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FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF PHILOSOPHY PLATO DUALISM 1.) THE REALM OF THE SHADOWS PHILOSOPHY - IMAGINATION...

FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF PHILOSOPHY PLATO DUALISM 1.) THE REALM OF THE SHADOWS PHILOSOPHY - IMAGINATION - composed of changing, sensible things which PHILOS - LOVE are lesser entities and therefore imperfect and flawed SOPHIA - WISDOM 2.) THE REALM OF FORM - SEARCH OF ULTIMATE MEAN OF REALITY - REALITY - an activity people undertake when they seek to - composed of eternal things which are understand fundamental truths about permanent and perfect. It is the source of all themselves, the world in which they live, and reality and true knowledge. their relationships to the world and to each other. - Way of thinking about everything around us; PLATO VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE about the nature, the world, and the society. - knowledge lies within the person’s soul. - Seeking to know the truth - He believed that humans have the immortal, - It is the study of the fundamental nature of rational soul which is created in the image of the knowledge divine. Soul is divided into: BIG 3 PHILOSOPHER 1) THE REASON - YOU DOING THIS THING BECAUSE - SOCRATES, PLATO, ARISTOLE YOU HAVE WILL – rational and is the motivation for 1. SOCRATES goodness and truth - “the unexamined life is not worth living” 2) The Spirited - FOLLOWER OF PLATO – non-rational and is the will or the - Athenians settle arguments by discussions thrive toward action and debate. People skilled in doing this were 3) THE APPETITES called Sophists. They are also the first - NOT ALL WANT YOU WANT MUST teacher of the West. Their arguments were BE DOING usually about practical things and not with – irrational and lean towards the desire metaphysical speculations. for pleasures of the body DIALETIC METHOD (SOCRATIC METHOD) THEORY OF LOVE AND BECOMING - A series of question to find consistency and point. Make people think, seek and ask again - SHADOW OF IMAGINATION and again. - WAG PURO ISIP DAPAT PAGANAHIN RIN - ANONG SILBI MO KUNG HINDI MO ALAM MAG MAHAL ANG PURPOSE MO - “Love is the force that paves the way for all - Socratic Method—using questions to find truth beings to ascend to higher stages of self- and encourage deeper thinking. realization and perfection.” - Delphi Oracle named Socrates as the wisest of - “Love is the way of knowing and realizing the all the men. truth. Love is a process of seeking higher stages - Socratic ignorance (Opposite: Socratic of being. The greater the love, the more Wisdom) acknowledging what you don’t know. intellectual component it will contain.” It is captured by the well-known statement: “I know only one thing–that I know nothing.” 3. ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO 2. PLATO(ARISTOCLES) - CENTER TO GOD - STUDENT OF SOCRATES - mainly focuses with God and man’s relationship with God THEORY OF FORMS - Forms in the mind is the reality and the Christian Philosophy object we sense is just a manifestation of - rely on God’s commands and His judgement the “Forms” determines what is good and what is evil. - Forms refers to what are real, they are not objects that are encountered with the Greek Philosophy senses. - believe that man is innately good and becomes evil through ignorance what is good. Characteristics of Plato’s Form 1. The Forms are ageless and therefore are eternal. 2. The Forms are unchanging and therefore permanent. 3. The Forms are unmoving and indivisible. ST. AUGUSTINE’S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE (2 THREE LAW REALMS) 1) LAW OF OPINION – where actions are 1. God As the Source of All Reality And truth praiseworthy are virtues and those that are – without God as the source of all truth, man not are called vice could never understand eternal truths. 