Mineral & Energy Resources PDF

MINERAL & ENERGY RESOURCES ONE-SHOT LECTURE : Rationalised syllabus NOTES Pdf (Description) Repeated PYQ MAP  MINERAL India : endowed with rich variety of mineral. A natural substance of organic or inorganic Mainly associated with : origin...

MINERAL & ENERGY RESOURCES ONE-SHOT LECTURE : Rationalised syllabus NOTES Pdf (Description) Repeated PYQ MAP  MINERAL India : endowed with rich variety of mineral. A natural substance of organic or inorganic Mainly associated with : origin with definite metamorphic and igneous chemical & physical rocks of the peninsular properties. India. Alluvial plain tract of north India : devoid of minerals of economic use. Provides base for industrial development. Ques - Classify minerals on the basis of chemical and physical properties. (1M) 2017  Distribution of Minerals in CHARACTERISTICS India Unevenly distributed over space. Maj. of metallic minerals occur in : peninsular plateau region in the old Inverse ratio of quality & quantity. crystalline rocks. Exhaustible in nature. 97% coal reserves : valleys of Damodar, Sone, Mahanadi and Godavari. Petroleum : sedimentary basins of Assam, Gujarat and Mumbai High.  3 MAJOR BELTS 2. South - Western Plateau Region 1. North-Eastern Plateau Region Extends over : Karnataka, Goa, Tamil Nadu uplands, Kerala. Covers : Chhotanagpur, Odisha Rich in ferrous metals and bauxite. Plateau, W. Bengal, Chhattisgarh. Also contains high grade iron ore, Minerals found : iron ore coal, manganese, limestone manganese, bauxite, mica. Kerala : has deposits of monazite, thorium, bauxite clay. Goa has iron ore deposits.  3. North - Western Region 4. Himalayan Region Extends along Aravali in Rajasthan and Minerals found : copper, lead, Gujarat. zinc, cobalt, tungsten. Major minerals : Copper, zinc Assam, Mumbai high : mineral Rajasthan : rich in building stones i.e. oil deposits. sandstone, granite, marble. Gypsum and Fuller’s earth deposits Dolomite and limestone : provide raw materials for cement industry. Gujarat : known for petroleum deposits Gujarat & Rajasthan : rich sources of salt. FERROUS MINERALS  1. IRON ORE 2. MANGANESE India : has largest reserve of iron Important raw material for ore in Asia. smelting of iron ore. 2 main types of ore found : Also used for manufacturing haematite & magnetite. ferro alloys. Due to its superior quality : has Manganese deposits : mainly great demand in int. market. associated with Dharwar The iron ore mines occur in close system. proximity to the coal fields in the Producers : Odisha (leading), north- eastern plateau. Karnataka, Maharashtra & 95% of iron ore : Odisha, Madhya Pradesh. Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Telangana, Goa, and Karnataka, Goa, Telangana, Jharkhand are other minor Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. producers of manganese.  NON-FERROUS 1. BAUXITE MINERALS Used in manufacturing of aluminium. India : poorly endowed Found mainly in tertiary deposits. with non-ferrous metallic minerals except bauxite. Associated with laterite rocks. Odisha : Leading producer. Patlands of Lohardaga in Jharkhand have rich deposits. Major producers : Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh & Maharashtra. Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Goa are minor producers.  2. COPPER NON - METALLIC MINERALS An indispensable metal in the electrical industry Among the non-metallic Used for making : wires, electric minerals produced in India, motors, transformers and mica is the important one. generators. It is alloyable, malleable and Other minerals extracted for ductile. local consumption are Also mixed with gold to provide limestone, dolomite and strength to jewellery. phosphate. Major producers : Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh & Rajasthan. Minor producers : Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu  1. MICA Used in the electrical & electronic industries. ENERGY Can be split into very thin sheets : tough and flexible. RESOURCES Major producers : Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, Telanganga and Rajasthan followed by Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh. Andhra Pradesh : Nellore district produces the best quality mica.  Coal mainly used in : generation 1. COAL of thermal power and smelting of iron ore. Tertiary coals occurs in : Assam, Coal occurs in mainly of two Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya geological ages : Gondwana and and Nagaland. tertiary deposits. 80% of : is of bituminous type and is of non-coking grade. Brown coal or lignite found in : Important coal field : Raniganj, Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Jharia, Bokaro, Giridih, Karanpura. Gujarat and Jammu & Kashmir. Jharia : largest coal field followed by Raniganj. Other river valleys associated with coal are : Godavari, Mahanadi and Sone.  2. PETROLEUM Occurs in sedimentary rocks of the tertiary period. Essential source of energy : Till 1956 : Digboi, Assam was automobiles, railways and aircraft. the only oil producing region. 