic 5. Stain resistant 6. Strong but lightweight DISADVANTAGES OF SILK FABRIC: 7. Fair abrasion and resiliency 8. Turns yellow if bleached 9. Poor resistance to exposed sunlight 10.Expensive 11.Degrades over time with exposure to oxygen, making it 40 07/11/202 4  WOOL, ANIMAL WOOL, SHEEP’S WOOL 4 07/11/202 41 o Wool is an animal fiber that makes up the protective covering, or fleece, of sheep and other hairy mammals like goats and camels. Prehistoric humans initially wore sheepskins but soon learned to produce yarn and fabric from this natural material. o It's intriguing that wool comes from a variety of sources, not only sheep! Let's look at some of the creatures that produce wool:  SHEE 4 07/11/202 o Sheep: Sheep are the most prevalent source of42 P their wool is versatile and resilient. wool, and Domestic sheep come in approximately 200 different varieties, each generating a different sort of wool. o Merino sheep, in particular, generate superior wool that is fine, soft, and non-irritating. Merino wool is good for garments worn adjacent to the skin and is highly absorbent, making it ideal for sportswear.  4 07/11/202 43  Alpacasare native to South America's Andes Mountains and resemble a mix between a llama and a sheep. Alpacas are raised specifically for their extremely soft and warm fiber. Alpacas are classified into two types: Huacaya (with dense, crimped fiber) and Suri. Alpacas  Goats: Cashmere goats produce gorgeous cashmere wool. This delicate and soft wool is widely valued due to its warmth 44 and comfort. 4 07/11/202  Camels produce wool that is coarser than sheep wool but still valued. Camel wool is used in a variety of fabrics.  Rabbits: Angora rabbits generate angora 45 wool, which is recognized for its softness and warmth. It is widely utilized in 4 07/11/202 sweaters and accessories.  4 07/11/202 EXTRACTION OF WOOL FROM SHEEP STEP BY  STEP THE STEPS IN WOOL MANUFACTURE ARE AS FOLLOWS. 46 1. Shearing refers to the process of removing an animal's woolen coat or fleece. This is accomplished without injuring the animal by use shearing equipment like as scissors, hand blades, and electric shears. Shearing is typically done during the hot season. This permits them to regrow their hair by the time winter approaches. One sheep can generate anywhere from one to three kg of wool. 2. Scouring - Wool collected directly from the animal is known as raw or greasy wool. The raw sheared wool is washed in tanks with detergent and alkali to remove oil, dust, and grime. This process is known as scouring. Today, it is done by machine. 3. Sorting and grading: After scouring, damaged or inferior wool is removed. This technique is known as sorting. Grading refers to the process of categorizing wool based on fibre length, colour, and texture. 4. Carding is the process of disentangling and cleaning wool before it is used to make cloth. The intermixed strands are split into continuous fibres. Carding is a procedure in which wood fibers are pushed through a succession of metal teeth to straighten them. 5. Making yarn involves twisting carded wool into a rope known as silver. Silver is stretched and twisted into a fine yarn. Woollen yarns are primarily spun on mule spinning machines. 6. Washing and finishing – Woollen yarn is woven or knitted into the fabric which is then used to make finished products such as clothes, table cloths and bags. 47 07/11/202 4  Properties and Quality of 4 07/11/202 Wool 48  Durability - Wool is a durable fiber that maintains its attractive appearance for a long period.  Moisture absorption - As a fabric, wool attracts moisture from the body and absorbs it into its fibres. Heat is generated as moisture is absorbed, keeping the garment warm without feeling damp.  Resistance to filth - Wool fibres have an outer layer of scales that prevent dirt and dust from penetrating the fibre.  Fire resistance is one of wool's qualities. When exposed to flames, it smolders instead.  resist nature - While wool absorbs moisture, the scales on the outer layer of each fiber resist liquids.  Insulating properties - Tiny gaps exist between the fibres. These are loaded with air bubbles that heat up as the moisture in the fibre heats up, making wool an excellent insulator.  4 07/11/202 SHELLA 49 C known as shellac. Chemically speaking, it is mostly made up of natural The female lac insect on trees in the woods of India and Thailand secretes a  resin waxes, jalaric acid, shellolic acid, and aleuritic acid.  It is prepared and marketed as dry flakes, which are then dissolved in alcohol to create liquid shellac, which is applied with a brush and used as a wood finish, food glaze, and colorant.  In addition to being a strong natural primer, shellac can be used as a high- gloss varnish, sanding sealer, tannin and odor blocker, and stain.  Because shellac possesses strong insulating properties and can block out moisture, it was originally employed in electrical applications. COLORS AND ACCESSIBILITY  From a very light blonde ("platina") to a very dark brown ("garnet"), with numerous shades of brown, yellow, orange, and red in between, shellac is available in a wide range of warm colors. The lac bug's habitat, the sap of the tree, and the harvest season both affect the color. In the past, "orange shellac," which is the most widely available type of shellac, was widely employed in the 20th century as a stain and protector for wood paneling and cabinetry.  APPLICATIONS OF 4 07/11/202 50  It isSHELLAC the main component in the classic "French polish" technique used to finish pianos, fine string instruments, and furniture.  Given that it is edible, shellac is employed as a glazing agent in the form of pharmaceutical glaze (also known as "confectioner's glaze") over tablets and sweets (see excipient).  Shellac-coated pills have the ability to withstand stomach acids due to their acidic characteristics, which makes them suitable for timed enteric or colonic release.  To extend the shelf or storage life of citrus fruit, shellac is applied as a "wax" covering.  It is also used to restore the apple's natural wax, which is lost during cleaning.  Since shellac blocks odors and stains, it's frequently used as the foundation for "all- purpose" primers.  Shellac offers a decent barrier against water vapour penetration, but having poor durability against abrasives and many common solvents.  In Thailand, especially in the northeast, shellac has long been used as a dye for cotton and silk fabrics in particular.  Using shellac combined with alcohol or solvents for wood finishing is one of the oldest and most used applications. CONCLUSIO 4 07/11/202 51 N The distinct qualities and uses of these numerous miscellaneous products—prepared chalk, gelatin, fish body oils, silk, wool, and shellac—allow them to play a vital part in a variety of sectors. Their significance is demonstrated by the fact that they are applicable to a wide range of products, from general consumer goods to specialist industrial and medical applications. It is easier to appreciate these goods' many uses and contributions to technological and industrial progress when one is aware of them. 52 07/11/202 4