2) CIVIL LAW - GOVERNMENT LAW. where right actions are enforced by people in 2. The Sinfulness of Man authority – the causes of sin or evil is an act of man’s 3) DIVINE LAW - SET BY GOD. the true law freewill. Moral goodness can only be for human behavior. achieved through the grace of God. 6. DAVID HUME ROLE OF LOVE 1. LOVE OF PHYSICAL OBJECT - SIN OF THE HUMAN MIND GREED - The mind receives materials from the senses and 2. LOVE FOR OTHER PEOPLE - SIN OF calls it perceptions. JEALOUSY 3. LOVE OF THE SELF - SIN OF PRIDE Two types of perceptions: 4. LOVE FOR GOD - REAL HAPPINESS 1. IMPPRESION - OBSERVATION BETWEEN THOSE PEOPLE. immediate sensations of 4. RENE DESCARTES external reality - Known as the “Father of Modern Philosophy” 2. IDEAS - RECOLLECTION OF - One of the Rationalist Philosophers of Europe IMPRESSIONS DESCARTES SYSTEM 3 PRINCIPLES ON HOW IDEAS TO ONE ANOTHER 1. INTUITION - ABILITY TO APPREHEAND I. THE PRINCIPLE OF RESEMBLANCE - likeness DIRECTION OF CERTAIN TRUTHS of current experience to previous experiences 2. DEDUCTION - the power to discover what is not II. PRINCIPLE OF CONTIGUITY - associating an known by progressing to an orderly way from what event to another event is already known. TRUTH ARE ARRIVED AT USING A STEP BY STEP PROCESS III. PRINCIPLE OF CAUSE AND EFFECT - all events have sufficient causes. - reasoning could produce absolute truths about nature, existence, morality and God. HUMES VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE - Truths that can be discovered are called a - The part of the human nature is what other priori. philosophers called “the soul”; hume termed it VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE “the self” - philosophy should progress from simple ideas - Self is also a product of the imagination to complex ideas - "I THINK, THEREFORE I AM." - He also stated that there is no such thing as ‘personal identity’ behind perceptions and THE MIND-BODY PROBLEM feelings that come and go - Soul/Mind (also the self) - There is no permanent/unchanging self. – a substance that is separate from the body, which is mechanical. 7. IMMANUEL KANT - The body is like a machine that is controlled - Motivated by David Hume to be founder of by the will and aided by the mind. German Idealism - WE HAVE DIVERSE PERSONALITY 5. JOHN LOCKE - EACH PERSON UNIQUE VIEW OF THE - The Acquisition of Knowledge MIND - Posteriori – knowledge results from ideas produced by experiences. - the mind actively participates in knowing - Acquired through experiences (Posteriori) the objects it experiences - TABULA RASA - The mind is a blank slate at birth - knowledge as a result of human - NOTHING EXIST IN THE MIND THAT WAS understanding applied to sense NOT FIRST IN THE SENSE experience VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE AND SELF 2 TYPES OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE - When the self sees an object, it tends to - KNOWING INVLOVE AN ABILITY AND JUST remember its characteristics and applies on it INTELLECT - A self must exist or else there could be no I. KNOWING THAT memory or knowledge - BOTTOM UNDERSTANDING - Actively shapes knowledge through - an “empty intellectualism” as it refers to understanding applied to sensory experience. only knowing facts - ‘Transcendental apperception’ – the experience of the self and its unity with objects II. KNOWING HOW - DEEP UNDERSTANDING - Using facts and perform it using skill or technical abilities 8. SIGMUND FREUD - Focuses on the working of the unconscious mind (Psychoanalysis) 10. PATRICIA AND PAUL CHURCHLAND - Uses the application of neurology to STRUCTURES OF THE MIND problems such as the mind-body problem PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY - MIND JUST A PART OF THE BRAIN - the workings of the mind or one’s mental life - FOCUS ON MIND impacts strongly on the body resulting in either - NEUROPHILOSOPHY - Study of how emotional stability or psychological dysfunctions the brain influences thoughts and behaviors. Freud presented the topography of the mind: I. ID - PLEASURE PRINCIPLE(BAD) NEUROSCIENCE II. EGO - REALITY PRINCIPLE(BALANCER) - Study of the philosophy of the mind, the III. SUPEREGO - MORAL PRINCIPLE(GOOD) philosophy of science, neuroscience and psychology TWO KINDS OF INSTINCTS THAT DRIVE INDIVIDUAL - explore the relevance of neuroscientific BEHAVIOR: experiments/ studies to the philosophy of 1. Eros or life instinct – energy of eros is the mind