ENG 110 Midterm Reviewer PDF

ENG 110: MIDTERM REVIEWER Impossible to take back what was already DEFINING COMMUNICATION said 5) …is PROACTIVE COMMUNICATION...

ENG 110: MIDTERM REVIEWER Impossible to take back what was already DEFINING COMMUNICATION said 5) …is PROACTIVE COMMUNICATION One should actively evaluate what they are For us to be understood and understand reading/listening to others Requires critical thinking Involves the transaction between the Receiver is involved in the active speaker and the receiver construction of meaning KEY ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION 6) …is SYMBOLIC SENDER : encoder Anything that can signify meaning is MESSAGE : subject matter considered a symbol as long as the receiver RECEIVER : intended recipient understands. PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION Symbols are arbitrary. 1) Sender encodes a message 7) Meaning is INDIVIDUALLY CONSTRUED 2) The message Those involved in communication actively 3) Receiver decodes the message create meaning taken from experiences or 4) Receiver gives feedback phenomena through symbolic representation. NATURE OF COMMUNICATION CORRECTING MISCONCEPTIONS 1) …is a PROCESS 1) …occurs even without COMPLETE Continuous and constantly changing UNDERSTANDING process Does not require a serious intention to Difficult to determine exactly where it transfer information on the part of begins or ends communicators Does not happen in isolation PHATIC COMMUNICATION : serves as a means to establish rapport/maintain 2) …is SYSTEMATIC connections rather than convey or receive Every system is unique information. A change in any part of the element of a system affects the system of 2) …does not always SOLVE CONFLICTS communication as a WHOLE. Comm. is only a tool for expression and depending on how others use this tool, may 3) …INVOLVES COMMUNICATORS bring about positive or negative results. Both parties should be actively constructing Sometimes it is better to avoid meaning out of the conversation communication when the tension is high. 4) …is IRREVERSIBLE ENG 110: MIDTERM REVIEWER 3) No single person causes another person’s REACTION 6) FEEDBACK : result of monitoring by the Inaccurate to say that a particular speaker of the listener’s response expression directly causes a reaction. Listener may respond Many factors are able to influence one’s positively/negatively response to a message. Speaker needs to monitor this response if the message was effectively imparted 4) …is NOT SIMPLE Even the best communicators influence 7) NOISE : any barrier to communication confusion and misread others Could be: external, physiological, Communication is an inherent ability. psychological 8) COMMUNICATIVE SITUATION : where the PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION communication takes place PHYSICAL : chosen for the purpose it will Comes about when the message is serve imparted as information PSYCHOLOGICAL : depends on the At MINIMUM, two persons are involved. participants ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION LINEAR MODELS 1) SPEAKER : one who delivers the One-way, only towards a single direction message Transmission model Everyone can be a speaker from time-to-time, but NEVER simultaneously 1) ARISTOTELIAN MODEL: speaker-centered Focused on the speaker’s ability to 2) MESSAGE : what needs to be done persuade the audience The message is sent based on ○ ETHOS : credibility ○ WHY the speaker wants to say it ○ PATHOS : empathy ○ HOW the speaker wants to say it ○ LOGOS : logic ○ WHAT the speaker wants to say SPEAKER → MESSAGE → AUDIENCE 3) LISTENER : one who receives the 2) LASWELL MODEL : use of channel message CHANNEL : medium of communication ○ Choice of channel is important as 4) CHANNEL : how the message is sent