Midterm Review PDF

Midterm Review Gilbert: Global Social Scientists ANTHROPOLOGISTS- study the origin and the physical, social, and cultural development and behavior of humans. Anthropologists study oral histories, archaeological evidence, and cultural histories. Some anthropologists study the develop...

Midterm Review Gilbert: Global Social Scientists ANTHROPOLOGISTS- study the origin and the physical, social, and cultural development and behavior of humans. Anthropologists study oral histories, archaeological evidence, and cultural histories. Some anthropologists study the development of early human beings. GEOGRAPHERS- study how location influences the way people live (e.g. Geographers study the impact of climate on a society.) BE SURE TO SEE QUESTION 802-1 ECONOMISTS- study how a society answers the questions: “What to produce? How to produce? For whom to produce?” Issues economists explore include the scarcity of resources and availability of goods. ARCHAEOLOGISTS- study the physical artifacts of a culture. POLITICAL SCIENTISTS- study the origin, development, and operation of political systems and public policy. SOCIOLOGISTS- study society and social behavior by examining the groups, cultures, organizations, and social institutions people form. HISTORIANS- research, analyze, and interpret the past. Hunters and Gatherers Represent defined gender duties and often equality between the two genders during this time period. Neolithic Revolution Neolithic Revolution The Neolithic Revolution is a turning point in history. Before the Neolithic Revolution (during the Paleolithic Age), nomads used simple stone tools and relied on hunting and gathering for food. During the Neolithic Age, peoples’ diet and shelter dramatically changed. The domestication of animals and the planting* of crops (such as wheat and barley) led to the development of civilizations**. *planting = cultivation **civilizations = permanent homes and villages = settled communities A civilization has the following characteristics (elements): Centralized government Organized religion(s) Social classes Specialization of labor (different jobs) Art and architecture Cities Public Works (e.g. roads, bridges, temples) System(s) of writing Theme: Humans adapt to their surroundings As different environmental factors impacted the lives of humans and where they lived, humans learned how to adapt to this environment for survival.  Neolithic Revolution REGENTS Base your answer on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies... A separate consequence of a settled existence is that it permits one to store food surpluses, since storage would be pointless if one didn't remain nearby to guard the stored food. While some nomadic hunter-gatherers may occasionally bag more food than they can consume in a few days, such a bonanza is of little use to them because they cannot protect it. But stored food is essential for feeding non-food-producing specialists, and certainly for supporting whole towns of them. Hence nomadic hunter-gatherer societies have few or no such full-time specialists, who instead first appear in sedentary [settled] societies.... Source: Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel Which major change in history is most closely associated with the information presented in this passage? A) adoption of the Neolithic Revolution innovations B) loss of the Mandate of Heaven by the ruling government C) development of stone tools D) ability to control fire  Terrace farming, building bridges, Which heading best completes the and constructing canals are ways in partial outline which various societies have below? I. ____________________________ A) promoted cultural diversity B) reduced the threat of invasion A. Personal letter C) established permanent B. Autobiography boundaries C. Diary D) modified their environment D. Driver's license A) Primary Sources B) Secondary Sources C) Official Records D) Published Records Ancient Civilizations (River Valley Civilizations) River Valley Civilizations Civilization Geography Religion Government Contributions Egypt Nile River Polytheistic Pharaoh- both a god Mummification Silt at delta Belief in afterlife- and king Hieroglyphics Could predict floods mummification Pyramids Rosetta Stone Mesopotamia Tigris and Euphrates Polytheistic- ziggurats Hammurabi’s Wheel Cradle of Civilization Origin of Judaism Code- Stylus Land between two Eye for an eye Arch rivers Ziggurat Fertile Crescent Cuneiform Indus River Indus and Ganges- Polytheistic Aryan invasion City-planning- Monsoons Early religion- controlled area grid-like pattern monsoons- Winds Hinduism Mohenjo Daro and that brought rain Harappa needed to farm (but too much rain caused dangerous flooding). China Huang He and Prayed to many gods Shang- 1st dynasty in Oracle Bones Yangtze and nature and spirit China Middle Kingdom- isolated by geography Most live in eastern 1/3 of China- best land Loess- silt- fertile land Mesopotamia (Fertile Crescent) Akkadian Empire: First Empire Assyrian Empire Babylonian Empire: Code of Hammurabi Hammurabi’s Code: A reflection of social inequality Hammurabi’s law code was created to keep law and stability in society. However, punishments were not equal among social classes. Those who had a lower social status experienced more harsh punishments than those with higher social status. Geographic Effects: India Himalayan Mountains to the NORTH -Monsoon Cycle The Hindu Kush Mountains to the north west of the Mauryan Empire separated it from the rest of the Middle East. The monsoon