Midterm Reviewer Rizal PDF

Reviewer: The Essence of Research in the Study of Rizal 03 Handout 1 1. Introduction to Research  Definition: Research is a systematic method of investigating and studying materials to establish facts and conclusions.  Method: One way to obtain information is through interviews,...

Reviewer: The Essence of Research in the Study of Rizal 03 Handout 1 1. Introduction to Research  Definition: Research is a systematic method of investigating and studying materials to establish facts and conclusions.  Method: One way to obtain information is through interviews, which involve an interchange of questions and answers. 2. The Philippines During Spanish Colonization  Pre-Colonial Era: The Philippines had established cultures, traditions, religions, and laws, with trade relations with countries like China and Indonesia.  Colonial Impact: The arrival of Spain led to significant changes, including the implementation of a taxation system and the establishment of the casta system. 3. The Casta System  Structure: o Tax-Free: Peninsulares, Americano, Insulares o Variable Tax: Mestizaje (Mestizo de Español, Mestizo de Bombay, Mestizo de Sangley, Tornatras) o Quadrupled Tax: Sangley o Base Tax: Indio, Negrito  Examples: o Polo Ravales: Tornatras (Filipino-German) o Kris Aquino: Mestizo de Sangley (Filipino-Chinese) o Cesar Montano: Indio (Filipino) 4. Forced Labor: Polo and Bandala  Polo: Forced labor for Filipino men aged 16-60, initially for 40 days, later reduced to 15 days.  Exemptions: Payment of a fine (falla) or working off the debt. 5. Land Ownership and Peasantry  Rizal’s Family: Faced land ownership issues in Calamba due to the exploitative practices of the Dominicans.  Agrarian Problems: Long-standing issues with land ownership, exacerbated during the Spanish occupation. 6. The Cavite Mutiny  Background: Resulted from the civil war in Spain and the expulsion of the Jesuits.  Secularization Issue: Conflict over the ordainment of Filipino priests.  Outcome: Led to the execution of Filipino priests Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora, which fueled the drive for independence. Reviewer: All About Cavite 03 Handout 2 1. Location  Geography: Cavite is located in the southern part of Luzon island in the Philippines. 2. Products  Tinapa: Widely regarded as one of the products being sold and exported from Cavite. 3. Historical Significance  Corregidor Island: Cavite owns Corregidor Island, which is one of the naval defenses of the country.  Nicknames: Known as the “Land of the Brave” and the “History Capital” of the Philippines due to its significant role in the country’s history.  Emilio Aguinaldo: The first President of the Philippines, Emilio Aguinaldo, was from Cavite. Reviewer: The Expatriates and Noli Me Tangere 04 Handout 1 1. The Expatriates  Definition: Expatriates are people who work outside their country. In the Philippines, this includes Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs).  Historical Context: The concept of expatriates dates back to the Spanish Occupation, with the ilustrados being early examples.  Reasons for Studying Abroad: 1. Escape Persecution: Opposing the friars was considered a crime, leading some, like Jose Rizal, to move abroad.  2. Educational Opportunities: The Philippines lacked educational opportunities, prompting many to study abroad. 3. Campaign for Reforms: The ilustrados sought to modernize and campaign for reforms in the colonial government. 2. Deconstructing Noli Me Tangere  Title Meaning: “Noli Me Tangere” translates to “Touch me not” or “Don’t cling to me,” a phrase from the Bible.  Publication: Published in 1887, it took all of Rizal’s resources to complete.  Content: The novel has 63 chapters, with some modern editions including an extra chapter about Elias. 3. Characters in Noli Me Tangere  Protagonists: Key characters include Crisostomo Ibarra, an ilustrado who returns to the Philippines and learns about the tragedies that befell his loved ones.  Antagonists: The corrupt friars and members of the blancos (top three members of the Spanish casta system) serve as the antagonists. 4. Literary Style and Genre  Fiction: The novel is a mix of real and fictional elements, depicting life in the Philippines with added fictional places and characters.  Satire: Uses exaggeration, humor, and irony to expose the vices of the Roman Catholic Church, the colonial government, and the peninsulares. 5. Themes and Morals  Filipina’s Influence: Exemplified by Maria Clara, showing grace and elegance.  Gratitude: Demonstrated by characters like Basilio, who shows gratitude despite hardships.  Nationalism: Awakens the Filipinos’ sense of nationalism and awareness of social injustices. 6. Reasons for Writing Noli Me Tangere  Disprove Accusations: Depicts Filipinos living normal lives and facing similar problems as the affluent.  Express Social Conditions: Highlights the true social conditions of the Philippines.  Expose Friars’ Wrongdoings: Reveals the manipulative and abusive practices of some friars. 7. Impact on Nationalism  Andres Bonifacio: Inspired by the novel to form the Katipunan and fight for independence.  Marcelo del Pilar: Wrote a counter-article to defend the novel against criticism.  Lualhati Bautista: Wrote “Dekada '70,” inspired by Rizal’s work, to depict the struggles during Martial Law. Reviewer: Expatriates and Noli Me Tangere 04 Handout 2 1. Defining Expatriates  Expatriate: Someone working outside their home country. o Etymology:  Ex (Latin): “Out”  Patros (Greek): “Father”  Patriotes (Greek): “Someone devoted to his country” 2. About Novels  Definition: A novel is a longer piece of narrative fiction, often published as a book and written in prose. o Etymology:  Novus (Latin): “New” 3. Deconstructing Noli Me Tangere  Basic Information: o Title: Noli Me Tangere o Publication Year: 1887 o Chapters: 64 (one is hidden) o Main Protagonist: Crisostomo Ibarra o Main Antagonists: Corrupt friars and members of the Blancos o Literary Style: Fiction, Satire o Inspiration: To expose the social cancers in the Philippines o Emphasis: Filipina devotion and influence over man, gratitude, Filipino common sense  Title Meaning: “Noli Me Tangere” is a Latin phrase meaning “Touch me not” or “Don’t cling to me,” a response by Jesus to Mary Magdalene in the Bible.  Publication Background: Originally published in 1887 in Europe, Rizal took on the responsibility of writing the book after his ilustrado friends procrastinated.   Characters: o Protagonist: Crisostomo Ibarra, an ilustrado who returns to the Philippines and learns about the tragedies that befell his loved ones. o Antagonists: Corrupt friars (mainly Dominicans and Franciscans) and members of the Blancos (top three members of the Spanish casta system).  Literary Style: o Fiction: Combines real-life places in the Philippines with fictional elements. o Satire: Uses exaggeration, humor, and irony to expose the vices of the Roman Catholic Church, the colonial government, and the peninsulares. 4. Reasons for Writing Noli Me Tangere  Disprove Accusations: Counter the negative stereotypes imposed by Spaniards on Filipinos.  Express Social Conditions: Highlight the true social conditions of the Philippines.  Express Filipino Plight: Depict the struggles and injustices faced by Filipinos.  Expose Friars’ Wrongdoings: Reveal the manipulative and abusive practices of some friars. 5. Effects of Noli Me Tangere  National Identity: Helped establish Filipino national identity and consciousness.  Influence on Revolution: Indirectly influenced the Philippine Revolution.  Expose Wrongdoings: Openly criticized the wrongdoings of friars. 6. Controversies  Accusations: Rizal was accused of being a German spy.  Novel’s Reception: Considered “heretical,” “impious,” and “scandalous.”  Calamba Land Dispute: The novel’s impact on the land dispute in Calamba.  Rizal Law Trials: Legal challenges related to the Rizal Law.