Questions and Answers
What does the term 'Philosophy' derive from?
What are the two realms according to Plato?
The Realm of Shadows and The Realm of Form
Socrates said, 'The unexamined life is not worth ______.'
living
Match the following aspects of the soul with their description:
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Plato believed that humans have an immortal, rational soul.
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What is the central focus of St. Augustine's philosophy?
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Which principle does John Locke use to explain knowledge acquisition?
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Who is known as the 'Father of Modern Philosophy'?
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Hume believed in the existence of a permanent self.
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Freud's theory included the id, ego, and ______.
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What is the focus of Charles Horton Cooley's theory?
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What are the three phases of developing a self according to George Herbert Mead?
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Who is the proponent of the Personality Theory known as The Social Cognitive Theory?
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According to Plato, the soul is divided into three parts: The Reason, The Spirited, and the ___.
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What are the two types of self-concept according to Carl Rogers?
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What does the Triadic Reciprocal Causation Paradigm explain?
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According to Gilbert Ryle, free will is a significant aspect of human knowledge.
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What is the Law of Opinion?
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Which theorist is associated with the Looking-glass self concept?
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Match the following theorists with their contributions:
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What are the three principles outlined by David Hume?
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The 'I self' and 'Me self' are components of William James's Theory of the Self.
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What is the focus of Anthropology?
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What does the term 'impression management' refer to?
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The 'generalized other' is when a person considers his own perspective only.
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Match the following subfields of Anthropology with their focus:
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The ____ is the self that recognizes who they are and what they have done.
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What is the difference between the 'me self' and the 'I self'?
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Which of the following is considered a superficial level of culture?
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Which of the following stages involves children role-playing and pretending to be other people?
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Cultural determinism suggests that no one culture is superior to another.
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Who is considered the founder of American psychology?
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The study of how language shapes communication falls under ____ anthropology.
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What is meant by 'self-discrepancy theory'?
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Study Notes
Plato's Dualism
- Divided reality into two distinct realms: The Realm of Shadows (Imagination) and The Realm of Form (Reality).
- The Realm of Shadows consists of changing, sensory things that are imperfect.
- The Realm of Form includes eternal, permanent entities that serve as the source of true knowledge and reality.
Plato's View of Human Nature
- Humans possess an immortal, rational soul, striving for truth and goodness.
- The soul is divided into three parts:
- Reason: Rational will motivating goodness and truth.
- Spirited: Non-rational, drives action.
- Appetites: Irrational desires for bodily pleasures.
Socratic Method
- A dialectical method employing a series of questions to stimulate critical thinking and uncover truths.
- Encourages acknowledgment of one's own ignorance to pursue knowledge.
Theory of Love and Becoming
- Love is viewed as a force propelling individuals towards self-realization and perfection.
- Greater love corresponds to a more profound intellectual component.
St. Augustine of Hippo
- Emphasized the relationship between God and man, focusing on divine commands as the basis for good and evil.
- Proposed three laws:
- Law of Opinion: Distinguishes virtues from vices.
- Civil Law: Enforced right actions by governing authorities.
- Divine Law: Set by God, guiding human behavior.
David Hume's Human Mind
- Asserted that human knowledge arises from sensory experiences, termed perceptions, which include:
- Impressions: Immediate sensations.
- Ideas: Recollections of impressions.
- Explained the mind through systematic principles such as resemblance, contiguity, and cause-and-effect relationships.
John Locke's Acquisition of Knowledge
- Knowledge is acquired through experience (posteriori); the mind is a "blank slate" (tabula rasa) at birth.
- Emphasized that nothing exists in the mind that wasn't first experienced through the senses.
Sigmund Freud's Psychoanalysis
- Focused on the unconscious mind’s role in shaping behavior.
- Proposed a composition of the mind:
- ID: Operates on the pleasure principle.
- Ego: Balances reality.
- Superego: Represents moral conscience.
- Distinguishes two instincts driving behavior: Eros (life instinct) and Thanatos (death instinct).
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
- Known as a philosopher of the body, highlighting human embodiment as essential for knowledge acquisition.
- Emphasized the significance of the body in experiencing the world and understanding self.
George Herbert Mead's Social Behaviorism
- Viewed self as intertwined with societal influences, highlighting the environment's role in shaping individual behavior.
- Proposed stages of self-formation, including the preparatory stage (imitation) and the play stage (role-taking).
Charles Horton Cooley's Looking-Glass Self
- Introduced concepts of self-perception shaped by social interactions.
- Defined three phases of developing self:
- Imagining how one presents oneself to others.
- Imagining how others evaluate that presentation.
- Forming a self-concept based on those perceptions.
Erving Goffman's Impression Management
- Examined how individuals manage their public personas for specific audiences.
- Developed the concept of the dramaturgical approach, comparing social interactions to theatrical performances.### The Game Stage and Mead's Theory of the Self
- The game stage involves recognizing multiple tasks and relationships simultaneously.
- Children begin to appreciate not only their own viewpoint but also the perspectives of others.
- The "generalized other" concept helps children understand societal behaviors in their actions.
- The self develops as the central figure in a child’s environment rather than being innate.
Anthropology
- Anthropology studies humans from biological, social, cultural, and historical perspectives.