some are more effective in particular Sent and received via the five senses contexts. COMMUNICATOR → MESSAGE → 5) RESPONSE : only way for the speaker to MEDIUM → RECEIVER → EFFECT know if the message has been received Based on the listener’s interpretation of the message ENG 110: MIDTERM REVIEWER 3) SHANNON AND WEAVER MODEL: how INTERACTIVE MODELS the message is sent despite the noise Cyclical, receivers may convey info by Initially designed for telephone and radio responding communication INFO SOURCE → TRANSMITTER → 1) SCHRAMM’S MODEL: field of experience NOISE → RECEIVER → DESTINATION Encoder, interpreter, and decoder NOISE EXTERNAL: factors outside the speaker that distracts the listener from understanding the message PHYSIOLOGICAL: communicator’s Must have an overlap in both biological functions communicators' fields of experience to connect with and understand each other. PSYCHOLOGICAL: mental distractions that affect the accuracy of the message SEMANTIC: language barrier 4) BERLO’S MODEL: SMCR SOURCE → MESSAGE → CHANNEL → RECEIVER ENCODES 2) WHITE’S MODEL: feedback SOURCE MESSAGE Fails to consider the active revolve of the receiver of the message. Comm. Skills Content Attitudes Elements Knowledge Treatment Social System Structure Culture Code DECODES CHANNEL MESSAGE Hearing Comm. Skills Seeing Attitudes Touching Knowledge Smelling Social System Tasting Culture ENG 110: MIDTERM REVIEWER TRANSACTIONAL MODELS Simultaneous, two-way Most accurate representation of the communication process 1) WOOD’S MODEL: dynamic process Changes over time depending on previous interactions TRIANGLE OF MEANING Sender and receiver are labeled as THOUGHT: the concept, object, or communicators phenomenon the symbol refers to. 2) SPEECH COMMUNICATION REFERENT: object referred to by the TRANSACTION MODEL: public speaking symbol or communication Combination of different models SYMBOL: a word, picture, or sign that represents the thought. LANGUAGE IS… MODES OF COMMUNICATION …is AMBIGUOUS: when words have more COMMUNICATION than one meaning Latin word meaning “working as one” ○ We need to be communicators …is ARBITRARY: different terms, same object VERBAL COMMUNICATION Using language to represent what we mean, …is ABSTRACT: words do not always have can be oral or written. to correspond to a concrete object (be specific) FEATURES 2) Language is RULE-GOVERNED 1) Language is SYMBOLIC PHONOLOGICAL : how it sounds We use symbols to represent how we SYNTACTIC : structure or arrangement experience the world SEMANTIC : meaning of the words Symbols are used to create meaning PRAGMATIC : context ○ Meaning does not reside with symbols, it rests with people. ENG 110: MIDTERM REVIEWER CONSTRUCTIVE POWER OF SYMBOLS NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION MEANING CONSTRUCTION: depends on Makes use of symbols rather than written or people’s interpretation of a symbol spoken language 1) DEFINITION OF A PHENOMENON PRINCIPLES Symbols allow us to define experience 1) CONTEXTUAL → ambiguous, arbitrary, - How we perceive ourselves, others, and and abstract experiences are influenced by how we define them 2) NONVERBAL BEHAVIORS OCCUR IN GROUPS → used to complement 2) EVALUATION OF A PHENOMENON languages or other nonverbal symbols Symbols are value-laden CONGRUENCE: state where all nonverbal - Allow us to describe people in our symbols work together to communicate the experiences same thing - Choose words wisely to avoid miscommunication 3) NONVERBAL SYMBOLS ALWAYS COMMUNICATE → one cannot not 3) ORGANIZATION OF PERCEPTIONS communicate Symbols help people organize how they think about things 4) GOVERNED BY RULES AND IS CULTURE - Easier to define if we already have a general BOUND → culture requires certain customs description and traditions Nonverbal symbols