called ‘libido’. Energy of life. - Brain-mind issue is the center of this study 2. Thanatos or death instinct – behavior towards destruction in a form of aggression CHURCHLAND’S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE and violence - man’s brain is responsible for the identity known as the self FREUD’S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE - The biochemical properties of the brain - WE ARE PRODUCT OF EXPERIENCES IN are really responsible for man’s thoughts, THE PASS feelings and behavior. - Repressed thought and memories have enough psychic energy to impose its control on the 11. MAURICE MERLEAU PONTY person’s consciousness - Known as a PHILOSOPHER OF THE - Sees a man as a product of his past that lies BODY within his subconscious - human body as the primary site of knowing - Man lives his life balancing the forces of life and the world death - Primary means of experiencing and knowing the world. 9. GILBERT RYLE - Relationship between self-experience and - FREE WILL the experience of the other people - freewill was invented to answer the question of whether an action deserves praise or blame - Freewill involves a moral responsibility which further assumes that man’s action must be moral for it to be free  FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SOCIOLOGY THE I AND ME SOCIOLOGY I SELF - Scientific study of human social relation or - When the person initiates or performs group life a social action, THE SELF FUNCTION - study of human interactions, the AS A SUBJECT relationships that occur within the group and - represents the individual’s identity based the results of these interactions. on the response in his own experience THE ME SELF 1. GEORGE HERBERT MEAD - When the person takes the role of the SOCIAL BEHAVIORISM other, THE SELF FUNCTION AS AN OBJECT - HOW THE ENVIRONMENT AFFECT - Influence by environment INDIVIDUAL - SELF CANNOT BE SEPARATED FROM THE SOCIETY 2. CHARLES HORTON COLLEY - The power of the environment in shaping - People learn who they are through their human behavior social interaction with the people - Described the self as a ‘dimension of - Looking-glass self or the self that is a personality that is made-up of the product of social interaction individual’s self-awareness and self-image’ THE THREEE PHASE OF DEVELOPING A SELF STAGE OF SELF FORMATION 1. I AM NOT WHAT I THINK I AM - People 1. THE PREPARATORY STAGE imagine how they present themselves to other - Children imitate the behaviors of people 2. I AM NOT WHAT YOU THINK I AM - People around them imagine how others evaluate them - START TO KNOW AND UNDERSTAND 3. I AM WHAT I THINK YOU THINK I AM - People THE SYMBOLS develop some sort of feeling about themselves - The symbols are the bases of as a result of those impressions communication. Ex. Language, gestures, objects 3. ERVING GOFFMAN - People learn to slant their presentation of 2. THE PLAY STAGE themselves in order to create preferred - ROLE TAKING STAGE appearances and satisfy particular - DEVELOP SELF audience - Skills at knowing and understanding the symbols of communication is important for IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT socialization - Also termed as dramaturgical approach - Children begin to role play and pretend to - The process of altering how the person be other people present himself to others - Different face indifferent people 3. THE GAME STAGE - PRESENT SELF FACE WORK - child begins to consider several tasks and various types of relationships - ANTOHER ASPECT OF THE SELF simultaneously - SOMETIMES WE NEED TO REMOVE - Begins to see not only the own perspective OUR MASK but also the perspective of other people - maintain proper image of the self to - ‘Generalized other’ is the behavior of the continue social interaction person when he sees/ considers other - Helps achieve success in interpersonal people in the course of his actions communication MEAD THEORY OF THE SELF FROM THE PRESPECTIVE OF ANTHROPLOGY - The self is not present at birth but begins as a ANTHROPOLOGY central character in a child’s world - Children see themselves as the center of their - STUDY OF MAN (HOW DID YOU EXIST) ‘universe’ - This