- Significant others, primarily family, shape the formation of the self.
- Major subfields of anthropology include:
- Archaeology: Focuses on ancient human activities and their impact on contemporary life.
- Biological Anthropology: Examines the evolution and biological diversity of humans.
- Linguistic Anthropology: Investigates language's influence on social interactions and its evolution.
- Cultural Anthropology: Studies beliefs, practices, and values of different cultures.
Manifestations of Culture
- Symbols: Recognized gestures, words, or objects with cultural significance.
- Heroes: Individuals embodying valued characteristics important to a culture.
- Rituals: Social or religious activities important for achieving specific goals.
- Values: Core cultural beliefs influencing perceptions of good, bad, right, and wrong.
Psychology
- Psychology, derived from Greek meanings of ‘soul’ and ‘study,’ examines mental processes and human behavior.
- Goals of psychology include describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling behavior.
Nature vs. Nurture Controversy
- The debate centers on genetics versus environment in shaping psychological traits.
William James and Self Concept
- Founder of American Psychology; conceptualized self into "Me self" (perceived) and "I self" (the knowing self).
- Five characteristics define human thought, emphasizing its dynamic, conscious, and reflective nature.
Types of Self-Concept
- Real Self-Concept: Actual perceptions of oneself, asking "Who am I?"
- Ideal Self-Concept: Aspirational views on who one wants to become, asking "Who do I want to be?"
Differentiated Self and Self-Discrepancy Theory
- Developed by Murray Bowen, differentiated self promotes individual identity in family contexts.
- Edward Tory Higgins’ theory explores discomfort from deviations between actual self and ideal/ought self.
Multiple and Unified Selves
- Suggests many selves exist within an individual, balancing identity and responsibility in social contexts.
- Unified self integrates conflicting aspects of identity, achieving self-cohesion.
True and False Selves
- Proposed by Donald Winnicott, true self embodies creativity and authenticity, while false self acts as a defense mechanism against societal pressures.
Social Cognitive Theory by Albert Bandura
- Emphasizes human agency and proactive behavior.
- Introduces the Triadic Reciprocal Causation Paradigm, explaining interactions among environment, behavior, and personal factors.
Core Features of Human Agency
- Intentionality: Deliberate actions performed by individuals.
- Forethought: Anticipation of outcomes from actions.
- Self-Reactiveness: Internal motivation and regulation of behaviors.
Influential Philosophers on the Self
- Socrates: Introduced dialectical method for self-exploration.
- Plato: Discussed dualism and the concept of the soul.
- Augustine: Focused on the divine source and sinfulness of man, proposing love's role in fulfilling life.
- Descartes: Famous for "I think, therefore I am," focused on rationalism.
- Locke: Introduced Tabula Rasa, asserting humans start as a blank slate.
- Hume: Explored perceptions and principles guiding human understanding.### Self-Reflectiveness
- Examining personal functioning, motivations, values, life goals, and the influence of others.
Immanuel Kant
- Introduced the concept of "Transcendental apperception" emphasizing diverse personality.
Sigmund Freud
- Formulated the Topography of the Mind:
- ID: Operates on the Pleasure Principle (associated with bad desires).
- Ego: Functions on Reality Principle (acts as a balancer).
- Superego: Represents the Moral Principle (associated with good behavior).
- Identified two kinds of instincts:
- Eros: The life instinct.
- Thanatos: The death instinct.
Gilbert Ryle
- Explored the concept of Free Will.
- Classified human knowledge into two types:
- Knowing that (propositional knowledge).
- Knowing how (procedural knowledge).
Edward Tory Higgins
- Developed the Self-Discrepancy Theory, focusing on self-evaluation.
Donald Woods Winnicott
- Proposed concepts of True Self and False Self, highlighting authenticity and societal roles.
Albert Bandura
- Advanced the Social Cognitive Theory, explaining personality development through social interactions.
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
- Investigated the relationship between self-experience and the experience of others.
George Herbert Mead
- Emphasized the role of the environment in shaping human behavior.
- Introduced the concepts of "I" and "Me" in self-formation.
- Identified three stages of self formation:
- Preparatory Stage
- Play Stage
- Game Stage
Charles Horton Cooley
- Coined the Looking-glass self, signifying self-conception influenced by social interactions.
- Described three phases of developing self:
- "I am not what I think I am."
- "I am not what you think I am."
- "I am what I think you think I am."
Erving Goffman
- Introduced the concept of Impression Management, likened to a dramaturgical approach.
- Developed the idea of Face Work to maintain social identity.
William James
- Presented the Theory of the Self, distinguishing between the "Me self" and the "I self."
- Identified three components of the "Me self":
- Material
- Social
- Spiritual
Murray Bowen
- Explored the dynamics of Togetherness and Individuality in relationships.
Carl Rogers
- Established the Client-centered or Person-Centered Theory focused on self-concept.
- Differentiated between two types of self-concept:
- Real self-concept (authentic self).
- Ideal self-concept (aspirations and desires).
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Description
Explore the intriguing concept of Plato's Dualism, which distinguishes between the realm of shadows and the world of forms. This quiz delves into the nature of reality as perceived through imagination and the implications of this philosophical viewpoint.