are learned, not 4) FORMULATION OF HYPOTHETICAL governed by instincts. THOUGHT Think hypothetically about things that do 5) MOTIVATED → influenced by how one not exist yet based on past experiences. feels or thinks 5) SELF-REFLECTION 6) APPEARS TO HOLD MORE CREDIBILITY Helps us reflect on ourselves, control the → when nonverbal cues contradict the way we act, and improve it. verbal message, the meaning of the nonverbal gesture is given more importance EFFECTIVE VERBAL COMMUNICATION 1) CLARITY: avoid confusion by using correct 7) REINFORCES/CONTRADICTS OTHER language and simple terms FORMS OF COMMUNICATION → may 2) DIRECTNESS: straight to the point complement, repeat, contradict, and 3) APPROPRIATENESS: tailor messages replace verbal messages depending on the audience 4) VIVIDNESS: helps listeners visualize mental images of what you want to say ENG 110: MIDTERM REVIEWER FUNCTIONS 5) PROXEMICS → use of space or distance 1) REPEATING → message conveyed may be repeated by nonverbal behavior 6) ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS → elements of a surrounding 2) SUBSTITUTING → nonverbal symbols amy replace a verbal message 7) CHRONEMICS → use of time to reflect Especially when one refuses to personal or cultural identities communicate verbally 8) PARALANGUAGE → vocal elements of 3) COMPLEMENTING → nonverbal behavior communication adds up to the meaning of a statement if consistent with the verbal message 9) SILENCE → associated with different meanings (anger, awkwardness, etc.) 4) CONTRADICTING → verbal communication may be contradicted by one’s behavior, which is inconsistent with what is being portrayed 5) REGULATING → regulates the flow of conversation 6) ACCENTING → paralinguistic features help emphasize our message 7) DECEIVING → may be intentionally used to hide how we truly feel CATEGORIES 1) KINESICS → use of body parts to communicate 2) HAPTICS → use of sense of touch to convey emotions 3) PHYSICAL APPEARANCE → influences how people perceive us 4) ARTIFACTS → what we wear/attach to our body to express our identities ENG 110: MIDTERM REVIEWER SUMMARY Three A’s Ambiguous DEFINING COMMUNICATION Arbitrary KEY ELEMENTS Abstract ○ Sender ○ …is RULE-GOVERNED ○ Message Phonological ○ Receiver Syntactic NATURE OF COMMUNICATION Semantic ○ …is a PROCESS Pragmatic ○ …is SYSTEMATIC CONSTRUCTIVE POWER OF SYMBOLS ○ …involves COMMUNICATORS ○ Definition of a Phenomenon ○ …is PROACTIVE ○ Evaluation of a Phenomenon ○ …is IRREVERSIBLE ○ Organization of Perceptions ○ …is SYMBOLIC ○ Formulation of Hypothetical Thought ○ Meaning is INDIVIDUALLY CONSTRUED ○ Self-Reflection CORRECTING MISCONCEPTIONS EFFECTIVE VERBAL COMMUNICATION ○ …occurs without COMPLETE ○ Clarity UNDERSTANDING ○ Directness ○ …does not always SOLVE CONFLICTS ○ Appropriateness ○ No single person causes another person’s ○ Vividness REACTION ○ …is NOT SIMPLE → NONVERBAL PRINCIPLES THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION ○ Contextual ELEMENTS ○ Nonverbal behaviors occur in groups ○ Speaker ○ Nonverbal symbols always communicate ○ Message ○ Rule-governed and is culture-bound ○ Listener ○ Motivated ○ Channel ○ Appears to hold more credibility ○ Response ○ Reinforces or contradicts ○ Feedback FUNCTIONS ○ Noise ○ Repeating ○ Communicative Situation ○ Substituting LINEAR MODELS ○ Complementing ○ Aristotelian ○ Contradicting ○ Laswell ○ Regulating ○ Shannon and Weaver ○ Accenting ○ Berlo ○ Deceiving INTERACTIVE MODELS CATEGORIES ○ Schramm ○ Kinesics ○ White ○ Haptics TRANSACTIONAL MODELS ○ Physical Appearance ○ Wood ○ Artifacts ○ Speech Communication Transaction Model ○ Proxemics ○ Environmental Factors MODES OF COMMUNICATION ○ Chronemics → VERBAL ○ Paralanguage FEATURES OF LANGUAGE ○ Silence ○ …is SYMBOLIC Triangle of Meaning Thought Referent Symbol