field includes man’s physical/biological - Significant others is the family who play a characteristics, his social relationships and major role in the formation of the self the influences of his culture from the dawn of civilization up to the present Four subfields of Anthropology CULTURE MAY MANIFEST ITSELF IN PEOPLE IN THE FOLLOWING WAYS: 1. ARCHAEOLOGY - FOCUS IN THE PAST how it may have SYMBOLS contributed to the present ways of how - Are the words, gestures, pictures or objects people conduct their daily lives that have a recognized/accepted meaning - STUDY OF THE ANCIENT AND in a particular culture HUMAN PAST - considered the most superficial level of - SURVIVAL - most important aspect of culture human nature - can be shared or copied by other cultures - Archaeological records consists of who find them also fitting for their own artifacts, architecture, biofacts, and culture cultural landscapes HEROES 2. BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY - Are persons from the past or present who - also called as physical anthropology have characteristics that are important in a - the study of the past and present culture evolution of the human species and is especially concerned with understanding the causes of present RITUAL human diversity - Are activities (may be religious or social) 3. LINGUISTIC ANTHROPLOGY participated in by a group of people for the - The role of language in the social live of fulfillment of desired objectives and are individuals communities considered to be socially essential - how language shapes communication and how language and modes of communication VALUES change over time - An essential part of human communication - Are considered to be the core of every is language culture - Language is a system of communication - unconscious and can neither be discussed used by a particular country or community nor be directly observed but can only be - English is the universal language inferred from the way people act and react to circumstances and situations 4. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY - involve human tendencies/preferences - It is the study of human cultures, their beliefs, towards good or bad, right or wrong practices, values, ideas, technologies, economies and other domains of social and cognitive organization - YOU ARE THE PRODUCT OF YOUR From the Perspective of Psychology CULTURE - Culture is described as a group of people’s PSYCHOLOGY way of life. It includes their behaviors, beliefs, ⎯ derived from the Greek words ‘psyche’ values and symbols that they accept. which means ‘soul’ and ‘logos’ which THEORY OF CULTURAL DETERMINISM means ‘the study of’ - we are raised determines who we are at ⎯ scientific study of human behavior and emotional and behavioral levels. - Is the ability to understand a culture on its own mental processes terms and not to make judgments using the ⎯ It is the field of social sciences that standards of one’s own culture. deals with the description, - promote understanding of cultural practices that explanation, prediction and control of are not typically part of one’s own culture. - It leads to the view that no one culture is behavior. superior than another culture GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY ⎯ Describe ⎯ Explain ⎯ Predict ⎯ Control NATURE VS. NURTURE CONTROVERSY 2. The Social self the longstanding controversy over the ⎯ Who the person is in a particular social relative contributions that genes and situation experiences make to the development of ⎯ Changes in behavior usually result from the psychological traits and behaviors different social situations the person finds himself in 1. WILLIAM JAMES (1842-1910) ⎯ People have many social selves because of ⎯ Founder of American Psychology the many social situations they find ⎯ Theory of the self - an individual’s themselves in mental picture of the self is divided ⎯ The person chooses the self that would into two categories: the “Me self” and smoothly adapt to the social situation in the “I self” order for him to fit in. THE ‘ME’ AND THE ‘I’ ⎯ Thoughts are associated with the 3. The Spiritual self existence of the self ⎯ The self that is more