1956, Oil and Natural Gas Items produced in petrochemical Commission was set up. industries : fertiliser, synthetic Then : the commission took rubber, synthetic fibre, medicines, up the responsibility of oil vaseline, lubricants, wax, soap and exploration & production. cosmetics. Oil extracted from the wells is : crude oil and contains many Petroleum is referred to as impurities. Can’t be used directly : liquid gold because of its needs to be refined. scarcity & diversified uses. - 2 types of refineries in India: (a) field-based i.e, Digboi (b) market-based i.e, Barauni  3. NATURAL GAS NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY Found with petroleum deposits. It gets released when crude oil is Includes renewable energy brought to the surface. sources : i.e, solar, wind, Can be used as a domestic & hydro-geothermal, biomass. industrial fuel. Uses : to generate electricity, for These energy sources are more heating purpose in industries, as equitably distributed and raw material in chemical, environment-friendly. petrochemical & fertiliser industries. Emerging as a preferred transport Provides cheaper energy after fuel (CNG) and cooking fuel (PNG) the initial cost is taken care of. at homes : with the development of infrastructure & distribution network. Major gas reserves : Mumbai High.  1. NUCLEAR ENERGY 1948 : Atomic Energy Commission was established. Uranium & Thorium : Imp. minerals used for its generation. 1954 : Major progress, after establishment of Atomic Energy Uranium deposits mainly found in : Institute at Trombay. Singbhum Copper belt. 1967 : renamed as the Bhabha Thorium : mainly obtained from Atomic Research Centre. monazite and ilmenite along the coast of Kerala & Tamil Nadu. Important nuclear power projects are : Tarapur (Maharashtra), Palakkad and Kollam districts of Rawatbhata near Kota (Rajasthan), Kerala : has World’s richest monazite Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu), Narora deposits. (Uttar Pradesh), Kaiga (Karnataka) and Kakarapara (Gujarat). Ques - Nuclear energy is replacing the conventional sources in India. Do you think it as a viable energy source of energy in future keeping in view the availability of nuclear minerals in India. (5M) 2020, sample paper  2. SOLAR ENERGY 3. WIND ENERGY Sun rays are tapped in photovoltaic Pollution free, inexhaustible cells to convert into energy. source of energy. 2 effective processes to tap solar energy : photovoltaics and solar Kinetic energy of wind : is thermal technology. converted into electrical energy Solar thermal tech. : is cost through turbines. competitive, environment friendly & easy to construct. Besides local winds : land and It is 7% more effective than coal or sea breezes can also be used to oil based plants & 10% more effective produce electricity. than nuclear plants. Used in : heaters, crop dryers, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra cookers, etc. & Karnataka : favourable for Gujarat & Rajasthan : has great extracting wind energy. potential for solar energy. 4. TIDAL & WAVE ENERGY 5. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Ocean currents : store-house of When magma comes out from the infinite energy. interior of earth : heat is released. This heat energy can be tapped West coast of India : Large tidal and converted to electrical energy. waves Hot water that gushes out through the geyser wells : is also used in the India : great potential for the generation of thermal energy.. development of tidal energy The hot springs and geysers are along the coasts but so far these being used since medieval period. have not yet been utilised. India : a geothermal energy plant has been commissioned at Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh.  6. BIO ENERGY The first successful (1890) attempt to tap Refers to energy derived from the underground heat biological products i.e, agricultural was made in the city residues, municipal, industrial, etc. of Boise, Idaho (U.S.A.), where a hot It can be converted into electrical, water pipe network heat energy or gas for cooking. was built to give heat to the surrounding PROS : Enhance self-reliance. buildings. This plant is - Reduce environmental pollution. still working - Reduce pressure of fuel wood. i.e, Okhla in Delhi.  Non-conventional resources Conservation of Mineral should be developed to Resources replace the exhaustible resources. In case of metallic minerals Avoiding over-exploitation. : use of scrap metals will Reduce wastage in the process of mining. enable recycling of metals. Use of scrap is specially Use of improved tech. to allow the use of significant in metals like low-grade ores at low costs. copper, lead and zinc in which India’s reserves are Use of mineral resources in a planned & meagre. sustainable manner. Export of strategic and To reduce transport cost, processing scarce minerals must be plants should invariably be coated in reduced : so that the mining areas. existing reserve may be used for a longer period. Ques - The non-conventional sources of energy in India Will provide more sustained and environment friendly energy.” Examine the statement. (5M) 2019 OR Ques - Explain the importance “Conservation of mineral resources of five non-conventional sources is essential for the development of of energy with suitable India.” Examine the statement. examples. (5M) Ques - The non-conventional sources of energy will provide more sustained, eco-friendly and cheaper energy if the initial cost is taken care of.” Examine the statement. (5M) 2018 MAP WORK  Balaghat Mayurbhanj Ratnagiri Bailadila MANGANESE MINES Ballari Shivamogga IRON-ORE MINES Khetari Katni Hazaribagh Singhbhum Bilaspur Koraput BAUXITE MINES COPPER MINES  Mathura Bokaro Jharia Barauni Raniganj Jamnagar COAL MINES OIL REFINERIES Neyveli MAP WORK (2022) (10.1) Oil refinery located in Bihar (10.2) Khetri - Copper mines (10.3) Katni-Bauxite mines (10.4) Coal mines located in West Bengal