UCSP Reviewer PDF

# UCSP - REVIEWER ## Sociology, Anthropology, and Political Science - **Sociology:** first used by Auguste Comte. Logus = science Socius = partners/group. - **Sociology** is a branch of science dealing with the study of society and groups. - **Sociologist** - interested in social change. ### Soc...

# UCSP - REVIEWER ## Sociology, Anthropology, and Political Science - **Sociology:** first used by Auguste Comte. Logus = science Socius = partners/group. - **Sociology** is a branch of science dealing with the study of society and groups. - **Sociologist** - interested in social change. ### Sociologists - **Auguste Comte:** coined the term sociology, described sociology as the *queen of the social sciences*. - Knowledge passes through 3 stages: - Theological - Metaphysical - Positive/Scientific Stage - **Herbert Spencer:** the second founder of sociology. His works are centered towards the *theory of life by Charles Darwin*. - **Emile Durkheim:** French scholar, influenced by Comte. - Identified the two types of solidarity: Mechanical and Organic Solidarity ### Areas of Sociology - **Social organization:** institutions, groups, and ethnic groups. - **Social Psychology:** human nature, behavior, personality, social attitude. ## Social Change and Disorganization - Changes in culture and disruption in the society. - **Human Ecology:** nature and behavior of a given population - **Population and Demography:** population number and composition of society. - **Sociological Theory and method:** applicability of principles and theories of group life. - **Applied Sociology:** utilizes the pure sociological research in various fields. ## Anthropology - From Greek word logos/logia = to study and anthropos = man. - Study of cultural development of man. ### Branches of Anthropology - **Biological/Physical Anthropology:** evolution of humans - **Cultural Anthropology:** studies cultural variations. - **Linguistic Anthropology:** studies language and discourse. - **Archeology:** deals with prehistoric societies. ### Subdivisions of Cultural Anthropology - **Ethnography:** study of one particular group. - **Ethnology:** comparison between groups - **Social Anthropology:** generalization of social life and conduct based on ethnography and ethnology. ## Main Evidences in Evaluating Prehistoric Society - **Fossils:** animal or human remains or relics from history. - **Artifacts:** man-made relics. ## Political Science - The systematic study of politics. - Focuses on fundamental values of equality and justice. ### Areas of Interest - Public Administration - Political Economy - Comparative Politics ## Relevance of Sociology and Anthropology - Principle - Oneself - Pattern - Respect - Oneness ## Lesson 2: Culture - From latin word care or cultus which means civilization. - Set of values, ideas, and practices, accumulated over time. ## 2 Categories of Culture - **Material culture:** includes physical object, tangible. - **Non-material culture:** includes customs, habit, values, non tangible. ## Components of Culture: - **Norms:** what is proper - **Forms of social norms:** - Folkways: customary patterns, what is proper in every day life. - Mores: what is morally acceptable vital for group survival. - Laws: legally enacted or enforced - **Values:** what is right, guides people's behavior. - **Language:** system of symbols - **Fashion, Fads, and Crazes:** short lived social norms. ## Cultural Variability - The diversity of cultures between societies - **Xenocentrism:** desire to engage in other's culture, rather than one's own. - **Ethnocentrism:** may judge other culture based on their own perspective. - **Cultural Relativity:** the belief that cultures should be judges by their own standards. - **Subculture:** group of people who do not exactly meet their society's ideals. - **Culture shock:** these people go to other societies very different from theirs; they may lose familiar signs and symbols. ## Cultural Lag - The inability of a given society to adopt a culture immediately as a result of disparity ## Cultural Dualism - A theory maintains that the Philippines are a transnational society dominated on one side by the traditional culture and on the other side by the modern culture.