concrete or permanent FIVE CHARACTERISTICS: when compared to the material and social 1. All human thoughts are owned by some selves personal self ⎯ This self is the most subjective and intimate 2. All thoughts are constantly changing or are part of the self never static ⎯ It includes aspects like the individual’s 3. There is a continuity of thoughts as its focus personality, values and morals that are shifts from one object to another usually stable and constant 4. Thoughts deal with objects that are different from and independent of ⎯ Always engaging in the process of consciousness itself introspection (self-observation) – it is a 5. Consciousness can focus on particular method that includes reflecting or looking objects and not others inward to study and understand the how and why of the self ⎯ Looking inward is more important because if ME self there is conflict, it will be very difficult for ⎯ considered as a separate object or individual the person to have peace of mind that the person refers to when discussing or describing their personal experiences I self ⎯ Also called empirical ME ⎯ It is the self that knows and recognizes THREE COMPONENTS OF ME SELF who they are and what they have done 1. The Material self ⎯ Pure Ego or the thinking self ⎯ Consists of the things or objects that belong ⎯ Similar to the soul or mind to the person or entities that belongs to. ⎯ Considered to be non-substance ⎯ The core of the material self is the body ⎯ Comprises the totality of the person’s ⎯ Everything that is attached or associated to identity the body identifies the person ⎯ It takes into account the past, present and ⎯ The more attached and identified the person future selves of the individual to his material things, the more he will be ⎯ This perception of identity arises from a affected if any of them changes continuous stream of human consciousness OTHER SELVES IN PSYCHOLOGY TWO TYPES OF SELF-CONCEPT: 1. Real self-concept 1. The Global Self ⎯ all information and perception the ⎯ Represents the overall value that a person has about himself person place upon himself ⎯ This is who the person actually is ⎯ The group of people we interact with ⎯ “Who am I?” every day of our life strongly influence us 2. Ideal self-concept ⎯ the product of all experiences that we ⎯ Model version the person has of had in the society which accounts for himself and what the person aims for the kind of person we presently are. himself to be ⎯ This idealized view was borne out of 2. Differentiated Self his experiences, standards and Murray Bowen demands of society and the heroes ⎯ developed the Family Therapy and and models which he chooses to Systemic Therapy. His observation of imitate the family (particularly his own) he ⎯ “Who do I want to be?” came up with the concept of a differentiated self 4. Self-Discrepancy Theory ⎯ there are two forces that affect the Edward Tory Higgins person, Togetherness and ⎯ individuals compare their “actual” self Individuality. to internalized standards or the ⎯ Too much togetherness creates friction “ideal/ought self” or self-guides. and conflict and prevents development ⎯ when the self is found to be of the person’s sense of self deviating/diverting from the self-guide. ⎯ Too much individuality results in ⎯ It may cause emotional discomfort and distant and estrange feelings towards can be manifested as guilt or worst as family and other people indifference ⎯ A balance should be maintained between these two forces 5. Multiple and Unified Selves ⎯ Enables the person to develop and ⎯ Multiple selves’ theory suggests that sustain unique identity, make own there exists in the individual different choices, and accept responsibility for aspects of the self behavior and still be able to stay ⎯ Unified self is the integration of the emotionally connected with family and different and conflicting aspects of the friends self. 3. Real and Ideal Self-concepts 6. True and False Selves Carl Rogers Donald Woods Winnicott ⎯ He proposed the PERSONALITY THEORY known ⎯ He suggests that play is significant in the as the Client-centered or Person-Centered development of the child Theory Self-concept ⎯ True Self – is one in