cycle affected the Mauryan Empire as well. High rainfall often lead to recurrent floods and in the winter, especially inland, there was a lack of rainfall and that lead to droughts. Geographic Factors: Monsoon Cycle (India) Why is India's monsoon season so crucial? | WION Originals “Indus artifacts found in Mesopotamia!” What is this an example of? World Religions Hinduism Caste System. Hinduism is a polytheistic religion which was established in India. Breaking of Samsara by achieving Moksha Holy books: Vedas, Upanishads Brahman: Highest universal principle Karma: Actions Dharma: Duty Judaism Originated in Mesopotamia. First major monotheistic religion (Evidence Zoroastrianism may have come before). One God, Yahweh. Abrahamic Religion Travel from Mesopotamia (Ur) to Egypt. Enslaved; established Israel. Moses given 10 Commandments 10 Commandments: Jewish Law Buddhism Rejection of the Hindu caste system. Origin: India. Spreads to China along silk roads. Siddhartha Gautama: The Buddha. Reaches enlightenment (Nirvana) 4 Noble Truths: There is suffering, there is a cause to suffering, there is an end of suffering, the truth is the path out of suffering. The only way to end suffering is to end earthly desires. 8 fold path: Like the 10 Commandments for Judaism. Guide of how to live. Buddhism: How do Buddhists END suffering???? Jainism Origin: India Severe nonviolence. Denial of earthly possessions/pleasures Confucianism Philosophy which developed in China during the Zhou Dynasty (Warring states period). Creates order out of the chaos. Becomes China’s official philosophy during the Han Dynasty. Filial Piety: Respect for elders, parents, and those above you (superiors). Ideals last for centuries in Chinese culture Book: The Analects Daoism/Taoism Philosophy which developed in China that stressed harmony with nature. (Nature in art) Also developed during warring states period Dao: The way Wu-Wei: Creating positive outcomes through inaction (or less action to achieve more). Book: Dao De Jing Christianity Originated in the Roman Empire. Jesus of Nazareth died by crucifixion. Belief in Jewish God and Jesus as the Messiah. Holy trinity: The Father, The son, the holy spirit/holy ghost. Old Testament (Torah) and New Testament. Gospels: Good News Christianity allows for equality. No matter if slave or slavemaster, rich or poor, you can go to heaven through faith and works. Spreads. Christians originally persecuted. Constantine becomes first Christian Roman Emperor. Holy Book: Bible  Islam -Originated in Mecca (modern day Saudi Arabia). Belief in both the books of Judaism and Islam, Jesus as a prophet. -Prophet Muhammad. -God: Allah -Holy Book: Qu’ran (Koran) (Quran) -Spreads very quickly and occupies land. Very good rulers. Religions…. If you see If you see “Yahweh” it is Jewish. This means the passage is from the TORAH If you see “Allah” it is Islamic. This means the passage is from the Quran. BOTH are monotheistic. If there’s only 1 you’ve heard of in class so far…. Then it’s likely the answer! There will not be answers which are on topics we have yet to cover in class so far. Classical Period: Empires and Golden Ages  GOLDEN AGES Han Dynasty: China (Pre-Golden. Song and Tang will be main) Gupta Empire: India Age of Pericles: Greece Pax Romana: Rome Maya (Classical): Mayans What is a golden age? China: Qin Dynasty Qin: Shi Huangdi Shi Huangdi practiced legalism. Strict adherence to policies by the ruler/king/gov’t Strong central government. Qin crumbles after Shi Huangdi’s death. China: Han Dynasty/Han Empire China Golden Age. -CREATES GUNPOWDER TRADES ALONG SILK ROADS Trade with Romans Silk Roads Silk was a secret hidden by the Chinese for centuries. The production of silk allows for China to grow rich through trade and also allows for cultural diffusion from other countries/empires. Silk roads trade Buddhism which spreads from India to China and eventually throughout much of Asia, as Far East as Japan.  India: Mauryan Empire Conquered more territory than the Gupta’s. Use of war elephants. Ashoka: Converts to Buddhism after killing 100,000 in Kalinga. Mauryan Empire becomes Buddhist empire Edicts of Ashoka India: Gupta Empire Time of peace and prosperity. Mathematical and scientific concepts. Universities: Both Hindu and Buddhist. Golden Age. India Geographic Features Cont. The isolation of India (separated) allows for political unity and internal peace. Trade develops inside India, allowing ideas like Buddhism to spread along a unified Mauryan Empire. Mayans Social class structure City states like the Greeks  Greece Mountainous topography separates and protects city states. (Polises) Athens: Develops direct democracy Sparta: Militaristic–monarchy Sparta and Athens fight in Peloponnesian Wars. Persian Wars Age of Pericles: Golden Age in Athens Socrates, Plato, Aristotle: Philosophers of Ancient Greece  Hellenistic Culture Alexander the Great of Macedonia overtakes the Greeks and spreads Greek culture. Alexandria: Main cities. Most important in Ptolemaic Egypt Greek becomes main language around Europe.  Romans Located on the Mediterranean Sea Overtakes Europe. Expands over 3 continents Trade with Han Dynasty Origins of Christianity. From Kingdom to republic to empire. Pax Romana: Age of peace and prosperity ushered in by Augustus Caesar Latin and Greek languages Centralized power. Silk Roads Indian Ocean Trade Network  Mediterranean Sea Important to world trade. Trade between Romans and Hans includes the Med Sea and the Silk Roads. Trade networks connect different empires.