which the self is seen ⎯ It refers to how the person thinks about or as creative, spontaneously experiencing perceives himself each day of their lives, appreciating being ⎯ Includes all those aspects of one’s being and alive, real, integrated and connected to one’s experiences that are perceived in the whole of existence awareness (though not always accurately) by ⎯ False Self – a defense, a kind of mask that the individual hides the true person for fear of the pain of rejection and failure  REVIEW (Mga tao and theory nila): 7. The Self as Proactive and Agentic Albert Bandura 1. SOCRATES – Dialetic Method ⎯ the proponent of the PERSONALITY THEORY known as The Social Cognitive 2. PLATO Theory – Theory of Forms – PLATO DUALISM: ⎯ Humans are seen as proactive and agentic 1. Realm of Shadows which means that we have the capacity to 2. Realm of form exercise control over life – SOUL IS DIVIDED INTO: 1. The Reason TRIADIC RECIPROCAL CAUSATION PARADIGM 2. The Spirited ⎯ Explains how human beings are affected 3. The Appetites by the interaction among environmental – Theory of Love and Becoming events, behavior and personal factors 3. St. Agustine of Hippo 1. God As the Source of All Reality And truth The Social Cognitive Theory 2. The Sinfulness of Man ⎯ human beings are proactive, self- – ROLE OF LOVE 1. PHYSICAL OBJECT - GREED regulating, self-reflective and self- 1. OTHER PEOPLE - JEALOUSY organizing. 2. THE SELF - PRIDE ⎯ People have the ability to influence their 3. FOR GOD - REAL HAPPINESS own behavior which may lead to desired 4. Rene Descartes outcomes – Descartes System: Intuition, Deduction: ⎯ This human agency involves the active – “I THINK, THEREFORE I AM." process of exploration and manipulation 5. John Locke in order to influence environment and – Tabula Rasa achieve desired consequences – THREE LAW CORE FEATURES OF HUMAN AGENCY 1. LAW OF OPINION 2. CIVIL LAW a. Intentionality – refers to acts a person 3. DIVINE LAW performs intentionally b. Forethought – refers to the person’s 6. David Hume – Human Mind (PERCEPTIONS): anticipation of likely outcomes of their 1. Impression actions 2. Ideas c. Self-Reactiveness – refers to the – 3 PRINCIPLES 1. THE PRINCIPLE OF RESEMBLANCE process of motivating and regulating 2. PRINCIPLE OF CONTIGUITY our own actions 3. PRINCIPLE OF CAUSE AND EFFECT d. Self-Reflectiveness – refers to the examining our own functioning; 7. Immanuel Kant – diverse personality thinking about and evaluating our – ‘Transcendental apperception motivations, values, life goals, and the actions of other people have on us. 8. Sigmund Freud – TOPOGRAPHY OF THE MIND: 1. ID - PLEASURE PRINCIPLE(BAD) 2. EGO - REALITY PRINCIPLE(BALANCER) 3. SUPEREGO - MORAL PRINCIPLE(GOOD) – TWO KINDS OF INSTINCTS 1. Eros or life instinct 2. Thanatos or death instinct 9. Gilbert Ryle 18. Edward Tory Higgins – Free will – Self-Discrepancy Theory – TYPES OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE 1. Knowing that 19. Donald Woods Winnicott 2. Knowing How – True self – False Self 10. Patricia and Paul Churchland – Neurophilosophy 20. Albert Bandura – PERSONALITY THEORY known as 11. MAURICE MERLEAU PONTY The Social Cognitive Theory – Relationship between self-experience and the experience of the other people 12. GEORGE HERBERT MEAD – The power of the environment in shaping human behavior – The I and Me Self – STAGE OF SELF FORMATION: 1. THE PREPARATORY STAGE 2. THE PLAY STAGE 3. THE GAME STAGE 13. CHARLES HORTON COLLEY – Looking-glass self or the self that is a product of social interaction – THE THREEE PHASE OF DEVELOPING A SELF 1. I AM NOT WHAT I THINK I AM 2. I AM NOT WHAT YOU THINK I AM 3. I AM WHAT I THINK YOU THINK I AM 14. ERVING GOFFMAN – IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT also termed as dramaturgical approach – FACE WORK 15. WILLIAM JAMES – THEORY OF THE SELF: the “Me self” and the “I self” – THREE COMPONENTS OF ME SELF 1. Material 2. Social 3. Spiritual 16. Murray Bowen – Togetherness and Individuality 17. Carl Rogers – PERSONALITY THEORY known as the Client-centered or Person- Centered Theory Self-concept – TWO TYPES OF SELF-CONCEPT: 1. Real self-concept 2. Ideal self-concept